1
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Wei J, Li Y, Zhou W, Ma X, Hao J, Wen T, Li B, Jin T, Hu M. The construction of a novel prognostic prediction model for glioma based on GWAS-identified prognostic-related risk loci. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20240895. [PMID: 38584840 PMCID: PMC10996933 DOI: 10.1515/med-2024-0895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Glioma is a highly malignant brain tumor with a grim prognosis. Genetic factors play a role in glioma development. While some susceptibility loci associated with glioma have been identified, the risk loci associated with prognosis have received less attention. This study aims to identify risk loci associated with glioma prognosis and establish a prognostic prediction model for glioma patients in the Chinese Han population. Methods A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify risk loci in 484 adult patients with glioma. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the association between GWAS-risk loci and overall survival as well as progression-free survival in glioma. The prognostic model was constructed using LASSO Cox regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis. The nomogram model was constructed based on the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) classifier and clinical indicators, enabling the prediction of survival rates at 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year intervals. Additionally, the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was employed to evaluate the prediction value of the nomogram. Finally, functional enrichment and tumor-infiltrating immune analyses were conducted to examine the biological functions of the associated genes. Results Our study found suggestive evidence that a total of 57 SNPs were correlated with glioma prognosis (p < 5 × 10-5). Subsequently, we identified 25 SNPs with the most significant impact on glioma prognosis and developed a prognostic model based on these SNPs. The 25 SNP-based classifier and clinical factors (including age, gender, surgery, and chemotherapy) were identified as independent prognostic risk factors. Subsequently, we constructed a prognostic nomogram based on independent prognostic factors to predict individualized survival. ROC analyses further showed that the prediction accuracy of the nomogram (AUC = 0.956) comprising the 25 SNP-based classifier and clinical factors was significantly superior to that of each individual variable. Conclusion We identified a SNP classifier and clinical indicators that can predict the prognosis of glioma patients and established a prognostic prediction model in the Chinese Han population. This study offers valuable insights for clinical practice, enabling improved evaluation of patients' prognosis and informing treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujie Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenqian Zhou
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoya Ma
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Hao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Wen
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingjun Hu
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, China
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an710127, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi’an Chest Hospital, Xi’an710100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi’an Chang’an District Hospital, Xi’an710118, Shaanxi, China
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Ullrich J, Ohlhoff C, Dondapati SK, Zemella A, Kubick S. Evaluation of the Ion Channel Assembly in a Eukaryotic Cell-Free System Focusing on Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channels K 2P. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6299. [PMID: 37047271 PMCID: PMC10094441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligomeric ion channels are abundant in nature. However, the recombinant expression in cell culture-based systems remains tedious and challenging due to negative side effects, limiting the understanding of their role in health and disease. Accordingly, in this work, we demonstrate the cell-free synthesis (CFS) as an alternative platform to study the assembly of two-pore domain potassium channels (K2P) within endogenous endoplasmic reticulum-derived microsomes. Exploiting the open nature of CFS, we investigate the cotranslational translocation of TREK-2 into the microsomes and suggest a cotranslational assembly with typical single-channel behavior in planar lipid-bilayer electrophysiology. The heteromeric assembly of K2P channels is a contentious matter, accordingly we prove the successful assembly of TREK-2 with TWIK-1 using a biomolecular fluorescence complementation assay, Western blot analysis and autoradiography. The results demonstrate that TREK-2 homodimer assembly is the initial step, followed by heterodimer formation with the nascent TWIK-1, providing evidence of the intergroup heterodimerization of TREK-2 and TWIK-1 in eukaryotic CFS. Since K2P channels are involved in various pathophysiological conditions, including pain and nociception, CFS paves the way for in-depth functional studies and related pharmacological interventions. This study highlights the versatility of the eukaryotic CFS platform for investigating ion channel assembly in a native-like environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ullrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Ohlhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Srujan Kumar Dondapati
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne Zemella
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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3
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Kim SE, Chung EDS, Vasileva EA, Mishchenko NP, Fedoreyev SA, Stonik VA, Kim HK, Nam JH, Kim SJ. Multiple Effects of Echinochrome A on Selected Ion Channels Implicated in Skin Physiology. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:78. [PMID: 36827119 PMCID: PMC9963876 DOI: 10.3390/md21020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinochrome A (Ech A), a naphthoquinoid pigment from sea urchins, is known to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects that have been suggested to be mediated by antioxidant activity and intracellular signaling modulation. In addition to these mechanisms, the ion channels in keratinocytes, immune cells, and nociceptive neurons may be the target for the pharmacological effects. Here, using the patch clamp technique, we investigated the effects of Ech A on the Ca2+-permeable TRPV3, TRPV1 and Orai1 channels and the two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channels (TREK/TRAAK, TASK-1, and TRESK) overexpressed in HEK 293 cells. Ech A inhibited both the TRPV3 and Orai1 currents, with IC50 levels of 2.1 and 2.4 μM, respectively. The capsaicin-activated TRPV1 current was slightly augmented by Ech A. Ech A alone did not change the amplitude of the TREK-2 current (ITREK2), but pretreatments with Ech A markedly facilitated ITREK2 activation by 2-APB, arachidonic acid (AA), and acidic extracellular pH (pHe). Similar facilitation effects of Ech A on TREK-1 and TRAAK were observed when they were stimulated with 2-APB and AA, respectively. On the contrary, Ech A did not affect the TRESK and TASK-1 currents. Interestingly, the ITREK2 maximally activated by the combined application of 2-APB and Ech A was not inhibited by norfluoxetine but was still completely inhibited by ruthenium red. The selective loss of sensitivity to norfluoxetine suggested an altered molecular conformation of TREK-2 by Ech A. We conclude that the Ech A-induced inhibition of the Ca2+-permeable cation channels and the facilitation of the TREK/TRAAK K2P channels may underlie the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Ech A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Physiology, and Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Elina Da Sol Chung
- Department of Physiology, and Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Elena A. Vasileva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Natalia P. Mishchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Fedoreyev
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Valentin A. Stonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Nam
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
- Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Physiology, and Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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4
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Pope L, Minor DL. The Polysite Pharmacology of TREK K 2P Channels. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1349:51-65. [PMID: 35138610 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
K2P (KCNK) potassium channels form "background" or "leak" currents that have critical roles in cell excitability control in the brain, cardiovascular system, and somatosensory neurons. Similar to many ion channel families, studies of K2Ps have been limited by poor pharmacology. Of six K2P subfamilies, the thermo- and mechanosensitive TREK subfamily comprising K2P2.1 (TREK-1), K2P4.1 (TRAAK), and K2P10.1 (TREK-2) are the first to have structures determined for each subfamily member. These structural studies have revealed key architectural features that underlie K2P function and have uncovered sites residing at every level of the channel structure with respect to the membrane where small molecules or lipids can control channel function. This polysite pharmacology within a relatively small (~70 kDa) ion channel comprises four structurally defined modulator binding sites that occur above (Keystone inhibitor site), at the level of (K2P modulator pocket), and below (Fenestration and Modulatory lipid sites) the C-type selectivity filter gate that is at the heart of K2P function. Uncovering this rich structural landscape provides the framework for understanding and developing subtype-selective modulators to probe K2P function that may provide leads for drugs for anesthesia, pain, arrhythmia, ischemia, and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Pope
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, US
| | - Daniel L Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, US. .,Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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5
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Şterbuleac D. Molecular dynamics: a powerful tool for studying the medicinal chemistry of ion channel modulators. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1503-1518. [PMID: 34671734 PMCID: PMC8459385 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00140j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations allow researchers to investigate the behavior of desired biological targets at ever-decreasing costs with ever-increasing precision. Among the biological macromolecules, ion channels are remarkable transmembrane proteins, capable of performing special biological processes and revealing a complex regulatory matrix, including modulation by small molecules, either endogenous or exogenous. Recently, given the developments in ion channel structure determination and accessibility of bio-computational techniques, MD and related tools are becoming increasingly popular in the intense research area regarding ligand-channel interactions. This review synthesizes and presents the most important fields of MD involvement in investigating channel-molecule interactions, including, but not limited to, deciphering the binding modes of ligands to their ion channel targets and the mechanisms through which chemical compounds exert their effect on channel function. Special attention is devoted to the importance of more elaborate methods, such as free energy calculations, while principles regarding drug design and discovery are highlighted. Several technical aspects involving the creation and simulation of channel-molecule MD systems (ligand parameterization, proper membrane setup, system building, etc.) are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Şterbuleac
- Department of Health and Human Development, "Ştefan cel Mare" University of Suceava Str. Universităţii 13, 720229, E Building Suceava Romania
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Protection, "Ştefan cel Mare" University of Suceava Str. Universităţii 13, 720229, E Building Suceava Romania
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), "Ştefan cel Mare" University of Suceava Str. Universităţii 13 720229 Suceava Romania
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6
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Natale AM, Deal PE, Minor DL. Structural Insights into the Mechanisms and Pharmacology of K 2P Potassium Channels. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166995. [PMID: 33887333 PMCID: PMC8436263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Leak currents, defined as voltage and time independent flows of ions across cell membranes, are central to cellular electrical excitability control. The K2P (KCNK) potassium channel class comprises an ion channel family that produces potassium leak currents that oppose excitation and stabilize the resting membrane potential in cells in the brain, cardiovascular system, immune system, and sensory organs. Due to their widespread tissue distribution, K2Ps contribute to many physiological and pathophysiological processes including anesthesia, pain, arrythmias, ischemia, hypertension, migraine, intraocular pressure regulation, and lung injury responses. Structural studies of six homomeric K2Ps have established the basic architecture of this channel family, revealed key moving parts involved in K2P function, uncovered the importance of asymmetric pinching and dilation motions in the K2P selectivity filter (SF) C-type gate, and defined two K2P structural classes based on the absence or presence of an intracellular gate. Further, a series of structures characterizing K2P:modulator interactions have revealed a striking polysite pharmacology housed within a relatively modestly sized (~70 kDa) channel. Binding sites for small molecules or lipids that control channel function are found at every layer of the channel structure, starting from its extracellular side through the portion that interacts with the membrane bilayer inner leaflet. This framework provides the basis for understanding how gating cues sensed by different channel parts control function and how small molecules and lipids modulate K2P activity. Such knowledge should catalyze development of new K2P modulators to probe function and treat a wide range of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Natale
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Parker E Deal
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel L Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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7
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Lee H, Lolicato M, Arrigoni C, Minor DL. Production of K 2P2.1 (TREK-1) for structural studies. Methods Enzymol 2021; 653:151-188. [PMID: 34099170 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
K2P (KCNK) potassium channels form 'background' or 'leak' currents that are important for controlling cell excitability in the brain, cardiovascular system, and somatosensory neurons. K2P2.1 (TREK-1) is one of the founding members of this family and one of the first well-characterized polymodal ion channels capable of responding to a variety of physical and chemical gating cues. Of the six K2P subfamilies, the thermo-and mechano-sensitive TREK subfamily comprising K2P2.1 (TREK-1), K2P4.1 (TRAAK), and K2P10.1 (TREK-2) is the first to have structures determined for each subfamily member. These structural studies have revealed key architectural features that provide a framework for understanding how gating cues sensed by different channel elements converge on the K2P selectivity filter C-type gate. TREK family structural studies have also revealed numerous sites where small molecules or lipids bind and affect channel function. This rich structural landscape provides the framework for probing K2P function and for the development of new K2P-directed agents. Such molecules may be useful for affecting processes where TREK channels are important such as anesthesia, pain, arrythmia, ischemia, migraine, intraocular pressure, and lung injury. Production of high quality protein samples is key to addressing new questions about K2P function and pharmacology. Here, we present methods for producing pure K2P2.1 (TREK-1) suitable for advancing towards these goals through structural and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haerim Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marco Lolicato
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Cristina Arrigoni
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daniel L Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.
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8
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McCoy MT, Jayanthi S, Cadet JL. Potassium Channels and Their Potential Roles in Substance Use Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1249. [PMID: 33513859 PMCID: PMC7865894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are ubiquitous throughout the world. However, much remains to be done to develop pharmacotherapies that are very efficacious because the focus has been mostly on using dopaminergic agents or opioid agonists. Herein we discuss the potential of using potassium channel activators in SUD treatment because evidence has accumulated to support a role of these channels in the effects of rewarding drugs. Potassium channels regulate neuronal action potential via effects on threshold, burst firing, and firing frequency. They are located in brain regions identified as important for the behavioral responses to rewarding drugs. In addition, their expression profiles are influenced by administration of rewarding substances. Genetic studies have also implicated variants in genes that encode potassium channels. Importantly, administration of potassium agonists have been shown to reduce alcohol intake and to augment the behavioral effects of opioid drugs. Potassium channel expression is also increased in animals with reduced intake of methamphetamine. Together, these results support the idea of further investing in studies that focus on elucidating the role of potassium channels as targets for therapeutic interventions against SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (M.T.M.); (S.J.)
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9
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Abstract
Two-pore domain potassium channels are formed by subunits that each contain two pore-loops moieties. Whether the channels are expressed in yeast or the human central nervous system, two subunits come together to form a single potassium selective pore. TOK1, the first two-domain channel was cloned from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in 1995 and soon thereafter, 15 distinct K2P subunits were identified in the human genome. The human K2P channels are stratified into six K2P subfamilies based on sequence as well as physiological or pharmacological similarities. Functional K2P channels pass background (or "leak") K+ currents that shape the membrane potential and excitability of cells in a broad range of tissues. In the years since they were first described, classical functional assays, latterly coupled with state-of-the-art structural and computational studies have revealed the mechanistic basis of K2P channel gating in response to specific physicochemical or pharmacological stimuli. The growing appreciation that K2P channels can play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of a growing spectrum of diseases makes a compelling case for K2P channels as targets for drug discovery. Here, we summarize recent advances in unraveling the structure, function, and pharmacology of the K2P channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordie M Kamuene
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leigh D Plant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Busserolles J, Ben Soussia I, Pouchol L, Marie N, Meleine M, Devilliers M, Judon C, Schopp J, Clémenceau L, Poupon L, Chapuy E, Richard S, Noble F, Lesage F, Ducki S, Eschalier A, Lolignier S. TREK1 channel activation as a new analgesic strategy devoid of opioid adverse effects. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4782-4795. [PMID: 32851651 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Opioids are effective painkillers. However, their risk-benefit ratio is dampened by numerous adverse effects and opioid misuse has led to a public health crisis. Safer alternatives are required, but isolating the antinociceptive effect of opioids from their adverse effects is a pharmacological challenge because activation of the μ opioid receptor triggers both the antinociceptive and adverse effects of opioids. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The TREK1 potassium channel is activated downstream of μ receptor and involved in the antinociceptive activity of morphine but not in its adverse effects. Bypassing the μ opioid receptor to directly activate TREK1 could therefore be a safer analgesic strategy. KEY RESULTS We developed a selective TREK1 activator, RNE28, with antinociceptive activity in naive rodents and in models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. This activity was lost in TREK1 knockout mice or wild-type mice treated with the TREK1 blocker spadin, showing that TREK1 is required for the antinociceptive activity of RNE28. RNE28 did not induce respiratory depression, constipation, rewarding effects, or sedation at the analgesic doses tested. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This proof-of-concept study shows that TREK1 activators could constitute a novel class of painkillers, inspired by the mechanism of action of opioids but devoid of their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Busserolles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ismail Ben Soussia
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Labex ICST, Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, Valbonne, France
| | - Laetitia Pouchol
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Marie
- Neuroplasticité et thérapie des addictions, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Meleine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maïly Devilliers
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Judon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Schopp
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loïc Clémenceau
- Neuroplasticité et thérapie des addictions, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Laura Poupon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Chapuy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Serge Richard
- Centre de Recherches Biologiques, CERB, Baugy, France
| | - Florence Noble
- Neuroplasticité et thérapie des addictions, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Florian Lesage
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Labex ICST, Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, Valbonne, France
| | - Sylvie Ducki
- ICCF, SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Eschalier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Lolignier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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11
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Mathie A, Veale EL, Cunningham KP, Holden RG, Wright PD. Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channels as Drug Targets: Anesthesia and Beyond. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:401-420. [PMID: 32679007 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030920-111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels stabilize the resting membrane potential of both excitable and nonexcitable cells and, as such, are important regulators of cell activity. There are many conditions where pharmacological regulation of K2P channel activity would be of therapeutic benefit, including, but not limited to, atrial fibrillation, respiratory depression, pulmonary hypertension, neuropathic pain, migraine, depression, and some forms of cancer. Up until now, few if any selective pharmacological regulators of K2P channels have been available. However, recent publications of solved structures with small-molecule activators and inhibitors bound to TREK-1, TREK-2, and TASK-1 K2P channels have given insight into the pharmacophore requirements for compound binding to these sites. Together with the increasing availability of a number of novel, active, small-molecule compounds from K2P channel screening programs, these advances have opened up the possibility of rational activator and inhibitor design to selectively target K2P channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Mathie
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich and University of Kent, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom;
| | - Emma L Veale
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich and University of Kent, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom;
| | - Kevin P Cunningham
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn G Holden
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich and University of Kent, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom;
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12
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Pope L, Lolicato M, Minor DL. Polynuclear Ruthenium Amines Inhibit K 2P Channels via a "Finger in the Dam" Mechanism. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:511-524.e4. [PMID: 32059793 PMCID: PMC7245552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The trinuclear ruthenium amine ruthenium red (RuR) inhibits diverse ion channels, including K2P potassium channels, TRPs, the calcium uniporter, CALHMs, ryanodine receptors, and Piezos. Despite this extraordinary array, there is limited information for how RuR engages targets. Here, using X-ray crystallographic and electrophysiological studies of an RuR-sensitive K2P, K2P2.1 (TREK-1) I110D, we show that RuR acts by binding an acidic residue pair comprising the "Keystone inhibitor site" under the K2P CAP domain archway above the channel pore. We further establish that Ru360, a dinuclear ruthenium amine not known to affect K2Ps, inhibits RuR-sensitive K2Ps using the same mechanism. Structural knowledge enabled a generalizable design strategy for creating K2P RuR "super-responders" having nanomolar sensitivity. Together, the data define a "finger in the dam" inhibition mechanism acting at a novel K2P inhibitor binding site. These findings highlight the polysite nature of K2P pharmacology and provide a new framework for K2P inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Pope
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA
| | - Marco Lolicato
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA
| | - Daniel L Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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13
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A lower X-gate in TASK channels traps inhibitors within the vestibule. Nature 2020; 582:443-447. [PMID: 32499642 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
TWIK-related acid-sensitive potassium (TASK) channels-members of the two pore domain potassium (K2P) channel family-are found in neurons1, cardiomyocytes2-4 and vascular smooth muscle cells5, where they are involved in the regulation of heart rate6, pulmonary artery tone5,7, sleep/wake cycles8 and responses to volatile anaesthetics8-11. K2P channels regulate the resting membrane potential, providing background K+ currents controlled by numerous physiological stimuli12-15. Unlike other K2P channels, TASK channels are able to bind inhibitors with high affinity, exceptional selectivity and very slow compound washout rates. As such, these channels are attractive drug targets, and TASK-1 inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for obstructive sleep apnoea and atrial fibrillation16. In general, potassium channels have an intramembrane vestibule with a selectivity filter situated above and a gate with four parallel helices located below; however, the K2P channels studied so far all lack a lower gate. Here we present the X-ray crystal structure of TASK-1, and show that it contains a lower gate-which we designate as an 'X-gate'-created by interaction of the two crossed C-terminal M4 transmembrane helices at the vestibule entrance. This structure is formed by six residues (243VLRFMT248) that are essential for responses to volatile anaesthetics10, neurotransmitters13 and G-protein-coupled receptors13. Mutations within the X-gate and the surrounding regions markedly affect both the channel-open probability and the activation of the channel by anaesthetics. Structures of TASK-1 bound to two high-affinity inhibitors show that both compounds bind below the selectivity filter and are trapped in the vestibule by the X-gate, which explains their exceptionally low washout rates. The presence of the X-gate in TASK channels explains many aspects of their physiological and pharmacological behaviour, which will be beneficial for the future development and optimization of TASK modulators for the treatment of heart, lung and sleep disorders.
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14
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Discovery of Novel TASK-3 Channel Blockers Using a Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164014. [PMID: 31426491 PMCID: PMC6720600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TASK-3 is a two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channel highly expressed in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex. TASK-3 has been identified as an oncogenic potassium channel and it is overexpressed in different cancer types. For this reason, the development of new TASK-3 blockers could influence the pharmacological treatment of cancer and several neurological conditions. In the present work, we searched for novel TASK-3 blockers by using a virtual screening protocol that includes pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking, and free energy calculations. With this protocol, 19 potential TASK-3 blockers were identified. These molecules were tested in TASK-3 using patch clamp, and one blocker (DR16) was identified with an IC50 = 56.8 ± 3.9 μM. Using DR16 as a scaffold, we designed DR16.1, a novel TASK-3 inhibitor, with an IC50 = 14.2 ± 3.4 μM. Our finding takes on greater relevance considering that not many inhibitory TASK-3 modulators have been reported in the scientific literature until today. These two novel TASK-3 channel inhibitors (DR16 and DR16.1) are the first compounds found using a pharmacophore-based virtual screening and rational drug design protocol.
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