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Chen Y, Dana R. Autoimmunity in dry eye disease - An updated review of evidence on effector and memory Th17 cells in disease pathogenicity. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102933. [PMID: 34509656 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The classic Th1/Th2 dogma has been significantly reshaped since the subsequent introduction of several new T helper cell subsets, among which the most intensively investigated during the last decade is the Th17 lineage that demonstrates critical pathogenic roles in autoimmunity and chronic inflammation - including the highly prevalent dry eye disease. In this review, we summarize current concepts of Th17-mediated disruption of ocular surface immune homeostasis that leads to autoimmune inflammatory dry eye disease, by discussing the induction, activation, differentiation, migration, and function of effector Th17 cells in disease development, highlighting the phenotypic and functional plasticity of Th17 lineage throughout the disease initiation, perpetuation and sustention. Furthermore, we emphasize the most recent advance in Th17 memory formation and function in the chronic course of dry eye disease, a major area to be better understood for facilitating the development of effective treatments in a broader field of autoimmune diseases that usually present a chronic course with recurrent episodes of flare in the target tissues or organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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2
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Gao Y, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Yu X, Zheng J. Recent Advances in Mouse Models of Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1158. [PMID: 32695097 PMCID: PMC7338666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a complex rheumatoid disease that mainly affects exocrine glands, resulting in xerostomia (dry mouth) and xerophthalmia (dry eye). SS is characterized by autoantibodies, infiltration into exocrine glands, and ectopic expression of MHC II molecules on glandular epithelial cells. In contrast to the well-characterized clinical and immunological features, the etiology and pathogenesis of SS remain largely unknown. Animal models are powerful research tools for elucidating the pathogenesis of human diseases. To date, many mouse models of SS, including induced models, in which disease is induced in mice, and genetic models, in which mice spontaneously develop SS-like disease, have been established. These mouse models have provided new insight into the pathogenesis of SS. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the field of experimental SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhen Gao
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhongjian Zhang
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Junfeng Zheng
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Ono Y, Tsuboi H, Moriyama M, Asashima H, Kudo H, Takahashi H, Honda F, Abe S, Kondo Y, Takahashi S, Matsumoto I, Nakamura S, Sumida T. RORγt antagonist improves Sjögren's syndrome-like sialadenitis through downregulation of CD25. Oral Dis 2020; 26:766-777. [PMID: 31837283 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We reported previously that T-cell-specific RORγt-transgenic mice under human CD2 promoter (RORγt-Tg mice) developed severe spontaneous Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-like sialadenitis, induced by RORγt-overexpressing CD4+ T cells and reduced regulatory T cells. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effectiveness and mechanisms of action of A213, a RORγt antagonist, in RORγt-Tg mice with SS-like sialadenitis. METHODS Six-week-old RORγt-Tg mice were administered orally of A213 or phosphate-buffered saline every 3 days for 2 weeks. We analyzed saliva volume, histopathology of salivary glands, populations of T cells in splenocytes and cervical lymph nodes (cLNs), and the protein expression levels of CD69 on CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3- and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ cells in cLNs. We also investigated in vitro the potential immunomechanisms of action of A213. RESULTS A213 significantly increased saliva volume, reduced mononuclear cell infiltration in salivary glands, and reduced the focus score of sialadenitis. Analysis of the immunomechanisms using cLNs showed A213 significantly reduced the proportion of CD4+ CD25+ /CD4+ T cells and the protein expression levels of CD69 on CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3- cells. In vitro experiments showed that A213 suppressed CD25 expression on CD4+ T cells and reduced IL-2 production from CD4+ T cells derived from RORγt-Tg mice. CONCLUSION A213 improves SS-like sialadenitis through the inhibition of CD4+ CD25+ cells in cLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroto Tsuboi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masafumi Moriyama
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Asashima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hanae Kudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumika Honda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Saori Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuya Kondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Isao Matsumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiji Nakamura
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Liu G, Zhang F, Wang R, London SD, London L. Salivary gland immunization via Wharton's duct activates differential T-cell responses within the salivary gland immune system. FASEB J 2019; 33:6011-6022. [PMID: 30817215 PMCID: PMC6463922 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801993r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are a major component of the mucosal immune system that confer adaptive immunity to mucosal pathogens. As previously demonstrated, immunization of the submandibular gland with tissue culture-derived murine cytomegalovirus (tcMCMV) or replication-deficient adenoviruses expressing individual murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) genes protected mice against a lethal MCMV challenge. Here, we report that salivary gland inoculation of BALB/cByJ mice with tcMCMV or recombinant adenoviruses differentially activates T helper (Th)1, -2, and -17 cells in the salivary glands vs. the associated lymph nodes. After inoculation with tcMCMV, lymphocytes from the submandibular gland preferentially express the transcription factor T-cell-specific T-box transcription factor (T-bet), which controls the expression of the hallmark Th1 cytokine, IFN-γ. Lymphocytes from the periglandular lymph nodes (PGLNs) express both T-bet and GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3), which promotes the secretion of IL-4, -5, and -10 from Th2 cells. In contrast, after inoculation with replication-deficient adenoviruses, lymphocytes from the submandibular gland express T-bet, GATA3, and RAR-related orphan receptor γ, thymus-specific isoform (RORγt) (required for differentiation of Th17 cells) and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) (required for the differentiation of regulatory T cells). Lymphocytes from the PGLNs were not activated. The differential induction of Th responses in the salivary gland vs. the PGLNs after inoculation with attenuated virus vs. a nominal protein antigen supports the use of the salivary as an alternative mucosal route for administering vaccines.-Liu, G., Zhang, F., Wang, R., London, S. D., London, L. Salivary gland immunization via Wharton's duct activates differential T-cell responses within the salivary gland immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangliang Liu
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Steven D. London
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Lucille London
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA,Correspondence: Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, 231 Dutchess Hall, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. E-mail:
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Verstappen GM, Kroese FGM, Bootsma H. T cells in primary Sjögren's syndrome: targets for early intervention. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019; 60:3088-3098. [PMID: 30770920 PMCID: PMC8516500 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A histologic hallmark of primary SS (pSS) is lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary and lacrimal glands, in particular by CD4+ T and B cells. In the early stages of the disease, infiltrates are dominated by CD4+ T cells, while B cell accumulation occurs at later stages. Activated T cells contribute to pathogenesis by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and by inducing B cell activation, which results in the establishment of a positive feedback loop. In the inflamed glandular tissues, many different CD4+ effector subsets are present, including IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells, IL-17-producing Th17 cells and IL-21-producing T follicular helper cells. In blood from pSS patients, frequently observed abnormalities of the T cell compartment are CD4+ T cell lymphopenia and enrichment of circulating follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. Tfh cells are critical mediators of T cell–dependent B cell hyperactivity and these cells can be targeted by immunotherapy. Inhibition of T cell activation, preferably early in the disease process, can mitigate B cell activity and may be a promising treatment approach in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenny M Verstappen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrika Bootsma
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Odani
- Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John A. Chiorini
- Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ogawa Y, Shimizu E, Tsubota K. Interferons and Dry Eye in Sjögren's Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3548. [PMID: 30423813 PMCID: PMC6274689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17, are augmented, and autoreactive T cells and B cells are activated in the immune pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). In particular, IFNs are involved in both the early stages of innate immunity by high level of type I IFN in glandular tissue and sera and the later stages of disease progression by type I and type II IFN producing T cells and B cells through B cell activating factor in SS. Genetically modified mouse models for some of these molecules have been reported and will be discussed in this review. New findings from human SS and animal models of SS have elucidated some of the mechanisms underlying SS-related dry eye. We will discuss IFN-γ and several other molecules that represent candidate targets for treating inflammation in SS-related dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Eisuke Shimizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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Clinical and immunological parameters of Sjögren's syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:1053-1064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Modulation of Apoptosis by Cytotoxic Mediators and Cell-Survival Molecules in Sjögren's Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082369. [PMID: 30103522 PMCID: PMC6121505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) involves multiple factors including genetic background, cell death, and exocrine dysfunction. We here discuss apoptotic control in exocrine glands in SS by showing various pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways. Although the membrane-bound and soluble form of the Fas/Fas ligand system is a leading player with activation of the death domain and caspase 8/3 cleavage, the role of soluble Fas/FasL (including its polymorphism) in apoptosis is controversial. The tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis of salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) involves a mitochondrial pathway that includes caspase 9 cleavage. The involvement of innate immunity cells such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) has been investigated; TLR2-4 and TLR7-9 are associated with the induction of inflammation in exocrine glands of SS patients. TLR3 has the potential to induce the apoptosis of SS patients’ SGECs. Linkage of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was shown in exocrine glands in SS, and it inhibited the Fas/FasL system with the help of cell-survival factors. TLR3 has dual actions to cause inflammation as well as apoptosis, which are inhibited by EGF. In conclusion, apoptosis in exocrine glands of SS patients is tightly controlled by balance of pro-apoptotic signals and growth factor.
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Kondo Y, Yokosawa M, Kaneko S, Furuyama K, Segawa S, Tsuboi H, Matsumoto I, Sumida T. Review: Transcriptional Regulation of CD4+ T Cell Differentiation in Experimentally Induced Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:653-661. [PMID: 29245178 PMCID: PMC5947164 DOI: 10.1002/art.40398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the joint synovium and infiltration by activated inflammatory cells. CD4+ T cells form a large proportion of the inflammatory cells invading the synovial tissue, and are involved in the RA pathologic process. In general, CD4+ T cells differentiate into various T helper cell subsets and acquire the functional properties to respond to specific pathogens, and also mediate some autoimmune disorders such as RA. Because the differentiation of T helper cell subsets is determined by the expression of specific transcription factors in response to the cytokine environment, these transcription factors are considered to have a role in the pathology of RA. Treg cells control an excess of T cell–mediated immune response, and the transcription factor FoxP3 is critical for the differentiation and function of Treg cells. Treg cell dysfunction can result in the development of systemic autoimmunity. In this review, we summarize how the expression of transcription factors modulates T helper cell immune responses and the development of autoimmune diseases, especially in RA. Understanding the role of transcription factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity may lead to novel therapeutic strategies to control the differentiation and function of both T helper cells and Treg cells.
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Verstappen GM, Corneth OB, Bootsma H, Kroese FG. Th17 cells in primary Sjögren's syndrome: Pathogenicity and plasticity. J Autoimmun 2018; 87:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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T Helper 17 Cells in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6070065. [PMID: 28678161 PMCID: PMC5532573 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6070065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes into exocrine glands and other tissues. The infiltrating lymphocytes have been identified as subsets of B cells and T cells, including T helper 17 cells, T regulatory cells and follicular helper T cells. The role of these cells in the development of the syndrome is now known, as is their impact on the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-17, IL-22 and IL-23. In particular, experimental animal models and patients suggest that a shift in Th17/Treg balance toward the proinflammatory Th17 axis exacerbates primary Sjögren’s syndrome and other autoimmune disorders. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of the disorder is not yet fully elucidated. This review summarizes the recent advances in therapeutic control of the Treg/Th17 balance, as well as the efficacy of candidate therapeutics against primary Sjögren’s syndrome.
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