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Kong KL, Anzman-Frasca S, Burgess B, Serwatka C, White HI, Holmbeck K. Systematic Review of General Parenting Intervention Impacts on Child Weight as a Secondary Outcome. Child Obes 2023; 19:293-308. [PMID: 35925814 PMCID: PMC10316528 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2022.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
General parenting interventions have improved parent-child relationships and child behavior, with emerging evidence that they may also reduce prevalence of pediatric overweight/obesity. We conducted a systematic review on interventions that were designed to promote positive parenting and examined child weight post-hoc. We searched for studies published through January 2022 that promoted positive parenting among parents of children ages 0-18 years and reported effects on body weight as an ancillary outcome, with no intervention content focused on energy balance (e.g., feeding, physical activity). This search was carried out within ClinicalTrials.gov, ISRCTN Registry, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Connected Papers. Studies were imported into EndNote X9 and assessed independently by two investigators. In total, 753 clinical trials and 723 publications were assessed, and six publications met inclusion criteria. All cohorts were low-income and interventions targeted expectant mothers up through parents of adolescents. Follow-ups occurred when participants were between 2 and 25 years. Significant improvements in weight-related outcomes were observed across all studies for the intervention arm as a whole or for certain subgroups, and reasons underlying these gains tended to differ by participants' age. The magnitude of effect sizes ranged from medium to large. Interventions focused on general positive parenting are efficacious at lowering risk of overweight/obesity without focusing on physical health. Promoting attachments among infants, restructuring a toddler's home environment, praising preschoolers, and communicating with adolescents may optimize weight outcomes in parenting interventions adapted for obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ling Kong
- Baby Health Behavior Lab, Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Stephanie Anzman-Frasca
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brenda Burgess
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Serwatka
- Baby Health Behavior Lab, Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Hope I. White
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Katherine Holmbeck
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
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2
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Gold ER, Carnelley KB, Rowe AC. Attachment security priming: Increasing felt security in adolescents with social, emotional and mental health difficulties. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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3
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Mackie L, Huber L. Socially priming dogs in an overimitation task. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1063132. [PMID: 36874835 PMCID: PMC9982082 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1063132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Overimitation - the copying of another's unnecessary or irrelevant actions toward a goal - is largely considered to be uniquely human. Recent studies, however, have found evidence of this behavior in dogs. Humans seem to overimitate more or less depending on social factors, such as the cultural origin of the demonstrator. Like humans, dogs may have social motivations behind their overimitation, since they have been shown to copy irrelevant actions more from their caregivers than from strangers. By using priming methodology, this study aimed to investigate whether dogs' overimitation can be facilitated via the experimental manipulation of their attachment-based motivations. To test this, we invited caregivers to demonstrate goal-irrelevant and relevant actions to their dog, following either a dog-caregiver relationship prime, a dog-caregiver attention prime, or no prime. Our results showed no significant main effect of priming on copying behavior for either relevant or irrelevant actions, but we found a trend that unprimed dogs copied the least actions overall. Additionally, dogs copied their caregiver's relevant actions more often and more faithfully as the number of trials increased. Our final finding was that dogs were much more likely to copy irrelevant actions after (rather than before) already achieving the goal. This study discusses the social motivations behind dog imitative behavior, and has potential methodological implications regarding the influence of priming on dog behavioral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Mackie
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Bilodeau-Houle A, Morand-Beaulieu S, Bouchard V, Marin MF. Parent-child physiological concordance predicts stronger observational fear learning in children with a less secure relationship with their parent. J Exp Child Psychol 2023; 226:105553. [PMID: 36202012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Observational fear learning is common in children as they learn to fear by observing their parents. Although adaptive, it can also contribute to the development of fear-related psychopathologies such as anxiety disorders. Therefore, it is important to identify and study the factors that modulate children's sensitivity to observational fear learning. For instance, observational fear learning can be facilitated by the synchronization of biological systems between two people. In parent-child dyads, physiological concordance is important and varies according to the attachment relationship, among others. We investigated the joint effect of parent-child physiological concordance and attachment on observational fear learning in children. A total of 84 parent-child dyads participated in this study. Parents were filmed while exposed to a fear-conditioning protocol, where one stimulus was associated with a shock (CS+) and the other was not (CS-). This recording was then shown to the children (observational learning). Thereafter, both stimuli (CS+ and CS-) were presented to the children without any shock (direct expression test). For both the parent and child, skin conductance activity was recorded throughout the entire procedure. We measured physiological concordance between the parent's phasic skin conductance signal during conditioning and the child's signal during the observational learning stage. Children showing stronger concordance and a less secure relationship with their parent exhibited higher levels of fear to the CS+, as indicated by a heightened skin conductance response during the direct expression test. Thus, when children have an insecure relationship with their parent, strong physiological concordance may increase their sensitivity to observational fear learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexe Bilodeau-Houle
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3P2, Canada; Research Center of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1N 3V2, Canada
| | | | - Valérie Bouchard
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3P2, Canada; Research Center of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1N 3V2, Canada
| | - Marie-France Marin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3P2, Canada; Research Center of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1N 3V2, Canada.
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5
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Obeldobel CA, Brumariu LE, Kerns KA. Parent–Child Attachment and Dynamic Emotion Regulation: A Systematic Review. EMOTION REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17540739221136895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although there is evidence parent–child attachment security is associated with trait-like emotion indices, trait perspectives do not fully capture children's responses to context, an important emotion regulation component. This paper evaluates whether attachment is associated with two dynamic emotion indicators: emotion reactivity and emotion recovery. We review conceptual and empirical connections, describe the dynamic emotion perspective, discuss hypotheses, and review evidence. Our review (15 studies) shows that secure attachment was more consistently related to recovery than reactivity, avoidant attachment was related to low emotion reactivity and recovery, ambivalent attachment was associated with greater emotion reactivity, and disorganized attachment was related to high reactivity and recovery difficulties. We close by comparing trait-like and dynamic emotion conclusions then propose future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathryn A. Kerns
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, USA
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6
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Priming attachment and diversity ideologies: Effects on ethnic bias in children's altruistic sharing in a dictator game. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 230:103746. [PMID: 36122478 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Children often show a positive ingroup bias in altruistic behaviors such as sharing. Insight in factors related to ethnic bias in sharing can help towards understanding the origins of inequality in the distribution of resources in society. The present study examined the effect of priming secure attachment (versus positive affect) and multiculturalism (versus color-evasiveness) on ingroup bias in dominant ethnic group children's altruistic sharing. One hundred twenty-five White Dutch children (45 % boys, 55 % girls) between 7 and 11 years old (Mage = 8.47, SDage = 0.87) participated in a Dictator game after being primed. The Dictator game was played against three same-gender children with different ethnic backgrounds (White, Black, Middle Eastern). Results support the idea that priming secure attachment and multiculturalism can decrease ingroup bias in dominant ethnic group children's altruistic sharing, although the effects do not strengthen each other and are effective in situations with different trade-offs and interaction partners. Future research is needed to disentangle the effectiveness of secure attachment and multiculturalism messages in different sharing situations and with interaction partners with different ethnic backgrounds. Results from the present study provide starting points from which to further examine which messages potentially positively impact children's interethnic relations.
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Spitzer AN, Oselinsky K, Lucas-Thompson RG, Graham DJ. Environmental Physical Activity Cues and Children's Active vs. Sedentary Recreation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031874. [PMID: 35162896 PMCID: PMC8834769 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) benefits health, and intensive environmental modifications can increase children’s PA. Research has not yet addressed if subtle environmental cues, such as posters depicting PA, increase child PA. In the current study, it was hypothesized that children exposed to active posters (vs. nature posters) would spend a larger proportion of free play time engaging with active toys (relative to sedentary toys). Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions in which posters on a laboratory wall depicted 1. People being active, or 2. Nature scenes. Children aged 5–10 years (N = 175) could play with up to eight toys (four active, four sedentary) while parents completed study-related surveys. The proportion of playtime that was active was compared between groups. Poster type did not have a significant effect on proportion of active playtime. Previous environmental interventions that increase children’s PA have done so through enhancing access to active opportunities, rather than via signage. It is possible that poster interventions such as this may not influence children’s PA, or perhaps other types of cues would have been more effective. Future research should investigate subtle environmental cues that match both the target audience and the accessible PA options (e.g., posters depicting children playing with available active toys) and explore other low-investment environmental modifications to boost children’s PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Spitzer
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.O.); (D.J.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katrina Oselinsky
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.O.); (D.J.G.)
| | - Rachel G. Lucas-Thompson
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Dan J. Graham
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.O.); (D.J.G.)
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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8
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Andriopoulou P. Healing attachment trauma in adult psychotherapy: The role of limited reparenting. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY & COUNSELLING 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13642537.2021.2000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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State Attachment Variability: Between- and within-Person Level Associations with Trait Attachment and Psychological Problems. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101264. [PMID: 34679330 PMCID: PMC8533933 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that inter-individual differences in the degree of state attachment variability are related to differences in trait attachment and psychological problems between children. In this study, we tested whether such associations are also relevant at a within-person level, and if so, whether intra-individual fluctuations in the degree of variability were predictive of or predicted by intra-individual fluctuations in trait attachment and psychological problems. Children (N = 152; Mage = 10.41 years, SDage = 0.60 at time 1) were tested three times over a period of one year. At each timepoint, children reported on their expectations of maternal support in different distressing situations. Additionally, we administered measures of trait attachment to children and psychological problems to children and their mothers. We used Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models to distinguish between-person from within-person associations between these constructs over time. The results revealed that the degree of state attachment variability was mainly relevant to understand differences between children in trait attachment and psychological problems: children who overall showed more state attachment variability were overall less securely attached at a trait-level and reported more psychological problems. Although evidence for within-person associations was less robust, there was some indication that the degree of state attachment variability might be related to the development of trust and psychological problems at a within-person level.
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10
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Oldham-Cooper R, Semple C, Wilkinson LL. Reconsidering a role for attachment in eating disorder management in the context of paediatric diabetes. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 26:669-681. [PMID: 33601940 DOI: 10.1177/1359104520986215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We suggest a reconsideration of the role of 'attachment orientation' in the context of eating disorders and paediatric diabetes. Attachment orientation is a psychological construct that describes a relatively stable set of expectations and behaviours an individual relies upon in managing relationships. There is considerable evidence of an association between attachment orientation and the development and maintenance of disordered eating in individuals without diabetes, though evidence is more scant in populations with diabetes. We discuss the underpinning theory and critically examine the existing literature for the relationship between attachment orientation and disordered eating in paediatric diabetes. Finally, we draw on adjacent literatures to highlight potential future directions for research should this area be revisited. Overall, we contextualise our discussion in terms of patient-centred, holistic care that addresses the mind and body (i.e., our discussion of attachment orientation assumes a psycho-biological approach).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Oldham-Cooper
- Psychological Health Service, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, UK.,School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Claire Semple
- Psychological Health Service, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, UK
| | - Laura L Wilkinson
- Department of Psychology, College of Human & Health Sciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, UK
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11
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Bilodeau-Houle A, Bouchard V, Morand-Beaulieu S, Herringa RJ, Milad MR, Marin MF. Anxiety Sensitivity Moderates the Association Between Father-Child Relationship Security and Fear Transmission. Front Psychol 2020; 11:579514. [PMID: 33162918 PMCID: PMC7591469 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational fear learning can contribute to the development of fear-related psychopathologies, such as anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Observational fear learning is especially relevant during childhood. Parent-child attachment and anxiety sensitivity modulate fear reactions and fear learning but their impact on observational fear learning has not been investigated. This study investigated how these factors contribute to observational fear learning in children. We examined this question among 55 healthy parent-child dyads. Children (8–12 years old) watched a video of their parent undergoing a direct fear conditioning protocol, where one stimulus (CS+Parent) was paired with a shock and one was not (CS−), and a video of a stranger for whom a different stimulus was reinforced (CS+Stranger). Subsequently, all stimuli were presented to children (without shocks) while skin conductance responses were recorded to evaluate fear levels. Our results showed that children more sensitive to anxiety and who had lower father-child relationship security levels exhibited higher skin conductance responses to the CS+Parent. Our data suggest that the father-child relationship security influences vicarious fear transmission in children who are more sensitive to anxiety. This highlights the importance of the father-child relationship security as a potential modulator of children’s vulnerability to fear-related psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexe Bilodeau-Houle
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Bouchard
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Morand-Beaulieu
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ryan J Herringa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mohammed R Milad
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marie-France Marin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Uccula A, Enna M, Mulatti C. Care vs Food as an Emotional Regulation Strategy in Elementary School Children: The Role of the Attachment Style. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2020; 181:336-347. [PMID: 32496891 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2020.1768504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
According to attachment theory, potentially threatening stimuli tend to activate the attachment system for the search of the protective figure. In secure attachments, the experience of responsive relationships increases the probability of resorting to available figures as a strategy for regulating emotions in stressful situations. The aim of the research was to verify whether, in conditions of mild threat, children's attachment styles affect the choice between caring relationships and food as a form of emotion regulation. We used a mixed experimental design to perform this research. Here, we presented children (N = 65; Mage= 9.4) with threatening and neutral images and, afterwards, asked them to select from images of caring relationship or images of food. The results indicate that securely and ambivalently attached but not avoidantly attached children under both the neutral and threatening image conditions chose the care pictures over the food pictures. Second, only the securely attached increased their choice of care over food images in the threatening condition, and third, this difference was significant when compared with the avoidant children. In conclusion, the results show that although in general the choice of care is primary with respect to food, children with insecure attachments differ from secure children between the two options of emotional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcangelo Uccula
- Department of History, Human Sciences and Education, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mauro Enna
- Department of History, Human Sciences and Education, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudio Mulatti
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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Rowe AC, Gold ER, Carnelley KB. The Effectiveness of Attachment Security Priming in Improving Positive Affect and Reducing Negative Affect: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030968. [PMID: 32033183 PMCID: PMC7037389 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
: Attachment security priming has been extensively used in relationship research to explore the contents of mental models of attachment and examine the benefits derived from enhancing security. This systematic review explores the effectiveness of attachment security priming in improving positive affect and reducing negative affect in adults and children. The review searched four electronic databases for peer-reviewed journal articles. Thirty empirical studies met our inclusion criteria, including 28 adult and 2 child and adolescent samples. The findings show that attachment security priming improved positive affect and reduced negative affect relative to control primes. Supraliminal and subliminal primes were equally effective in enhancing security in one-shot prime studies (we only reviewed repeated priming studies using supraliminal primes so could not compare prime types in these). Global attachment style moderated the primed style in approximately half of the studies. Importantly, repeated priming studies showed a cumulative positive effect of security priming over time. We conclude that repeated priming study designs may be the most effective. More research is needed that explores the use of attachment security priming as a possible intervention to improve emotional wellbeing, in particular for adolescents and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C. Rowe
- School of Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1179546846
| | - Emily R. Gold
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (E.R.G.); (K.B.C.)
| | - Katherine B. Carnelley
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (E.R.G.); (K.B.C.)
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