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Mihori S, Nichols F, Provatas A, Matz A, Zhou B, Blesso CN, Panier H, Daddi L, Zhou Y, Clark RB. Microbiome-derived bacterial lipids regulate gene expression of proinflammatory pathway inhibitors in systemic monocytes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1415565. [PMID: 38989285 PMCID: PMC11233717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1415565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
How the microbiome regulates responses of systemic innate immune cells is unclear. In the present study, our purpose was to document a novel mechanism by which the microbiome mediates crosstalk with the systemic innate immune system. We have identified a family of microbiome Bacteroidota-derived lipopeptides-the serine-glycine (S/G) lipids, which are TLR2 ligands, access the systemic circulation, and regulate proinflammatory responses of splenic monocytes. To document the role of these lipids in regulating systemic immunity, we used oral gavage with an antibiotic to decrease the production of these lipids and administered exogenously purified lipids to increase the systemic level of these lipids. We found that decreasing systemic S/G lipids by decreasing microbiome Bacteroidota significantly enhanced splenic monocyte proinflammatory responses. Replenishing systemic levels of S/G lipids via exogenous administration returned splenic monocyte responses to control levels. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that S/G lipids regulate monocyte proinflammatory responses at the level of gene expression of a small set of upstream inhibitors of TLR and NF-κB pathways that include Trem2 and Irf4. Consistent with enhancement in proinflammatory cytokine responses, decreasing S/G lipids lowered gene expression of specific pathway inhibitors. Replenishing S/G lipids normalized gene expression of these inhibitors. In conclusion, our results suggest that microbiome-derived S/G lipids normally establish a level of buffered signaling activation necessary for well-regulated innate immune responses in systemic monocytes. By regulating gene expression of inflammatory pathway inhibitors such as Trem2, S/G lipids merit broader investigation into the potential dysfunction of other innate immune cells, such as microglia, in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Mihori
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Frank Nichols
- Department of Periodontology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Anthony Provatas
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Institute of the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Alyssa Matz
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Christopher N. Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Hunter Panier
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Lauren Daddi
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Yanjiao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Robert B. Clark
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
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Kolypetri P, Weiner HL. Monocyte regulation by gut microbial signals. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1044-1057. [PMID: 37271658 PMCID: PMC10524398 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes are innate immune cells that sense environmental changes and participate in the immunoregulation of autoimmune, neurologic, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases as well as cancer. Recent studies have suggested that the gut microbiome shapes the biology of monocytes via microbial signals at extraintestinal sites. Interestingly, in chronic diseases, communication between microbial signals and monocytes can either promote or inhibit disease activity, suggesting that some of these pathways can be harnessed for clinical therapies. In this review, we discuss the newer concepts of regulation of monocyte homeostasis and function by gut microbial signals during steady state and inflammation. We also highlight the therapeutic potential of microbial signal-based approaches for modulation in the context of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayota Kolypetri
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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Hoffman K, Brownell Z, Doyle WJ, Ochoa-Repáraz J. The immunomodulatory roles of the gut microbiome in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system: Multiple sclerosis as a model. J Autoimmun 2023; 137:102957. [PMID: 36435700 PMCID: PMC10203067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue is a primary activation site for immune responses to infection and immunomodulation. Experimental evidence using animal disease models suggests that specific gut microbes significantly regulate inflammation and immunoregulatory pathways. Furthermore, recent clinical findings indicate that gut microbes' composition, collectively named gut microbiota, is altered under disease state. This review focuses on the functional mechanisms by which gut microbes promote immunomodulatory responses that could be relevant in balancing inflammation associated with autoimmunity in the central nervous system. We also propose therapeutic interventions that target the composition of the gut microbiota as immunomodulatory mechanisms to control neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Hoffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Zackariah Brownell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - William J Doyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Javier Ochoa-Repáraz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725, USA.
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Suvieri C, Volpi C. Analysis of Differential TLR Activation in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2700:229-247. [PMID: 37603185 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3366-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative and autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). The precise etiology of MS is still undeciphered, and signs and symptoms of the disease are varied and complex, ranging from axonal degeneration, synaptic, and neuronal loss to demyelination. Inflammation plays a critical role in determining the onset and the progression of MS, but there is still a lot of information missing before scientists come to understand what are the factors that contribute to the establishment of the neuroinflammation. Thus, various murine models, each representative of a specific hallmark of MS, are used to study the processes underlying the pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease in an attempt to find effective drugs for its treatment. Among the many causes of MS, viral infections appear to be one of the most prominent ones. In this scenario, the comprehension of the role of receptors activated upon the recognition of viral, and in general microbial, components in determining onset and progression of the neuroinflammation is of paramount importance. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved receptors that recognize several pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), common structures of the pathogens, or the damage caused by the pathogens within the host. TLRs are thus directly involved in the regulation of inflammatory reactions and in the activation of the innate and, subsequently, the adaptive immune responses crucial for the elimination of infectious pathogens. The role of TLR activation in the development of MS is widely studied in various murine models of MS, as well as in MS patients. In this chapter, we will summarize the current knowledge about the contribution of TLRs to the development or progression of MS, and we will illustrate different methods commonly used for the investigation of the role of different TLRs in various murine models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Suvieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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5
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Elloumi N, Tahri S, Fakhfakh R, Abida O, Mahfoudh N, Hachicha H, Marzouk S, Bahloul Z, Masmoudi H. Role of innate immune receptors TLR4 and TLR2 polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility. Ann Hum Genet 2022; 86:137-144. [PMID: 35128637 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Through their recognition of various bacterial cell wall components, TLR2 and TLR4 participate in the innate response and modulate the activation of adaptive immunity. Therefore, the genetic background of these receptors might play a crucial role in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we investigated the possible association between polymorphisms within TLR2 and TLR4 genes with SLE susceptibility. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 100 SLE patients and 200 unrelated healthy controls of the Tunisian population were enrolled in the study.TLR4rs4986790, TLR4rs4986791, and TLR2rs5743708 genotyping were performed using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The number of guanine-thymine (GT) repeat microsatellite in the intron 2 of TLR2 gene was analyzed by sequencing. RESULTS We reported a lack of allelic and genotypic association between SNPs of TLR4 and TLR2 genes and SLE pathogenesis. No correlation was found with any SLE features. However, SLE susceptibility was associated with the GT repeat microsatellite polymorphism in the human TLR2 gene. Further subclassification of alleles into three subclasses revealed a significant association between the long-sized repeats ((GT) >23) and SLE. CONCLUSION Though the results showed the absence of genetic association of TLR4 and TLR2 SNPs with the risk of developing SLE, we have identified a protective association between the microsatellite polymorphism in intron 2 of the TLR2 gene and SLE. Functionally, these (GT)n repeats may confer modifying effects or susceptibility to certain inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Elloumi
- Research laboratory LR18/SP12 auto-immunity, cancer and immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba university Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Safa Tahri
- Research laboratory LR18/SP12 auto-immunity, cancer and immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba university Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Raouia Fakhfakh
- Research laboratory LR18/SP12 auto-immunity, cancer and immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba university Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Abida
- Research laboratory LR18/SP12 auto-immunity, cancer and immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba university Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Mahfoudh
- Immunology Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hend Hachicha
- Research laboratory LR18/SP12 auto-immunity, cancer and immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba university Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Marzouk
- Internal Medicine Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zouhir Bahloul
- Internal Medicine Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Masmoudi
- Research laboratory LR18/SP12 auto-immunity, cancer and immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Habib Bourguiba university Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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6
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Wolter M, Grant ET, Boudaud M, Steimle A, Pereira GV, Martens EC, Desai MS. Leveraging diet to engineer the gut microbiome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:885-902. [PMID: 34580480 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, have distinct clinical presentations but share underlying patterns of gut microbiome perturbation and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Their potentially common microbial drivers advocate for treatment strategies aimed at restoring appropriate microbiome function, but individual variation in host factors makes a uniform approach unlikely. In this Perspective, we consolidate knowledge on diet-microbiome interactions in local inflammation, gut microbiota imbalance and host immune dysregulation. By understanding and incorporating the effects of individual dietary components on microbial metabolic output and host physiology, we examine the potential for diet-based therapies for autoimmune disease prevention and treatment. We also discuss tools targeting the gut microbiome, such as faecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics and orthogonal niche engineering, which could be optimized using custom dietary interventions. These approaches highlight paths towards leveraging diet for precise engineering of the gut microbiome at a time of increasing autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Wolter
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Erica T Grant
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marie Boudaud
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alex Steimle
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Eric C Martens
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mahesh S Desai
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg. .,Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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7
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Li H, Liu S, Han J, Li S, Gao X, Wang M, Zhu J, Jin T. Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Neuroimmune Diseases: Therapeutic Targets and Problems. Front Immunol 2021; 12:777606. [PMID: 34790205 PMCID: PMC8591135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.777606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins playing a key role in innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are involved in the development and progression of neuroimmune diseases via initiating inflammatory responses. Thus, targeting TLRs signaling pathway may be considered as a potential therapy for neuroimmune diseases. However, the role of TLRs is elusive and complex in neuroimmune diseases. In addition to the inadequate immune response of TLRs inhibitors in the experiments, the recent studies also demonstrated that partial activation of TLRs is conducive to the production of anti-inflammatory factors and nervous system repair. Exploring the mechanism of TLRs in neuroimmune diseases and combining with developing the emerging drug may conquer neuroimmune diseases in the future. Herein, we provide an overview of the role of TLRs in several neuroimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Guillain-Barré syndrome and myasthenia gravis. Emerging difficulties and potential solutions in clinical application of TLRs inhibitors will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Shengxian Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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Marks KE, Flaherty S, Patterson KM, Stratton M, Martinez GJ, Reynolds JM. Toll-like receptor 2 induces pathogenicity in Th17 cells and reveals a role for IPCEF in regulating Th17 cell migration. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109303. [PMID: 34192530 PMCID: PMC8270556 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Th17 cells drive inflammation in autoimmune disease, yet the molecular programming underlying Th17 cell pathogenicity remains insufficiently understood. Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) increases Th17 cell inflammatory potential, but little is known regarding the mechanistic outcomes of TLR2 signaling in Th17 cells. Here, we demonstrate that TLR2 is comparable to IL-23 in inducing pathogenicity and increasing the migratory capacity of Th17 cells. We perform RNA sequencing of Th17 cells stimulated though the TLR2 pathway and find differential expression of several genes linked with the Th17 genetic program as well as genes not previously associated with pathogenic Th17 cells, including Ipcef1. Enforced expression of Ipcef1 in Th17 cells abolishes the TLR2-dependent increases in migratory capacity and severely impairs the ability of Th17 cells to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This study establishes the importance of the TLR2 signaling pathway in inducing Th17 cell pathogenicity and driving autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryne E Marks
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie Flaherty
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristen M Patterson
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Stratton
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gustavo J Martinez
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph M Reynolds
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA; Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA.
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9
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Marks KE, Cho K, Stickling C, Reynolds JM. Toll-like Receptor 2 in Autoimmune Inflammation. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e18. [PMID: 34277108 PMCID: PMC8263214 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR signaling is critical for broad scale immune recognition of pathogens and/or danger molecules. TLRs are particularly important for the activation and the maturation of cells comprising the innate immune response. In recent years it has become apparent that several different TLRs regulate the function of lymphocytes as well, albeit to a lesser degree compared to innate immunity. TLR2 heterodimerizes with either TLR1 or TLR6 to broadly recognize bacterial lipopeptides as well as several danger-associated molecular patterns. In general, TLR2 signaling promotes immune cell activation leading to tissue inflammation, which is advantageous for combating an infection. Conversely, inappropriate or dysfunctional TLR2 signaling leading to an overactive inflammatory response could be detrimental during sterile inflammation and autoimmune disease. This review will highlight and discuss recent research advances linking TLR2 engagement to autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryne E Marks
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaylin Cho
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Courtney Stickling
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph M Reynolds
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Bucheli OTM, Sigvaldadóttir I, Eyer K. Measuring single-cell protein secretion in immunology: Technologies, advances, and applications. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1334-1347. [PMID: 33734428 PMCID: PMC8252417 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics, nature, strength, and ultimately protective capabilities of an active immune response are determined by the extracellular constitution and concentration of various soluble factors. Generated effector cells secrete such mediators, including antibodies, chemo‐ and cytokines to achieve functionality. These secreted factors organize the individual immune cells into functional tissues, initiate, orchestrate, and regulate the immune response. Therefore, a single‐cell resolved analysis of protein secretion is a valuable tool for studying the heterogeneity and functionality of immune cells. This review aims to provide a comparative overview of various methods to characterize immune reactions by measuring single‐cell protein secretion. Spot‐based and cytometry‐based assays, such as ELISpot and flow cytometry, respectively, are well‐established methods applied in basic research and clinical settings. Emerging novel technologies, such as microfluidic platforms, offer new ways to measure and exploit protein secretion in immune reactions. Further technological advances will allow the deciphering of protein secretion in immunological responses with unprecedented detail, linking secretion to functionality. Here, we summarize the development and recent advances of tools that allow the analysis of protein secretion at the single‐cell level, and discuss and contrast their applications within immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia T M Bucheli
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingibjörg Sigvaldadóttir
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Eyer
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Li Z, Liu Y, Jia A, Cui Y, Feng J. Cerebrospinal fluid cells immune landscape in multiple sclerosis. J Transl Med 2021; 19:125. [PMID: 33766068 PMCID: PMC7995713 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a potentially devastating autoimmune neurological disorder, which characteristically induces demyelination of white matter in the brain and spinal cord. Methods In this study, three characteristics of the central nervous system (CNS) immune microenvironment occurring during MS onset were explored; immune cell proportion alteration, differential gene expression profile, and related pathways. The raw data of two independent datasets were obtained from the ArrayExpress database; E-MTAB-69, which was used as a derivation cohort, and E-MTAB-2374 which was used as a validation cohort. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by the false discovery rate (FDR) value of < 0.05 and |log2 (Fold Change)|> 1, for further analysis. Then, functional enrichment analyses were performed to explore the pathways associated with MS onset. The gene expression profiles were analyzed using CIBERSORT to identify the immune type alterations involved in MS disease. Results After verification, the proportion of five types of immune cells (plasma cells, monocytes, macrophage M2, neutrophils and eosinophils) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were revealed to be significantly altered in MS cases compared to the control group. Thus, the complement and coagulation cascades and the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathways may play critical roles in MS. We identified NLRP3, LILRB2, C1QB, CD86, C1QA, CSF1R, IL1B and TLR2 as eight core genes correlated with MS. Conclusions Our study identified the change in the CNS immune microenvironment of MS cases by analysis of the in silico data using CIBERSORT. Our data may assist in providing directions for further research as to the molecular mechanisms of MS and provide future potential therapeutic targets in treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02804-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Yongchao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Aili Jia
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Yueran Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China.
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12
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Keogh CE, Rude KM, Gareau MG. Role of pattern recognition receptors and the microbiota in neurological disorders. J Physiol 2021; 599:1379-1389. [PMID: 33404072 DOI: 10.1113/jp279771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the gut microbiota has been increasingly implicated in the development of many extraintestinal disorders, including neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite this growing connection, our understanding of the precise mechanisms behind these effects is currently lacking. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are important innate immune proteins expressed on the surface and within the cytoplasm of a multitude of cells, both immune and otherwise, including epithelial, endothelial and neuronal. PRRs comprise four major subfamilies: the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain leucine rich repeats-containing receptors (NLRs), the retinoic acid inducible gene 1-like receptors and the C-type lectin receptors. Recognition of commensal bacteria by PRRs is critical for maintaining host-microbe interactions and homeostasis, including behaviour. The expression of PRRs on multiple cell types makes them a highly interesting and novel target for regulation of host-microbe signalling, which may lead to gut-brain signalling. Emerging evidence indicates that two of the four known families of PRRs (the NLRs and the TLRs) are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders via the gut-brain axis. Taken together, increasing evidence supports a role for these PRRs in the development of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis, via the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara E Keogh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kavi M Rude
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mélanie G Gareau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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13
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Jankovska E, Lipcseyova D, Svrdlikova M, Pavelcova M, Kubala Havrdova E, Holada K, Petrak J. Quantitative proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid of women newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:724-734. [PMID: 33059501 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1837801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The lack of reliable diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers for multiple sclerosis (MS) is the major obstacle to timely and accurate patient diagnosis in MS patients. To identify new proteins associated with MS we performed a detailed proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients newly diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and healthy controls. MATERIAL Reflecting significantly higher prevalence of MS in women we included only women patients and controls in the study. To eliminate a potential effect of therapy on the CSF composition, only the therapy-naïve patients were included. METHODS Pooled CSF samples were processed in a technical duplicate, and labeled with stable-isotope coded TMT tags. To maximize the proteome coverage, peptide fractionation using 2D-LC preceded mass analysis using Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid Mass Spectrometer. Differential concentration of selected identified proteins between patients and controls was verified using specific antibodies. RESULTS Of the identified 900 CSF proteins, we found 69 proteins to be differentially abundant between patients and controls. In addition to several proteins identified as differentially abundant in MS patients previously, we observed several linked to MS for the first time, namely eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and Nogo receptor. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm differential abundance of several previously proposed protein markers, and provide indirect support for involvement of copper-iron disbalance in MS. Most importantly, we identified two new differentially abundant CSF proteins that seem to be directly connected with myelin loss and axonal damage via TLR2 signaling and Nogo-receptor pathway in women newly diagnosed with RRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Jankovska
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Lipcseyova
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Svrdlikova
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Miluse Pavelcova
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Holada
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Petrak
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
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14
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Dello Russo C, Scott KA, Pirmohamed M. Dimethyl fumarate induced lymphopenia in multiple sclerosis: A review of the literature. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107710. [PMID: 33091427 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a first line medication for multiple sclerosis. It has a favourable safety profile, however, there is concern regarding the occurrence of moderate-severe and sustained lymphopenia and the associated risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. We carried out an extensive literature review to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this adverse reaction. Dynamic changes in certain components of the immune system are likely to be important for the therapeutic effects of DMF, including depletion of memory T cells and decrease in activated T cells together with expansion of naïve T cells. Similar modifications were reported for the B cell components. CD8+ T cells are particularly susceptible to DMF-induced cell death, with marked reductions observed in lymphopenic subjects. The reasons underlying such increased sensitivity are not known, nor it is known how expansion of other lymphocyte subsets occurs. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying DMF action is challenging: in vivo DMF is rapidly metabolized to monomethyl fumarate (MMF), a less potent immunomodulator in vitro. Pharmacokinetics indicate that MMF is the main active species in vivo. However, the relative importance of DMF and MMF in toxicity remains unclear, with evidence presented in favour of either of the compounds as toxic species. Pharmacogenetic studies to identify genetic predictors of DMF-induced lymphopenia are limited, with inconclusive results. A role of the gut microbiome in the pharmacological effects of DMF is emerging. It is clear that further investigations are necessary to understand the mechanisms of DMF-induced lymphopenia and devise preventive strategies. Periodic monitoring of absolute lymphocyte counts, currently performed in clinical practise, allows for the early detection of lymphopenia as a risk-minimization strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Dello Russo
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science and Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Dept. of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Kathryn Anne Scott
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science and Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science and Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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15
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Deeba E, Lambrianides A, Pantzaris M, Krashias G, Christodoulou C. The expression profile of virus-recognizing toll-like receptors in natural killer cells of Cypriot multiple sclerosis patients. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:460. [PMID: 32993761 PMCID: PMC7526110 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The exact aetiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains elusive, although several environmental and genetic risk factors have been implicated to varying degrees. Among the environmental risk factors, viral infections have been suggested as strong candidates contributing to MS pathology/progression. Viral recognition and control are largely tasked to the NK cells via TLR recognition and various cytotoxic and immunoregulatory functions. Additionally, the complex roles of different TLRs in MS pathology are highlighted in multiple, often contradictory, studies. The present work aims to analyse the TLR expression profile of NK cells isolated from MS patients. Highly purified CD56+CD3− NK cells isolated from peripheral blood of MS patients (n = 19) and healthy controls (n = 20) were analysed via flow cytometry for their expression of viral antigen-recognizing TLRs (TLR2, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9). Results No difference was noted in TLR expression between MS patients and healthy controls. These results aim to supplement previous findings which study expressional or functional differences in TLRs present in various subsets of the immune system in MS, thus aiding in a better understanding of MS as a complex multifaceted disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Deeba
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 International Airport Avenue, 2370, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anastasia Lambrianides
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 International Airport Avenue, 2370, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Neurology Clinic C, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios Pantzaris
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 International Airport Avenue, 2370, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Neurology Clinic C, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George Krashias
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 International Airport Avenue, 2370, Nicosia, Cyprus. .,Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, P.O.Box 23462, 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Christina Christodoulou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 International Airport Avenue, 2370, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, P.O.Box 23462, 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
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16
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Zeng Y, Li Z, Zhu H, Gu Z, Zhang H, Luo K. Recent Advances in Nanomedicines for Multiple Sclerosis Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6571-6597. [PMID: 35019387 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zeng
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiqian Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Amgen Bioprocessing Centre, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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17
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N'diaye M, Brauner S, Flytzani S, Kular L, Warnecke A, Adzemovic MZ, Piket E, Min JH, Edwards W, Mela F, Choi HY, Magg V, James T, Linden M, Reichardt HM, Daws MR, van Horssen J, Kockum I, Harris RA, Olsson T, Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Jagodic M. C-type lectin receptors Mcl and Mincle control development of multiple sclerosis-like neuroinflammation. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:838-852. [PMID: 31725411 PMCID: PMC6994148 DOI: 10.1172/jci125857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are crucial for responses to infections and tissue damage; however, their role in autoimmunity is less clear. Herein we demonstrate that 2 C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) Mcl and Mincle play an important role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Congenic rats expressing lower levels of Mcl and Mincle on myeloid cells exhibited a drastic reduction in EAE incidence. In vivo silencing of Mcl and Mincle or blockade of their endogenous ligand SAP130 revealed that these receptors’ expression in the central nervous system is crucial for T cell recruitment and reactivation into a pathogenic Th17/GM-CSF phenotype. Consistent with this, we uncovered MCL- and MINCLE-expressing cells in brain lesions of MS patients and we further found an upregulation of the MCL/MINCLE signaling pathway and an increased response following MCL/MINCLE stimulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS patients. Together, these data support a role for CLRs in autoimmunity and implicate the MCL/MINCLE pathway as a potential therapeutic target in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie N'diaye
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Brauner
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sevasti Flytzani
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lara Kular
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Warnecke
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milena Z Adzemovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eliane Piket
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jin-Hong Min
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Will Edwards
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filia Mela
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hoi Ying Choi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vera Magg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tojo James
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Linden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andre O Guerreiro-Cacais
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Brown J, Quattrochi B, Everett C, Hong BY, Cervantes J. Gut commensals, dysbiosis, and immune response imbalance in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2020; 27:807-811. [PMID: 32507072 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520928301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota alterations have been found to be directly related to a wide range of disease states in humans, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The etiology of MS is highly debated and subsequently, there is no cure. Research dedicated to MS and its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have found that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota may play a role in the disease state and severity. In this review, we discuss the characteristic dysbiosis in MS, the role commensal-derived ligands may have in the pathogenesis of the disease, and the possibility of targeting the microbiota as a future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Brown
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Blair Quattrochi
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Colleen Everett
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Bo-Young Hong
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jorge Cervantes
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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19
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Wasko NJ, Nichols F, Clark RB. Multiple sclerosis, the microbiome, TLR2, and the hygiene hypothesis. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Liu D, Paczkowski P, Mackay S, Ng C, Zhou J. Single-Cell Multiplexed Proteomics on the IsoLight Resolves Cellular Functional Heterogeneity to Reveal Clinical Responses of Cancer Patients to Immunotherapies. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2055:413-431. [PMID: 31502163 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9773-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies, in particular adoptive T cell therapy and immune-checkpoint blockade therapy have demonstrated a remarkable success in the treatment of cancer. However, due to heterogeneous functionality and complex immune response of immune cells, it remains challenging to identify predictive biomarkers which have the potential to correlate with efficacy and adverse effects of immunotherapies and help selecting patients who might benefit from the therapy, developing more personalized therapeutics as well as reducing clinical trial cost. The single-cell IsoCode chip in conjunction with fluorescent ELISA-based assay enables a simultaneous detection up to 40+ proteins secreted from live single immune cells, providing a large portion of the assayable functions for each immune cell type, and thus precise assessment of multifunctional, or polyfunctional, heterogeneity of each immune cell type.This unique functional detection capability provides a powerful solution to unmet needs in immunotherapy patient profiling today. Recently, the single-cell metric termed polyfunctional strength index (PSI™) by IsoCode chip computed from preinfusion anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell products has demonstrated a significant association with clinical response and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of cancer patient to the therapy after cell product infusion. This chapter elucidates IsoPlexis single-cell highly multiplexed proteomic platform and provides technical details for characterizing cell products and various cell subsets from peripheral blood, bone marrow, or tumor tissues using this assay.
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21
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Noorbakhsh SM, Razavi A, Moghadam NB, Saadat P, Hoseini M, Aghazadeh Z, Mobini M, Oraei M, Mirshafiey A. Effects of guluronic acid (G2013) on gene expression of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, TNF-α and CD52 in multiple sclerosis under in vitro conditions. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:586-590. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1672179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Razavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Beladi Moghadam
- Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti Universiry of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Saadat
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institue, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hoseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Aghazadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mobini
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Oraei
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Wasko NJ, Kulak MH, Paul D, Nicaise AM, Yeung ST, Nichols FC, Khanna KM, Crocker S, Pachter JS, Clark RB. Systemic TLR2 tolerance enhances central nervous system remyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:158. [PMID: 31351476 PMCID: PMC6660683 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease characterized by both inflammatory demyelination and impaired remyelination. Studies indicate that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling contributes to both the inflammatory component and the defective remyelination in MS. While most MS therapeutics target adaptive immunity, we recently reported that reducing TLR2 signaling in innate immune cells by inducing TLR2 tolerance attenuates adoptively transferred experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Given that previous reports suggest TLR2 signaling also inhibits myelin repair, the objective of this study was to assess how reducing TLR2 signaling through TLR2 tolerance induction affects CNS myelin repair. Methods Chow containing 0.2% cuprizone was fed to male and female wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice or TLR2-deficient (TLR2−/−) mice for 5 weeks to induce demyelination. During a 2-week remyelination period following discontinuation of cuprizone, WT mice received either low dose TLR2 ligands to induce systemic TLR2 tolerance or vehicle control (VC). Remyelination was evaluated via electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis of microglia and oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum. Statistical tests included 2-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U analyses. Results Inducing TLR2 tolerance in WT mice during remyelination significantly enhanced myelin recovery, restoring unmyelinated axon frequency and myelin thickness to baseline levels compared to VC-treated mice. Mechanistically, enhanced remyelination in TLR2 tolerized mice was associated with a shift in corpus callosum microglia from a pro-inflammatory iNOS+ phenotype to a non-inflammatory/pro-repair Arg1+ phenotype. This result was confirmed in vitro by inducing TLR2 tolerance in WT microglia cultures. TLR2−/− mice, without TLR2 tolerance induction, also significantly enhanced myelin recovery compared to WT mice, adding confirmation that reduced TLR2 signaling is associated with enhanced remyelination. Discussion Our results suggest that reducing TLR2 signaling in vivo by inducing TLR2 tolerance significantly enhances myelin repair. Furthermore, the enhanced remyelination resulting from TLR2 tolerance induction is associated with a shift in corpus callosum microglia from a pro-inflammatory iNOS+ phenotype to a non-inflammatory/pro-repair Arg1+ phenotype. While deletion of TLR2 would be an impractical approach in vivo, reducing innate immune signaling through TLR2 tolerance induction may represent a novel, two-pronged approach for treating both inflammatory and myelin repair components of MS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1540-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Wasko
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | | | - Debayon Paul
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | | | - Stephen T Yeung
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.,Present Address: Department of Microbiology, Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Frank C Nichols
- Department of Periodontology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.,Present Address: Department of Microbiology, Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Stephen Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Robert B Clark
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA. .,Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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23
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Duarte LF, Farías MA, Álvarez DM, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, González PA. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection of the Central Nervous System: Insights Into Proposed Interrelationships With Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:46. [PMID: 30863282 PMCID: PMC6399123 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is highly prevalent in humans and can reach the brain without evident clinical symptoms. Once in the central nervous system (CNS), the virus can either reside in a quiescent latent state in this tissue, or eventually actively lead to severe acute necrotizing encephalitis, which is characterized by exacerbated neuroinflammation and prolonged neuroimmune activation producing a life-threatening disease. Although HSV-1 encephalitis can be treated with antivirals that limit virus replication, neurological sequelae are common and the virus will nevertheless remain for life in the neural tissue. Importantly, there is accumulating evidence that suggests that HSV-1 infection of the brain both, in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals could lead to neuronal damage and eventually, neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review and discuss acute and chronic infection of particular brain regions by HSV-1 and how this may affect neuron and cognitive functions in the host. We review potential cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration, such as protein aggregation, dysregulation of autophagy, oxidative cell damage and apoptosis, among others. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of HSV-1 infection on brain inflammation and its potential relationship with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica A Farías
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diana M Álvarez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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