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Guan Y, Yue S, Chen Y, Pan Y, An L, Du H, Liang C. Molecular Cluster Mining of Adrenocortical Carcinoma via Multi-Omics Data Analysis Aids Precise Clinical Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233784. [PMID: 36497046 PMCID: PMC9737968 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a malignancy of the endocrine system. We collected clinical and pathological features, genomic mutations, DNA methylation profiles, and mRNA, lncRNA, microRNA, and somatic mutations in ACC patients from the TCGA, GSE19750, GSE33371, and GSE49278 cohorts. Based on the MOVICS algorithm, the patients were divided into ACC1-3 subtypes by comprehensive multi-omics data analysis. We found that immune-related pathways were more activated, and drug metabolism pathways were enriched in ACC1 subtype patients. Furthermore, ACC1 patients were sensitive to PD-1 immunotherapy and had the lowest sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Patients with the ACC2 subtype had the worst survival prognosis and the highest tumor-mutation rate. Meanwhile, cell-cycle-related pathways, amino-acid-synthesis pathways, and immunosuppressive cells were enriched in ACC2 patients. Steroid and cholesterol biosynthetic pathways were enriched in patients with the ACC3 subtype. DNA-repair-related pathways were enriched in subtypes ACC2 and ACC3. The sensitivity of the ACC2 subtype to cisplatin, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, and etoposide was better than that of the other two subtypes. For 5-fluorouracil, there was no significant difference in sensitivity to paclitaxel between the three groups. A comprehensive analysis of multi-omics data will provide new clues for the prognosis and treatment of patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guan
- Department of Urology, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University (AHMU), 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Shaoyu Yue
- Department of Urology, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University (AHMU), 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yiding Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University (AHMU), 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yuetian Pan
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lingxuan An
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hexi Du
- Department of Urology, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University (AHMU), 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-18856040979 (H.D.); +86-13505604595 (C.L.)
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University (AHMU), 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-18856040979 (H.D.); +86-13505604595 (C.L.)
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Zhu B, Zhi Q, Xie Q, Wu X, Gao Y, Chen X, Shi L. Reduced expression of ferroportin1 and ceruloplasmin predicts poor prognosis in adrenocortical carcinoma. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 56:52-59. [PMID: 31442954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Iron metabolism is tightly controlled in human cells. Dysregulation of iron metabolism-related genes has been characterized as a promising prognostic biomarker in cancers. However, the expression patterns and prognostic roles of iron metabolism-related genes remain unknown in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to explore the expression patterns and prognostic roles of iron metabolism-related genes in ACC using publicly available datasets. METHODS In the present study, we compared the expression patterns of 36 iron metabolism-related genes between ACC tumors (n = 77) and normal adrenal tissues (n = 128) based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) data. The associations between clinical variables (including survival rate and pathological stage) and expression levels of iron mentalism-related genes were further explored. All the bioinformatics analyses were performed using the GEPIA or the Metascape tool. RESULTS Twelve iron metabolism-related genes were differentially expressed between ACC tumors and normal controls. Among them, reduced expression levels of ferroportin1 (FPN1) and ceruloplasmin (CP) were significantly correlated with poor survival of ACC patients. Specially, the expression levels of FPN1 were negatively correlated with the pathological stages of ACC. A pan-cancer analysis characterized the reduced expression of FPN1 and CP as an ACC-specific signature among 33 types of cancers. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that both FPN1 and CP might be implicated in several immune processes. CONCLUSION Reduced expression of FPN1 and CP was identified as a potential signature for poor prognosis of ACC in this study. Mechanisms underlying the prognostic value of FPN1 or CP in ACC deserve further experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Qi Zhi
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Qian Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Liyun Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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Liu S, Ding G, Zhou Z, Feng C. β-Catenin-driven adrenocortical carcinoma is characterized with immune exclusion. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2029-2036. [PMID: 29670378 PMCID: PMC5898592 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s159979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is characterized by overexpressed CTNNB1, which is reported to modulate immune exclusion. Cross talk between CTNNB1 and cancer immunity in ACC remains unclear. Materials and methods In silico reproduction of TCGA-ACC dataset (N = 92) and external validation using tissue samples were performed (N = 16). Expression data of CTNNB1, PD-1, and PD-L1 were extracted in silico and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were profiled using code provided by Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource (TIMER). In-house formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ACC samples were processed using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CTNNB1, CD45, PD-1, and PD-L1. Results Increased CTNNB1 expression was significantly associated with worsened overall survival (OS) (P = 0.006). CD8+ cells were significantly associated with better OS (P = 0.02). Higher PD-L1 (P = 0.019), but not PD-1 expression (P = 0.325), was associated with better OS. CTNNB1 overexpression was significantly associated with increased tumor purity (r = 0.356, P = 0.002) and fewer TILs (r = -0.833, P = 0.029), decreased infiltrating CD8+ cells (P = 0.033), and increased infiltrating B cells (P = 0.026). CTNNB1 expression was negatively correlated with PD-L1 expression (r = -0.308, P = 0.006) but not with PD-1 expression (P = 0.067), which were externally validated (P = 0.032 for PD-L1 and P = 0.400 for PD-1). The Cox regression model encompassing gender, B cells, CD8+ cells, PD-L1, CTNNB1, and Ki-67 revealed that only Ki-67 overexpression remained significantly associated with OS (P < 0.001), while CTNNB1 showed marginal significance (P = 0.06). CTNNB1-overexpressed patients were more likely to have cortisol excess (P = 0.003). Conclusion ACC with CTNNB1 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis and decreased immunity. Our findings suggest that CTNNB1-targeting therapy may overcome immune exclusion in ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Liu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanxiong Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwen Zhou
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenchen Feng
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Shanghai, China
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Co-inhibition of EGFR and IGF1R synergistically impacts therapeutically on adrenocortical carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:36235-36246. [PMID: 27105537 PMCID: PMC5094996 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor with very poor prognosis and no effective treatment. The aim of this study was to explore a novel therapy co-targeting EGFR and IGF1R in vitro and vivo. Methods The expression of EGFR and IGF1R were evaluated in a series of adrenocortical tumors by immunohistochemistry. Cell viability of ACC cell lines H295R and SW13 were determined by MTT assay after treatment with the combination of EGFR inhibitor Erlotinib and IGF1R inhibitor NVP-AEW541. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. The mechanism within intracellular signaling pathways was analyzed by Western blot. Mice bearing human ACC xenografts were treated with Erlotinib and NVP-AEW541, and the effects on tumour growth were assessed. Results Our results show a significant over-expression of EGFR (66.67%) and IGF1R (80.0%) in ACC. Besides, the co-overexpression of EGFR and IGF1R was seen in 8/15 ACCs, as compared with ACAs (P<0.05). Erlotinib and NVP-AEW541 significantly inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis by blocking phosphorylation of MEK/ERK and AKT, respectively. Meanwhile, we found that single inhibition of IGF1R induced compensatory activation of MEK/ERK, leading to sustained activation of mTOR, which represent as aggregation of EGFR and IGF1R downstream components. More importantly, the combination of Erlotinib and NVP-AEW541 enhances anti-tumour efficacy compared to treatment with either agent alone or to untreated control in vitro and vivo. Conclusions In conclusion, coinhibition therapy targeting EGFR and IGF1R may be considerable for treatment of ACC in the future.
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Beuschlein F, Jakoby J, Mentz S, Zambetti G, Jung S, Reincke M, Süss R, Hantel C. IGF1-R inhibition and liposomal doxorubicin: Progress in preclinical evaluation for the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 428:82-8. [PMID: 26994514 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a tumor with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Therefore, in addition to multi-chemotherapeutic regimens IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) targeting approaches have been evaluated including immunoliposomal (IL) preparations utilizing an IGF-1R inhibiting antibody. In the current study, we extended our experiments by long-term treatment regimens in the classical adrenocortical NCIH295R xenograft model as well as by short-term experiments in two novel xenograft models, which all displayed different levels of IGF-1R and IGF-2 expression. Interestingly, these experiments reveal sub-group dependent differences in therapeutic outcome, reflecting clinical observations and indicate, thus, that implementation of this panel of tumor models might be helpful for clinical translation of novel therapeutic regimens in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Beuschlein
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Jakoby
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Albert Ludwig University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Mentz
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerard Zambetti
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sara Jung
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Regine Süss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Albert Ludwig University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Casaburi I, Avena P, De Luca A, Chimento A, Sirianni R, Malivindi R, Rago V, Fiorillo M, Domanico F, Campana C, Cappello AR, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP, Pezzi V. Estrogen related receptor α (ERRα) a promising target for the therapy of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Oncotarget 2015; 6:25135-48. [PMID: 26312764 PMCID: PMC4694820 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of the adrenocortical cancer (ACC) involves integration of molecular signals and the interplay of different downstream pathways (i.e. IGFII/IGF1R, β-catenin, Wnt, ESR1). This tumor is characterized by limited therapeutic options and unsuccessful treatments. A useful strategy to develop an effective therapy for ACC is to identify a common downstream target of these multiple pathways. A good candidate could be the transcription factor estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) because of its ability to regulate energy metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis and signalings related to cancer progression. In this study we tested the effect of ERRα inverse agonist, XCT790, on the proliferation of H295R adrenocortical cancer cell line. Results from in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that XCT790 reduced H295R cell growth. The inhibitory effect was associated with impaired cell cycle progression which was not followed by any apoptotic event. Instead, incomplete autophagy and cell death by a necrotic processes, as a consequence of the cell energy failure, induced by pharmacological reduction of ERRα was evidenced. Our results indicate that therapeutic strategies targeting key factors such as ERRα that control the activity and signaling of bioenergetics processes in high-energy demanding tumors could represent an innovative/alternative therapy for the treatment of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Casaburi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Paola Avena
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Arianna De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Adele Chimento
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Rocco Malivindi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Vittoria Rago
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Marco Fiorillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco Domanico
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Carmela Campana
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Cappello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Federica Sotgia
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit and the Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P. Lisanti
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit and the Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
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Pilon C, Rebellato A, Urbanet R, Guzzardo V, Cappellesso R, Sasano H, Fassina A, Fallo F. Methylation Status of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Promoter in Benign and Malignant Adrenal Tumors. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:375349. [PMID: 26843863 PMCID: PMC4710947 DOI: 10.1155/2015/375349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed a decreased expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA/protein in a small group of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) tissues, suggesting the loss of a protective role of VDR against malignant cell growth in this cancer type. Downregulation of VDR gene expression may result from epigenetics events, that is, methylation of cytosine nucleotide of CpG islands in VDR gene promoter. We analyzed methylation of CpG sites in the VDR gene promoter in normal adrenals and adrenocortical tumor samples. Methylation of CpG-rich 5' regions was assessed by bisulfite sequencing PCR using bisulfite-treated DNA from archival microdissected paraffin-embedded adrenocortical tissues. Three normal adrenals and 23 various adrenocortical tumor samples (15 adenomas and 8 carcinomas) were studied. Methylation in the promoter region of VDR gene was found in 3/8 ACCs, while no VDR gene methylation was observed in normal adrenals and adrenocortical adenomas. VDR mRNA and protein levels were lower in ACCs than in benign tumors, and VDR immunostaining was weak or negative in ACCs, including all 3 methylated tissue samples. The association between VDR gene promoter methylation and reduced VDR gene expression is not a rare event in ACC, suggesting that VDR epigenetic inactivation may have a role in adrenocortical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Pilon
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rebellato
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Urbanet
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenza Guzzardo
- Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Rocco Cappellesso
- Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ambrogio Fassina
- Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Fallo
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- *Francesco Fallo:
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Ross JS, Wang K, Rand JV, Gay L, Presta MJ, Sheehan CE, Ali SM, Elvin JA, Labrecque E, Hiemstra C, Buell J, Otto GA, Yelensky R, Lipson D, Morosini D, Chmielecki J, Miller VA, Stephens PJ. Next-generation sequencing of adrenocortical carcinoma reveals new routes to targeted therapies. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:968-73. [PMID: 25078331 PMCID: PMC4215283 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aims Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) carries a poor prognosis and current systemic cytotoxic therapies result in only modest improvement in overall survival. In this retrospective study, we performed a comprehensive genomic profiling of 29 consecutive ACC samples to identify potential targets of therapy not currently searched for in routine clinical practice. Methods DNA from 29 ACC was sequenced to high, uniform coverage (Illumina HiSeq) and analysed for genomic alterations (GAs). Results At least one GA was found in 22 (76%) ACC (mean 2.6 alterations per ACC). The most frequent GAs were in TP53 (34%), NF1 (14%), CDKN2A (14%), MEN1 (14%), CTNNB1 (10%) and ATM (10%). APC, CCND2, CDK4, DAXX, DNMT3A, KDM5C, LRP1B, MSH2 and RB1 were each altered in two cases (7%) and EGFR, ERBB4, KRAS, MDM2, NRAS, PDGFRB, PIK3CA, PTEN and PTCH1 were each altered in a single case (3%). In 17 (59%) of ACC, at least one GA was associated with an available therapeutic or a mechanism-based clinical trial. Conclusions Next-generation sequencing can discover targets of therapy for relapsed and metastatic ACC and shows promise to improve outcomes for this aggressive form of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Ross
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K Wang
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J V Rand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - L Gay
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M J Presta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - C E Sheehan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - S M Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J A Elvin
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Labrecque
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - C Hiemstra
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Buell
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - G A Otto
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Yelensky
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D Lipson
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D Morosini
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Chmielecki
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - V A Miller
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P J Stephens
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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