1
|
Price K, DeJesus JM, Nancekivell SE. She made it with her friend: How social object history influences children's thinking about the value of digital objects. Child Dev 2024. [PMID: 38563089 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Two studies examine how social object histories from collaborative experiences influenced North American children (N = 160, 5-10 years) thinking about the value of digital objects (48% male/51% female; 51% White/24% Black/11% Asian). With forced-choice judgments, Study 1 found (moderate-large effects) that children viewed digital and physical objects with social histories as more special than objects without such histories. On a 10-point scale, Study 2 found (large effects) that children rated digital objects with positive social histories as more special than objects with negative ones. Overall, the studies found that children's tendencies to use object history to understand object value extends into digital contexts. They also reveal how an unexplored kind of history-social history-affects judgments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiana Price
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jasmine M DeJesus
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kurupınar M, Serbest O, Yılmaz D, Soley G. Children's expectations about the stability of others' knowledge and preference states. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 240:105834. [PMID: 38183878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
It is a crucial ability to predict others' psychological states across time and contexts. Focusing on cultural inventions such as songs and stories, we contrasted children's attributions of stability with others' knowledge and preference states across time and space and whether these attributions change as a function of children's familiarity with the known/liked items. Children (91 4-year-olds and 97 6-year-olds) were introduced to characters who knew or liked a song, a story, a game and a dance that were either novel or familiar. Children were asked whether the characters would still know/like these when they move to another city or when they grow up to be an adult. Both age groups expected these attributes to be more durable in the moving scenario compared with the growing-up scenario, but this trend became more robust with age. Whereas overall children did not judge knowledge as more durable than preferences, children found knowledge to be more enduring with age. The 6-year-olds' stability attributions also increased when known/liked items were familiar. These results suggest that, across the preschool years, children become more nuanced in their predictions about the future forms of knowledge and preference states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Kurupınar
- Department of Psychology, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oya Serbest
- Department of Psychology, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Duygu Yılmaz
- Department of Psychology, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Psychology, New York University
| | - Gaye Soley
- Department of Psychology, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Blake PR. A developmental perspective on the minimalist model: The case of respect for ownership. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e328. [PMID: 37813406 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x23001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The developmental evidence for children's respect for ownership reveals that children will enforce the property rights of third parties before they themselves respect other's property. This pattern of development suggests the need for clarification or modification of the minimalist model. Here, I consider three explanations for the gap between knowledge and behavior for respect of ownership.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Blake
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA ; www.bu.edu/sdll
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arshad F, Zegarra-Valdivia JA, Prioleau C, Valcour V, Miller BL. Impact of respect, equity, and leadership in brain health. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1198882. [PMID: 37614974 PMCID: PMC10442505 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1198882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Respect is a feeling of admiration for someone. It forms one of the core values of the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), which strives to protect the world's aging populations from threats to brain health. These values guide us as we advocate for reducing the global impact of dementia. By taking a values-based approach to brain health, we can drive global changes for millions of people. Respect fortifies gratitude and embraces diversity. Philosophical discussions of the ideas support the assertion that respect is crucial in everyday conversations and actions as well as in personal, social, political, and moral spheres. No one can become a leader unless they genuinely respect and care about the success of each team member. Diversity, equity, and inclusivity form the fundamental cornerstones of respect. Understanding this core value of respect will ensure altruistic behavior among the leaders that may help mitigate racism, cultural insults, gender discrimination, stigmatization, religious hatred, and, worst of all, poor leadership abilities that have been the disconcerting examples of disrespect in recent years. We present the underlying neurobiology of respect and its impact on equity and leadership.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Arshad
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jonathan Adrian Zegarra-Valdivia
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Human Medicine, Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - Caroline Prioleau
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Victor Valcour
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bruce L. Miller
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Starmans C, Friedman O. Why Children Believe They Are Owned. Open Mind (Camb) 2023; 7:534-549. [PMID: 37637295 PMCID: PMC10449399 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Owners decide what happens to their property, and so adults typically view autonomous beings as non-owned. If children likewise consider autonomy when judging what is owned, this may have implications for how they view themselves. If children believe that parents have power over them, that they themselves lack autonomy, and that only the autonomous cannot be owned, this may lead them to believe that they are owned by their parents. Across three experiments, we found that 4- to 7-year-old children (N = 206) consistently affirm that children are owned by their parents. In Experiment 1, children judged that children and domesticated animals are owned, but denied this for adults and wild animals. In Experiment 2, children were more likely to see children as owned by their parents than by their teachers, and also denied that children own either kind of adult. Finally, in Experiment 3, children were less likely to view a child who makes decisions against parental authority as owned. These judgments are unlikely to mirror what children have been told. Instead, they likely result from children spontaneously using autonomy principles, and possibly other principles of ownership, in reasoning about the ownership of living entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ori Friedman
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pesowski ML, Powell LJ. Ownership as privileged utility. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2023.101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
|
7
|
Li Z, Dong D. How you get it matters: Moderating role of transfer method in guiding ownership assignments for modified objects. Front Psychol 2023; 13:957079. [PMID: 36704694 PMCID: PMC9871813 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.957079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous research has found that value change and creation drive people to support the laborer more than the original owner in ownership reasoning for modified objects; however, the transfer methods used to resolve conflicts have largely been ignored. In this work, two studies were designed to investigate the role of value change and creation in adults' labor-based ownership judgments in four transfer conditions (i.e., take/steal/borrow/find). Methods Scenarios involving different extent of value change and creation in different transfer ways were presented to Chinese adult subjects after which they were asked to judge who is the owner. Results People were more likely to assign ownership to the original owner in the take, steal and borrow conditions but not in the find condition, and this reasoning held regardless of whether the original materials showed high or low value appreciation or successful creation, and it was applicable to raw materials with low (Study 1) and high values (Study 2). In addition, the effect of value change and creation on ownership reasoning varied according to different transfer methods. Conclusion The results suggest the moderating role of transfer method in people's ownership assignments, which will provide insights for real-life mediation of ownership conflicts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanxing Li
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Social Psychology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dong Dong
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Social Psychology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan,*Correspondence: Dong Dong,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boyer P. Ownership psychology as a cognitive adaptation: A minimalist model. Behav Brain Sci 2022; 46:e323. [PMID: 36254791 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x22002527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ownership is universal and ubiquitous in human societies, yet the psychology underpinning ownership intuitions is generally not described in a coherent and computationally tractable manner. Ownership intuitions are commonly assumed to derive from culturally transmitted social norms, or from a mentally represented implicit theory. While the social norms account is entirely ad hoc, the mental theory requires prior assumptions about possession and ownership that must be explained. Here I propose such an explanation, arguing that the intuitions result from the interaction of two cognitive systems. One of these handles competitive interactions for the possession of resources observed in many species including humans. The other handles mutually beneficial cooperation between agents, as observed in communal sharing, collective action and trade. Together, these systems attend to specific cues in the environment, and produce definite intuitions such as "this is hers," "that is not mine." This computational model provides an explanation for ownership intuitions, not just in straightforward cases of property, but also in disputed ownership (squatters, indigenous rights), historical changes (abolition of slavery), as well as apparently marginal cases, such as the questions, whether people own their seats on the bus, or their places in a queue, and how people understand "cultural appropriation" and slavery. In contrast to some previous theories, the model is empirically testable and free of ad hoc stipulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Boyer
- Departments of Anthropology and Psychology & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA ; http://www.pascalboyer.net
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nancekivell SE, Maurer BA. When does ownership matter? Parents’ reasoning about children's conflicts over possessions. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaylene E. Nancekivell
- Department of Psychology University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina USA
| | - Brian A. Maurer
- Department of Psychology University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baratgin J, Godin P, Jamet F. How the Custom Suppresses the Endowment Effect: Exchange Paradigm in Kanak Country. Front Psychol 2022; 12:785721. [PMID: 35145459 PMCID: PMC8822236 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.785721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, Knetsch's exchange paradigm is analyzed from the perspective of pragmatics and social norms. In this paradigm the participant, at the beginning of the experiment, receives an object from the experimenter and at the end, the same experimenter offers to exchange the received object for an equivalent object. The observed refusal to exchange is called the endowment effect. We argue that this effect comes from an implicature made by the participant about the experimenter's own expectations. The participant perceives the received item as a gift, or as a present, from the experimenter that cannot be exchanged as stipulated by the social norms of western politeness common to both the experimenter and the participant. This implicature, however, should not be produced by participants from Kanak culture for whom the perceived gift of a good will be interpreted as a first act of exchange based on gift and counter-gift. This exchange is a natural, frequent, balanced, and indispensable act for all Kanak social bonds whether private or public. Kanak people also know the French social norms that they apply in their interactions with French people living in New Caledonia. In our experiment, we show that when the exchange paradigm takes place in a French context, with a French experimenter and in French, the Kanak participant is subject to the endowment effect in the same way as a French participant. On the other hand, when the paradigm is carried out in a Kanak context, with a Kanak experimenter and in the vernacular language, or in a Kanak context that approaches the ceremonial of the custom, the endowment effect is no longer observed. The same number of Kanak participants accept or refuse to exchange the endowed item. These results, in addition to providing a new explanation for the endowment effect, highlight the great flexibility of decisions according to social-cultural context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Baratgin
- Université Paris 8, Laboratoire Cognition Humaine et Artificielle, Saint-Denis, France
- Probability, Assessment, Reasoning and Inferences Studies Association, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Jean Baratgin
| | - Patrice Godin
- Université de la Nouvelle Calédonie, Laboratoire TROCA, Nouméa, France
| | - Frank Jamet
- Université Paris 8, Laboratoire Cognition Humaine et Artificielle, Saint-Denis, France
- Probability, Assessment, Reasoning and Inferences Studies Association, Paris, France
- CY Cergy Paris Université, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kanngiesser P, Rossano F, Frickel R, Tomm A, Tomasello M. Children, but not great apes, respect ownership. Dev Sci 2019; 23:e12842. [PMID: 31038808 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Access to and control of resources is a major source of costly conflicts. Animals, under some conditions, respect what others control and use (i.e. possession). Humans not only respect possession of resources, they also respect ownership. Ownership can be viewed as a cooperative arrangement, where individuals inhibit their tendency to take others' property on the condition that those others will do the same. We investigated to what degree great apes follow this principle, as compared to human children. We conducted two experiments, in which dyads of individuals could access the same food resources. The main test of respect for ownership was whether individuals would refrain from taking their partner's resources even when the partner could not immediately access and control them. Captive apes (N = 14 dyads) failed to respect their partner's claim on food resources and frequently monopolized the resources when given the opportunity. Human children (N = 14 dyads), tested with a similar apparatus and procedure, respected their partner's claim and made spontaneous verbal references to ownership. Such respect for the property of others highlights the uniquely cooperative nature of human ownership arrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Rossano
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ramona Frickel
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Tomm
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Tomasello
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pesowski ML, Kanngiesser P, Friedman O. Give and take: Ownership affects how 2- and 3-year-olds allocate resources. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 185:214-223. [PMID: 31097201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In three experiments, we investigated whether 2- and 3-year-olds (N = 240) consider ownership when taking resources for themselves and allocating resources to another agent. When selecting resources for themselves, children generally avoided taking resources that belonged to another agent and instead favored their own resources (Experiments 1 and 2). However, they did not avoid taking the agent's resources when the only other resources available were described as not belonging to the agent (Experiment 3). Children also selected fewer of the agent's resources when taking for themselves than when giving to the agent (Experiments 2 and 3). In giving to the agent, children were more likely to select the agent's resources than resources not belonging to the agent (Experiment 3). These findings show that ownership affects how 2- and 3-year-olds allocate resources. The findings also provide new evidence that 2-year-olds may respect others' ownership rights, at least to a limited degree, although we also consider an alternative explanation for the findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madison L Pesowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Patricia Kanngiesser
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ori Friedman
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|