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Di Dalmazi G, Morandi L, Rubin B, Pilon C, Asioli S, Vicennati V, De Leo A, Ambrosi F, Santini D, Pagotto U, Maffeis V, Fassina A, Fallo F. DNA Methylation of Steroidogenic Enzymes in Benign Adrenocortical Tumors: New Insights in Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5897139. [PMID: 32844182 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT DNA methylation has been identified among putative regulatory mechanisms for CYP11B2 expression in primary aldosteronism. OBJECTIVE The objective of this work is to investigate DNA methylation and expression of genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes in benign adrenocortical tumors. DESIGN AND SETTING This cross-sectional study took place at university hospitals. PATIENTS We collected fresh-frozen tissues from patients with benign adrenocortical adenomas (n = 48) (nonfunctioning n = 9, autonomous cortisol secretion n = 9, Cushing syndrome n = 17, aldosterone-producing [APA] n = 13) and adrenal cortex adjacent to APA (n = 12). We collected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens of paired APA and concurrent aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCCs) (n = 6). INTERVENTION DNA methylation levels were evaluated by quantitative bisulfite next-generation sequencing in fresh-frozen tissues (CYP11A1, CYP11B1, CYP11B2, CYP17A1, CYP21A2, HSD3B1, HSD3B2, NR5A1, STAR, and TSPO) and FFPE APA/APCC paired samples (CYP11B2). CYP11B1, CYP11B2, CYP17, CYP21, and STAR gene expressions were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The main outcome measure was DNA methylation. RESULTS CYP11B2 methylation levels were significantly lower in APA than in other adrenal tissues (P < .001). Methylation levels of the remaining genes were comparable among groups. Overall, CYP11B2 expression and DNA methylation were negatively correlated (ρ = -0.379; P = .003). In FFPE-paired APA/APCC samples, CYP11B2 methylation level was significantly lower in APA than in concurrent APCCs (P = .028). CONCLUSIONS DNA methylation plays a regulatory role for CYP11B2 expression and may contribute to aldosterone hypersecretion in APA. Lower CYP11B2 methylation levels in APA than in APCCs may suggest an APCC-to-APA switch via progressive CYP11B2 demethylation. Conversely, DNA methylation seems not to be relevant in regulating the expression of genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes other than CYP11B2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Di Dalmazi
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Morandi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Functional MR Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rubin
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Catia Pilon
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Sofia Asioli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Functional MR Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Vicennati
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Maffeis
- Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Fassina
- Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Fallo
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
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Trotta F, Avena P, Chimento A, Rago V, De Luca A, Sculco S, Nocito MC, Malivindi R, Fallo F, Pezzani R, Pilon C, Lasorsa FM, Barile SN, Palmieri L, Lerario AM, Pezzi V, Casaburi I, Sirianni R. Statins Reduce Intratumor Cholesterol Affecting Adrenocortical Cancer Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1909-1921. [PMID: 32546662 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitotane causes hypercholesterolemia in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). We suppose that cholesterol increases within the tumor and can be used to activate proliferative pathways. In this study, we used statins to decrease intratumor cholesterol and investigated the effects on ACC growth related to estrogen receptor α (ERα) action at the nuclear and mitochondrial levels. We first used microarray to investigate mitotane effect on genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis and evaluated their relationship with patients' survival in ACC TCGA. We then blocked cholesterol synthesis with simvastatin and determined the effects on H295R cell proliferation, estradiol production, and ERα activity in vitro and in xenograft tumors. We found that mitotane increases intratumor cholesterol content and expression of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis, among them INSIG, whose expression affects patients' survival. Treatment of H295R cells with simvastatin to block cholesterol synthesis decreased cellular cholesterol content, and this affected cell viability. Simvastatin reduced estradiol production and decreased nuclear and mitochondrial ERα function. A mitochondrial target of ERα, the respiratory complex IV (COXIV), was reduced after simvastatin treatment, which profoundly affected mitochondrial respiration activating apoptosis. Additionally, simvastatin reduced tumor volume and weight of grafted H295R cells, intratumor cholesterol content, Ki-67 and ERα, COXIV expression and activity and increase terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that a reduction in intratumor cholesterol content prevents estradiol production and inhibits mitochondrial respiratory chain-inducing apoptosis in ACC cells. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by simvastatin represents a novel strategy to counteract ACC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Trotta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Paola Avena
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Adele Chimento
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Vittoria Rago
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Arianna De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Sara Sculco
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Marta C Nocito
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Rocco Malivindi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Francesco Fallo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Catia Pilon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco M Lasorsa
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, and CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona N Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, and CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, and CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Ivan Casaburi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
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Rubin B, Pilon C, Pezzani R, Rebellato A, Fallo F. The effects of mitotane and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:357-367. [PMID: 31587178 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitotane is the only chemotherapeutic agent available for the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), however, the anti-neoplastic efficacy is limited due to several side-effects in vivo. There is, therefore, a need of exploring for new anti-tumoral agents which can be used either alone or in combination with mitotane. The active vitamin D metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) acts as an anti-proliferative agent in human cancer by inhibiting the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The aim of this study was to study the effects of mitotane and 1α,25(OH)2D3, individually or in combination, in an in vitro model with H295R ACC cells, and to elucidate the molecular events behind their effects involving the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS Multiple concentrations of mitotane and 1α,25(OH)2D3, individually or in combination, were tested on H295R cells for 24-96 h, and the effects analysed by MTT. A reduction in cell growth was observed in a dose/time-dependent manner for both mitotane and 1α,25(OH)2D3. In addition, a combination of clinically sub-therapeutic concentrations of mitotane with 1α,25(OH)2D3, had an additive anti-proliferative effect (Combination Index = 1.02). In a wound healing assay, individual treatments of both mitotane and 1α,25(OH)2D3 reduced the migration ability of H295R cells, with the effect further enhanced on combining both the agents. Western blotting and qRT-PCR analysis showed a modulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin and VDR signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Our results show an additive effect of mitotane and 1α,25(OH)2D3 on the inhibition of H295R ACC cell growth and viability, and suggest that molecular mechanisms of their effects involve a functional link between VDR and Wnt/beta-catenin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rubin
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - C Pilon
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - R Pezzani
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A Rebellato
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - F Fallo
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
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Di Dalmazi G, Morandi L, Rubin B, Pilon C, Asioli S, Maffeis V, Fallo F. SUN-044 Methylation Status and Gene Expression of Steroidogenic Enzymes in Benign Adrenocortical Tumors. J Endocr Soc 2019. [PMCID: PMC6552772 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-sun-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation has been recognized as a putative regulatory mechanism for CYP11B2 in primary hyperaldosteronism. We aimed to investigate the DNA methylation and the expression of a panel of genes encoding several enzymes involved in steroidogenesis in adrenocortical benign tumors. We collected a total of 60 adrenocortical tissues, including 9 non-functioning adrenal adenomas, 9 adenomas associated with autonomous cortisol secretion, 17 adenomas associated with Cushing’s syndrome, 13 Conn’s adenomas and 12 tissues derived from adrenal gland adjacent to the Conn’s adenomas. Non-functioning tumors and autonomous cortisol secretion were defined according to cortisol levels after 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test ≤ or > 50 nmol/L, respectively. The DNA methylation level of CYP11A1, CYP11B1, CYP11B2, CYP17A1, CYP21A2, DHCR24, HSD3B1, HSD3B2, NR5A1, STAR, and TSPO was evaluated by quantitative Bisulfite Next Generation Sequencing (bisulfite-NGS). Bioinformatic analysis was performed in a GalaxyProject environment and processed by BSPAT (Bisulfite Sequencing Pattern Analysis Tool). Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated using IBM SPSS 21 (IBM). CYP11B1, CYP11B2, CYP17, CYP21, STAR and β-actin gene expressions were examined by quantitative Real-Time PCR using a Sybr Green Assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The equation 2−ΔΔCt was used to calculate the fold changes in gene expression between the categories of samples. CYP11B2 was significantly hypomethylated in Conn’s adenoma, when compared to other adrenal tissues (P<0.001). No difference in methylation status was found among groups for the remaining genes. CYP11B2 mRNA levels were significantly higher in Conn’s adenoma than in the remaining adrenal tissues (P=0.001). CYP21 mRNA was significantly higher in all but Conn’s adenomas, when compared to normal adrenal tissues (P<0.001). Overall, we found a negative correlation between CYP11B2 expression and DNA methylation (rho= -0.379; P=0.003). DNA methylation seems to be a pivotal regulatory mechanism for CYP11B2 expression. It is feasible that epigenetic mechanisms may be responsible for aldosterone hypersecretion in Conn’s adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Di Dalmazi
- Endocrinology Unit- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - University of Bologna, Bologna, , Italy
| | - Luca Morandi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology "M. Malpighi", Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, , Italy
| | | | - Catia Pilon
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, , Italy
| | - Sofia Asioli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology "M. Malpighi", Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, , Italy
| | - Valeria Maffeis
- Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padova, , Italy
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Pilon C, Moore PA, Pote DH, Martin JW, Owens PR, Ashworth AJ, Miller DM, DeLaune PB. Grazing Management and Buffer Strip Impact on Nitrogen Runoff from Pastures Fertilized with Poultry Litter. J Environ Qual 2019; 48:297-304. [PMID: 30951134 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.04.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen runoff from pastures fertilized with animal manure, such as poultry litter, can result in accelerated eutrophication. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of grazing management and buffer strips on N runoff from pastures fertilized with poultry litter. A 12-yr study was conducted on 15 small watersheds in Booneville, AR, using five management practices: continuous grazing, haying, rotational grazing, rotational grazing with an unfertilized buffer strip, and rotational grazing with a fenced unfertilized riparian buffer. Poultry litter was applied annually at a rate of 5.6 Mg ha. Concentrations and loads of total N, NO-N, NH-N, organic N, and total organic C in runoff varied intra- and interannually and coincided with precipitation trends. Overall, the greatest component of total N in runoff was organic N. Rotational grazing resulted in the highest concentrations and loads of all forms of N in runoff compared with other treatments, including the continuously grazed paddocks, which were grazed almost twice as much. Total organic C concentrations and loads in runoff were also higher from rotationally grazed watersheds than other treatments. Rotational grazing is considered a best management practice that typically reduces soil erosion; hence, the mechanism by which it caused higher N and C runoff is unclear. Nitrogen runoff losses from rotationally grazed pastures were reduced by 44% with unfertilized buffer strips, by 54% with fenced unfertilized riparian buffers, and by 52% by converting pastures to hayfields.
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Fallo F, Castellano I, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rhayem Y, Pilon C, Vicennati V, Santini D, Maffeis V, Fassina A, Mulatero P, Beuschlein F, Reincke M. Histopathological and genetic characterization of aldosterone-producing adenomas with concurrent subclinical cortisol hypersecretion: a case series. Endocrine 2017; 58:503-512. [PMID: 28405879 PMCID: PMC5638684 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aldosterone-producing adenomas with concurrent subclinical cortisol hypersecretion are reported in an increasing number of patients. Five aldosterone-producing adenomas from patients with primary aldosteronism and subclinical hypercortisolism were examined. THE AIMS OF OUR STUDY WERE (1) to analyze pathological features and immunohistochemical expression of CYP11B1 (11β-hydroxylase) and CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) in these tumors; (2) to investigate somatic mutations involved in adrenal steroid hypersecretion and/or tumor growth. METHODS Archival micro-dissected paraffin-embedded slides from tumor specimens were used for histological and molecular studies. Immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal anti-CYP11B1 and anti-CYP11B2 antibodies. Cellular composition was determined by examining for known features of zona fasciculata and zona glomerulosa, and immunoreactivity for CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 by McCarty H-score. Spot regions for mutations in KCNJ5, ATP1A1, ATP2B3, CACNA1D, PRKACA, and CTNNB1 gene sequences were evaluated. RESULTS Four APAs showed a predominant (≥50%) zona fasciculata-like cell pattern: one tumor had CYP11B1 H-score = 150, no detectable CYP11B2 expression, and harbored a PRKACA p.Leu206Arg mutation (that we have reported previously elsewhere), one had no CYP11B1 expression, CYP11B2 H-score = 40, and no mutations; the remaining two adenomas had high CYP11B1 H-score (160 and 240, respectively) and low CYP11B2 H-score (30 and 15, respectively), with the latter harboring a CTNNB1 p.Ser45Phe activating mutation. One of five aldosterone-producing adenomas had a predominant zona glomerulosa-like pattern, CYP11B1 H-score = 15, CYP11B2 H-score = 180, and no mutations. CONCLUSIONS The majority of aldosterone-producing adenomas with concurrent subclinical cortisol hypersecretion were composed mainly of zona fasciculata-like cells, while CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 immunostaining demonstrated clear heterogeneity. In a subset of cases, different somatic mutations may be involved in hormone excess and tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fallo
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Isabella Castellano
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississipi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yara Rhayem
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Catia Pilon
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Santini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Maffeis
- Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Fassina
- Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Matignon M, Pilon C, Bigot J, Grondin C, Leibler C, Cohen J, Grimbert P. Analyse des modifications phénotypiques et transcriptomiques lymphocytaires de patients transplantés rénaux traités par fortes doses d’immunoglobulines intraveineuses. Nephrol Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2017.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pilon C, Moore PA, Pote DH, Martin JW, DeLaune PB. Effects of Grazing Management and Buffer Strips on Metal Runoff from Pastures Fertilized with Poultry Litter. J Environ Qual 2017; 46:402-410. [PMID: 28380552 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.09.0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal runoff from fields fertilized with poultry litter may pose a threat to aquatic systems. Buffer strips located adjacent to fields may reduce nutrients and solids in runoff. However, scant information exists on the long-term effects of buffer strips combined with grazing management on metal runoff from pastures. The objective of this study was to assess the 12-yr impact of grazing management and buffer strips on metal runoff from pastures receiving poultry litter. The research was conducted using 15 watersheds (25 m wide and 57 m long) with five treatments: hayed (H), continuously grazed (CG), rotationally grazed (R), rotationally grazed with a buffer strip (RB), and rotationally grazed with a fenced riparian buffer strip (RBR). Poultry litter was applied annually in spring at 5.6 Mg ha. Runoff samples were collected after every rainfall event. Aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) concentrations were strongly and positively correlated with total suspended solids, indicating soil erosion was the primary source. Soluble Al and Fe were not related to total Al and Fe. However, there was a strong positive correlation between soluble and total copper (Cu) concentrations. The majority of total Cu and zinc was in water-soluble form. The CG treatment had the highest metal concentrations and loads of all treatments. The RBR and H treatments resulted in lower concentrations of total Al, Cu, Fe, potassium, manganese, and total organic carbon in the runoff. Rotational grazing with a fenced riparian buffer and converting pastures to hayfields appear to be effective management systems for decreasing concentrations and loads of metals in surface runoff from pastures fertilized with poultry litter.
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Pilon C, Moore PA, Pote DH, Pennington JH, Martin JW, Brauer DK, Raper RL, Dabney SM, Lee J. Long-term Effects of Grazing Management and Buffer Strips on Soil Erosion from Pastures. J Environ Qual 2017; 46:364-372. [PMID: 28380550 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.09.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High grazing pressure can lead to soil erosion in pastures, causing increased sediment delivery to waterways. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the impact of grazing management and buffer strips on soil erosion by assessing soil physical properties, hydrology, and sediment loads from pastures fertilized with broiler litter. Field studies were conducted for 12 yr on 15 small watersheds. Five management strategies were evaluated: hayed (H), continuously grazed (CG), rotationally grazed (R), rotationally grazed with a buffer strip (RB), and rotationally grazed with a fenced riparian buffer (RBR). Broiler litter was applied every year at a rate of 5.6 Mg ha. Bulk density and penetration resistance were highest for CG watersheds. Runoff volumes, sediment concentrations, and loads were lowest for the H and RBR treatments and highest for CG. Average runoff amounts were 48, 84, 77, 60, and 81 mm yr for the H, R, RB, RBR, and CG treatments, respectively. Annual average sediment loads were 25, 30, 58, 71, and 110 kg ha for H, RBR, R, RB, and CG, respectively. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, Version 2 was reasonably effective at predicting soil loss for the R, RB, and RBR treatments, but it greatly overpredicted soil loss from the CG and H treatments. Converting a pasture to a hay field or using rotational grazing in conjunction with a fenced riparian buffer appear to be effective options for reducing soil erosion and runoff to waterways from pasture soils.
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Bigot J, Pilon C, Matignon M, Grondin C, Leibler C, Aissat A, Pirenne F, Cohen JL, Grimbert P. Transcriptomic Signature of the CD24 hi CD38 hi Transitional B Cells Associated With an Immunoregulatory Phenotype in Renal Transplant Recipients. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:3430-3442. [PMID: 27273606 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of B cells after transplant regarding allograft rejection or tolerance has become a topic of major interest. Recently, in renal transplant recipients, a B cell signature characterized by the overexpression of CD19+ CD38hi CD24hi transitional B cells has been observed in operationally tolerant patients and in belatacept-treated patients with significantly lower incidence of donor-specific antibodies. The phenotypic and functional characterization of these transitional B cells is far from exhaustive. We present the first transcriptomic and phenotypic analysis associated with this cell phenotype. Three populations were studied and compared: (i) transitional CD24hi CD38hi , (ii) CD24+ CD38- , and (iii) CD24int CD38int B cells. Transcriptome bioinformatic analysis revealed a particular signature for the CD24hi CD38hi population. Phenotypic analysis showed that CD24hi CD38hi transitional B cells also expressed CD9, CD10, CD1b and inducible T cell costimulator ligand (ICOS-L) markers. In addition, we found enrichment of IL-10+ cells among CD24hi CD38hi cells expressing ICOS-L and CD1b, the latter showing regulatory properties. Renal transplant recipients treated with belatacept exhibited significant expression of CD1b. Our results show that transitional CD24hi CD38hi B cells exhibit a distinct and specific profile, and this could be helpful for understanding of immune-regulatory mechanisms and immune monitoring in the field of organ transplant and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bigot
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France
| | - C Pilon
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, CIC-BT-504, Créteil, France
| | - M Matignon
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service de Néphrologie, Créteil, France
| | - C Grondin
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France
| | - C Leibler
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service de Néphrologie, Créteil, France
| | - A Aissat
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Equipe 5, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service Hospitalier, Créteil, France
| | - F Pirenne
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Equipe 2, Créteil, France.,Etablissement Français du Sang, Ile-de-France Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - J L Cohen
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, CIC-BT-504, Créteil, France
| | - P Grimbert
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, CIC-BT-504, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service de Néphrologie, Créteil, France
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11
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Matignon M, Aissat A, Canoui-Poitrine F, Grondin C, Pilon C, Desvaux D, Saadoun D, Barathon Q, Garrido M, Audard V, Rémy P, Lang P, Cohen J, Grimbert P. Th-17 Alloimmune Responses in Renal Allograft Biopsies From Recipients of Kidney Transplants Using Extended Criteria Donors During Acute T Cell-Mediated Rejection. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:2718-25. [PMID: 25989263 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although renal transplantation using expanded criteria donors has become a common practice, immune responses related to immunosenescence in those kidney allografts have not been studied yet in humans. We performed a retrospective molecular analysis of the T cell immune response in 43 kidney biopsies from patients with acute T cell-mediated rejection including 25 from recipients engrafted with a kidney from expanded criteria donor and 18 from recipients grafted with optimal kidney allograft. The clinical, transplant and acute T cell-mediated rejection characteristics of both groups were similar at baseline. The expression of RORγt, Il-17 and T-bet mRNA was significantly higher in the elderly than in the optimal group (p = 0.02, p = 0.036, and p = 0.01, respectively). Foxp3 mRNA levels were significantly higher in elderly patients experiencing successful acute T cell-mediated rejection reversal (p = 0.03). The presence of IL-17 mRNA was strongly associated with nonsuccessful reversal in elderly patients (p = 0.008). Patients with mRNA IL17 expression detection and low mRNA Foxp3 expression experienced significantly more treatment failure (87.5%) than patients with no mRNA IL17 expression and/or high mRNA Foxp3 expression (26.7%; p = 0.017). Our study suggests that the Th17 pathway is involved in pathogenesis and prognosis of acute T cell-mediated rejection in recipients of expanded criteria allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matignon
- APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Nephrology and Transplantation Department, Créteil, France.,UPEC, Inserm U955, Team 21, Créteil, France.,APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, CIC biotherapy, Créteil, France
| | - A Aissat
- UPEC, Inserm U955, Team 11, Créteil, France
| | - F Canoui-Poitrine
- APHP, Henri-Mondor hospital, Public Health department and Clinical Research Unit (URC-Mondor), Créteil, France.,UPEC, LIC EA4393, Créteil, France
| | - C Grondin
- UPEC, Inserm U955, Team 21, Créteil, France.,APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, CIC biotherapy, Créteil, France
| | - C Pilon
- UPEC, Inserm U955, Team 21, Créteil, France.,APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, CIC biotherapy, Créteil, France
| | - D Desvaux
- UPEC, Inserm U955, Team 21, Créteil, France.,Anatomopathology Department, APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - D Saadoun
- APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Internal Medicine and Immunology Department, Centre national de référence des Maladies Autoimmunes et systémiques rares, DHU I2B: Inflammation, Immunopathology, Biotherapy, Paris, France.,Laboratoire I3: Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapeutique, UMR 7211 (UPMC/CNRS), U959 (INSERM), Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Q Barathon
- UPEC, Inserm U955, Team 21, Créteil, France.,APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, CIC biotherapy, Créteil, France
| | - M Garrido
- Laboratoire I3: Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapeutique, UMR 7211 (UPMC/CNRS), U959 (INSERM), Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - V Audard
- APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Nephrology and Transplantation Department, Créteil, France.,UPEC, Inserm U955, Team 21, Créteil, France.,APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, CIC biotherapy, Créteil, France
| | - P Rémy
- APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Nephrology and Transplantation Department, Créteil, France.,UPEC, Inserm U955, Team 21, Créteil, France.,APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, CIC biotherapy, Créteil, France
| | - P Lang
- APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Nephrology and Transplantation Department, Créteil, France.,UPEC, Inserm U955, Team 21, Créteil, France
| | - J Cohen
- UPEC, Inserm U955, Team 21, Créteil, France.,APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, CIC biotherapy, Créteil, France
| | - P Grimbert
- APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Nephrology and Transplantation Department, Créteil, France.,UPEC, Inserm U955, Team 21, Créteil, France.,APHP, Henri Mondor Hospital, CIC biotherapy, Créteil, France
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12
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Pilon C, Rebellato A, Urbanet R, Guzzardo V, Cappellesso R, Sasano H, Fassina A, Fallo F. Methylation Status of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Promoter in Benign and Malignant Adrenal Tumors. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:375349. [PMID: 26843863 PMCID: PMC4710947 DOI: 10.1155/2015/375349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed a decreased expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA/protein in a small group of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) tissues, suggesting the loss of a protective role of VDR against malignant cell growth in this cancer type. Downregulation of VDR gene expression may result from epigenetics events, that is, methylation of cytosine nucleotide of CpG islands in VDR gene promoter. We analyzed methylation of CpG sites in the VDR gene promoter in normal adrenals and adrenocortical tumor samples. Methylation of CpG-rich 5' regions was assessed by bisulfite sequencing PCR using bisulfite-treated DNA from archival microdissected paraffin-embedded adrenocortical tissues. Three normal adrenals and 23 various adrenocortical tumor samples (15 adenomas and 8 carcinomas) were studied. Methylation in the promoter region of VDR gene was found in 3/8 ACCs, while no VDR gene methylation was observed in normal adrenals and adrenocortical adenomas. VDR mRNA and protein levels were lower in ACCs than in benign tumors, and VDR immunostaining was weak or negative in ACCs, including all 3 methylated tissue samples. The association between VDR gene promoter methylation and reduced VDR gene expression is not a rare event in ACC, suggesting that VDR epigenetic inactivation may have a role in adrenocortical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Pilon
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rebellato
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Urbanet
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenza Guzzardo
- Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Rocco Cappellesso
- Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ambrogio Fassina
- Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Fallo
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- *Francesco Fallo:
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13
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Cohen JL, Pilon C, Maury S, Grimbert P. Searching for factors to improve regulatory T cell therapy in organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:2430-1. [PMID: 25039852 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Cohen
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France; INSERM U 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Créteil, France
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14
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Leibler C, Matignon M, Pilon C, Montespan F, Bigot J, Lang P, Carosella ED, Cohen J, Rouas-Freiss N, Grimbert P, Menier C. Kidney transplant recipients treated with belatacept exhibit increased naïve and transitional B cells. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:1173-82. [PMID: 24730563 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phase III clinical studies have shown that kidney transplant (KT) recipients treated with the costimulation blocker belatacept exhibited a better renal allograft function and lower donor-specific anti-HLA immunization when compared to recipients treated with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI). We analyzed B cell phenotype in KT recipients treated with belatacept and stable renal function (N = 13). Results were compared to those observed in stable patients treated with CNI (N = 12), or with chronic antibody-mediated rejection (N = 5). Both transcriptional profile and phenotypic characterization of peripheral B cells were performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry, respectively. In belatacept group, the frequency and absolute number of transitional B cells as defined by both phenotypes: CD19(+) CD24(hi) CD38(hi) and CD19(+) IgD(hi) CD38(hi) CD27(-) , as well as naïve B cells were significantly higher compared with CNI group. B cell activating factor (BAFF) and BAFF receptor mRNA levels were significantly lower in belatacept group than in CNI group. These results show for the first time that belatacept influences B cell compartment by favoring the occurrence of transitional B cells with potential regulatory properties, as described in operational tolerant patients. This role may explain the lower alloimmunization rate observed in belatacept-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leibler
- Nephrology and Transplantation Department, CHU Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil, France; Unité Inserm U955, équipe 21 and CIC Biothérapies 504, CHU Henri Mondor, APHP, Paris XII University, Créteil, France
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15
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Pilon C, Urbanet R, Williams TA, Maekawa T, Vettore S, Sirianni R, Pezzi V, Mulatero P, Fassina A, Sasano H, Fallo F. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ inhibits the human H295R cell proliferation by cell cycle arrest: a model for a protective role of vitamin D receptor against adrenocortical cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 140:26-33. [PMID: 24269839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Using the human H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cell line as a model, we analyzed the role of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1α,25(OH)₂D₃)]--vitamin D receptor (VDR) axis in the growth of adrenocortical cancer (ACC). The presence of VDR in various adrenocortical tissues, including ACC, was also investigated. DNA synthesis was evaluated by [³H]thymidine cell incorporation after treatment with 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ at increasing doses. The effect of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ on cell cycle and apoptosis was analyzed with a flow cytometer. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) expression, a molecular marker of G1-S cell cycle transition phase, was evaluated in cells treated with 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ before and after VDR gene silencing. 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment inhibited cell proliferation by 20% at a dose of 1 nM, in parallel with steroid secretion decrease. A cell cycle arrest in G1, with no change in apoptotic cell proportion, was observed after 10 nM 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ cell exposure. CDK4 activation was reduced by 10 nM 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ but was not affected by 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ after VDR gene silencing. Expression of VDR mRNA was lower in ACC than in benign adrenocortical tumors. VDR immunostaining was evident in benign tumors but it was weak in ACC tissues. CONCLUSIONS Slightly supra-physiological concentrations of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ have a moderate anti-proliferative effect on H295R cells. Anti-proliferative effect was due to cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, without inducing apoptosis. The low mRNA expression levels at qRT-PCR as well as the weak immunohistochemical expression of VDR in ACC, suggests a protective role of VDR against malignant adrenocortical growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Pilon
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Clinica Medica 3 and Cythopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Urbanet
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Clinica Medica 3 and Cythopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tracy A Williams
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Takashi Maekawa
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Silvia Vettore
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Clinica Medica 3 and Cythopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Fassina
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Clinica Medica 3 and Cythopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Francesco Fallo
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Clinica Medica 3 and Cythopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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16
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Sirianni R, Zolea F, Chimento A, Ruggiero C, Cerquetti L, Fallo F, Pilon C, Arnaldi G, Carpinelli G, Stigliano A, Pezzi V. Targeting estrogen receptor-α reduces adrenocortical cancer (ACC) cell growth in vitro and in vivo: potential therapeutic role of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for ACC treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E2238-50. [PMID: 23074235 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor with a very poor prognosis and no effective treatment. ACC is characterized by an increased production of IGF-II and by estrogen receptor (ER)-α up-regulation. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to define the role played by ERα in 17β-estradiol (E2)- and IGF-II-dependent ACC growth and evaluate whether selective estrogen receptor modulators are effective in controlling ACC growth in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The human adrenocortical cell line H295R was used as an in vitro model and to generate xenograft tumors in athymic nude mice. RESULTS In H295R cells IGF-II controlled expression of steroidogenic factor-1 that, in turn, increased aromatase transcription and, consequently, estrogen production, inducing cell proliferation. ERα silencing significantly blocked E2- and IGF-II-dependent cell proliferation. This effect was dependent on the regulation of cyclin D1 expression by ERα, activated in response to both E2 and IGF-II. In fact, IGF-II induced ERα activation by phosphorylating serine 118 and 167. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ERα mediated E2-induced nongenomic signaling that stimulated IGF-I receptor (IGF1R), ERK1/2, and AKT phosphorylation, resulting in a ligand-independent activation of the IGF1R-induced pathway. In addition, E2 potentiated this pathway by up-regulating IGF1R expression as a consequence of increased cAMP-responsive element binding protein activation and binding to IGF1R promoter. The estrogen antagonist, hydroxytamoxifen, the active metabolite of tamoxifen, reduced IGF1R protein levels and both E2- and IGF-II-induced cell proliferation. Moreover, H295R xenograft growth was strongly reduced by tamoxifen. CONCLUSION These findings establish a critical role for ERα in E2- and IGF-II-dependent ACC proliferation and provide a rationale for targeting ERα to control the proliferation of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology Edificio Polifunzionale, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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17
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Abstract
Hypertension is frequently associated with interrelated risk factors of metabolic origin, including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and alterations in glucose homeostasis, all promoting the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Clustering of these risk factors, defined as metabolic syndrome, is associated with an overall high cardiovascular risk profile. This article reviews current knowledge regarding the prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in primary aldosteronism, and discusses a possible pathophysiological link between aldosterone and its individual components other than hypertension. An abnormal glucose metabolism due to insulin resistance appears to be linked to aldosterone overproduction, and seems the major contributor to metabolic dysfunction in primary aldosteronism. Impairment of insulin action may be also due to concurrent environmental factors (hypokalemia?), and/or it might occur in compartments other than fat tissue (liver? skeletal muscle?). Higher rates of cardiovascular events reported in primary aldosteronism could be due in part to the increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in this disorder. Regression of glucometabolic complications after the cure of aldosterone excess should be confirmed by larger studies, and the influence on the natural history of primary aldosteronism by using agents potentially able to correct metabolic abnormalities should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fallo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinica Medica 3, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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18
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Boulkroun S, Beuschlein F, Rossi GP, Golib-Dzib JF, Fischer E, Amar L, Mulatero P, Samson-Couterie B, Hahner S, Quinkler M, Fallo F, Letizia C, Allolio B, Ceolotto G, Cicala MV, Lang K, Lefebvre H, Lenzini L, Maniero C, Monticone S, Perrocheau M, Pilon C, Plouin PF, Rayes N, Seccia TM, Veglio F, Williams TA, Zinnamosca L, Mantero F, Benecke A, Jeunemaitre X, Reincke M, Zennaro MC. Prevalence, Clinical, and Molecular Correlates of
KCNJ5
Mutations in Primary Aldosteronism. Hypertension 2012; 59:592-8. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.186478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is the most common form of secondary hypertension. Mutations in the
KCNJ5
gene have been described recently in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of
KCNJ5
mutations in unselected patients with primary aldosteronism and their clinical, biological and molecular correlates.
KCNJ5
sequencing was performed on somatic (APA, n=380) and peripheral (APA, n=344; bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, n=174) DNA of patients with primary aldosteronism, collected through the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Transcriptome analysis was performed in 102 tumors. Somatic
KCNJ5
mutations (p.Gly151Arg or p.Leu168Arg) were found in 34% (129 of 380) of APA. They were significantly more prevalent in females (49%) than males (19%;
P
<10
−3
) and in younger patients (42.1±1.0 versus 47.6±0.7 years;
P
<10
−3
) and were associated with higher preoperative aldosterone levels (455±26 versus 376±17 ng/L;
P
=0.012) but not with therapeutic outcome after surgery. Germline
KCNJ5
mutations were found neither in patients with APA nor those with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Somatic
KCNJ5
mutations were specific for APA, because they were not identified in 25 peritumoral adrenal tissues or 16 cortisol-producing adenomas. Hierarchical clustering of transcriptome profiles showed that APAs with p.Gly151Arg or p.Leu168Arg mutations were indistinguishable from tumors without
KCNJ5
mutations. In conclusion, although a large proportion of sporadic APAs harbors somatic
KCNJ5
mutations, germline mutations are not similarly causative for bilateral adrenal hyperplasia.
KCNJ5
mutation carriers are more likely to be females; younger age and higher aldosterone levels at diagnosis suggest that
KCNJ5
mutations may be associated with a more florid phenotype of primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheerazed Boulkroun
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Gian-Paolo Rossi
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - José-Felipe Golib-Dzib
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Evelyn Fischer
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Laurence Amar
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Benoit Samson-Couterie
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Stefanie Hahner
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Marcus Quinkler
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Francesco Fallo
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Claudio Letizia
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Bruno Allolio
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Giulio Ceolotto
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Maria Verena Cicala
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Katharina Lang
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Hervé Lefebvre
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Livia Lenzini
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Carmela Maniero
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Silvia Monticone
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Maelle Perrocheau
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Catia Pilon
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Pierre-François Plouin
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Nada Rayes
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Teresa M. Seccia
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Franco Veglio
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Tracy Ann Williams
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Laura Zinnamosca
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Franco Mantero
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Arndt Benecke
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Martin Reincke
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
| | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes (S.B., L.A., B.S.-C., M.P., P.-F.P., X.J., M.-C.Z.), Paris, France; Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt (F.B., E.F., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale “G. Patrassi” University of Padova Medical
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De Toni L, Strapazzon G, Gianesello L, Caretta N, Pilon C, Bruttocao A, Foresta C. Effects of type 5-phosphodiesterase inhibition on energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in human adipose tissue ex vivo. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:738-41. [PMID: 22234177 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An excess of adipose tissue (AT) in obese individuals is linked to increased cardiovascular risk and mitochondria have been shown to be defective in the muscle and AT of patients with metabolic disorders such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Nitric oxide (NO) generated by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) plays a role in mitochondrial biogenesis through cyclic-GMP (cGMP). AT harbors the whole molecular signaling pathway of NO, together with type 5-phosphodiesterase (PDE- 5), the main cGMP catabolising enzyme. AIM Our aim was to evaluate the effect of the modulation of NO pathway, through PDE-5 inhibition, on energy metabolism and mitochondria biogenesis in human omental AT. METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS Cultured human omental AT was stimulated with PDE-5 inhibitor, vardenafil, at different concentration for 24 and 72 h. Analysis of the expression of both key-regulator genes of adipocyte metabolism and mitochondria-biogenesis markers was performed. RESULTS We found an increased gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), adiponectin, and proliferator- activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α) after a 24-h stimulation with vardenafil at the lowest concentration employed compared to controls (p<0.05). After 72 h of stimulation, a significant increase of mitochondrial DNA was found compared to control samples (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that PDE-5 inhibition could have an impact on mitochondrial content of human AT suggesting a positive effect on energy metabolism and adding new elements in the comprehension of AT pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Toni
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied phosphorylation of insulin-receptors substrate downstream molecules: 1) in the ex-vivo visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) (no.=7) and non-functioning adenoma (NFA) (no.=7) undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy; 2) in aldosterone-treated sc adipocytes of subjects (no.=5) who requested abdominoplasty. PATIENTS AND METHODS Western blotting was used to detect phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 in VAT from APA and NFA patients, and in subcutaneous adipocytes pre-treated with different aldosterone concentrations. Phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 was similar in VAT of patients with APA and NFA. Pre-treatment in adipocytes with both physiological (1 nM) and pharmacological (10 μM) doses of aldosterone did not affect basal or insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS Our data give further evidence that insulin signaling in human VAT is not affected by primary aldosterone overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Urbanet
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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21
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Urbanet R, Pilon C, Calcagno A, Peschechera A, Hubert EL, Giacchetti G, Gomez-Sanchez C, Mulatero P, Toffanin M, Sonino N, Zennaro MC, Giorgino F, Vettor R, Fallo F. Analysis of insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue of patients with primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:4037-42. [PMID: 20484481 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess the effect of high aldosterone levels on insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue in humans. METHODS Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was obtained from patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA; n=14) and, as controls, nonfunctioning adenoma (NFA; n=14) undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Homeostasis model assessment index was higher and potassium was lower in APA than NFA (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and real-time PCR were used to detect and quantify mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression. Transcript levels of peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor-gamma, insulin receptor, glucose transporter 4, insulin receptor substrate-1 and -2, leptin, adiponectin, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-alpha, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B) type 1, and HSD11B2 were quantified. The effect of increasing aldosterone concentrations on 2-deoxy-[3H]d-glucose uptake was tested in human sc abdominal adipocytes. RESULTS Expression of MR was demonstrated in VAT, with no difference between APA and NFA as to mRNA levels of MR, GRalpha, HSD11B1, and glucose metabolism and inflammation factors. In cultured adipocytes, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake were unaffected by 1-100 nM (normal/hyperaldosteronism) and impaired only by much higher, up to 10 microM, aldosterone concentrations. The impairment was prevented by RU486 but not by eplerenone. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression of insulin signaling/inflammatory molecules was similar in VAT of APA and NFA patients, not supporting an effect of aldosterone excess on insulin sensitivity of adipose tissues. Only at pharmacological concentrations and through GR activation, aldosterone reduced glucose uptake in adipocytes. Insulin resistance in primary aldosteronism might occur in compartments other than fat and/or depend on concurrent environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Urbanet
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padova, Italy
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22
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Foresta C, Strapazzon G, De Toni L, Gianesello L, Calcagno A, Pilon C, Plebani M, Vettor R. Evidence for osteocalcin production by adipose tissue and its role in human metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:3502-6. [PMID: 20410230 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The adipose tissue (AT), which is an endocrine organ, is linked to several metabolic abnormalities. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) regulates insulin and adiponectin secretion. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the involvement of OCN in obesity and to evaluate, in vitro and ex vivo, the role of AT in the modulation of this endocrine circuit. DESIGN, PATIENTS, AND SETTING This transversal study involved 83 male subjects, divided according to the World Health Organization body mass index classification, evaluated at Padova's Obesity Outpatient Clinic. METHODS OCN, both undercarboxylated (ucOCN) and carboxylated (cOCN) forms, was measured in serum by ELISA. OCN mRNA expression and protein production were measured by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry during in vitro adipogenesis and in sc AT (SAT) and omental AT (OAT) from normal adult men. cOCN and ucOCN release by AT in a simple growth medium was verified by ELISA. RESULTS Overweight and obese patients had a lower ucOCN and ucOC/OCN ratio. In the whole cohort, ucOCN/OCN ratio was negatively correlated to body mass index (rho = -0.233; P < 0.05). OCN mRNA was present in SAT and OAT and during all stages of adipogenesis, with higher expression in the first steps. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of OCN protein. Both SAT and OAT were able to release cOCN and ucOCN. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a pathophysiological link between ucOCN and cOCN balance and obesity. OCN is present in the first phases of adipogenesis but also in human AT ex vivo. AT releases, in vitro, both ucOCN and cOCN, suggesting a possible link between AT and OCN in the regulation of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Foresta
- Department of Histology, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padova, Italy.
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Williams TA, Monticone S, Morello F, Liew CC, Mengozzi G, Pilon C, Asioli S, Sapino A, Veglio F, Mulatero P. Teratocarcinoma-Derived Growth Factor-1 Is Upregulated in Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas and Increases Aldosterone Secretion and Inhibits Apoptosis In Vitro. Hypertension 2010; 55:1468-75. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.150318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A. Williams
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Monticone
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fulvio Morello
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Choong-Chin Liew
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulio Mengozzi
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Catia Pilon
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sofia Asioli
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Sapino
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Franco Veglio
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- From the Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology (T.A.W., S.M., F.M., F.V., P.M.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (S.A., A.S.), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; GeneNews Ltd (C.-C.L.), Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (G.M.), AOU San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (C.P.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Pilon C, Meurens F, Dauba A, Salmon H, Velge-Roussel F, Lebranchu Y, Baron C. Induction of porcine regulatory cells by mycophenolic Acid-treated dendritic cells. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:700-2. [PMID: 19328960 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance induction in murine allogeneic transplantation is relatively easy, often by induction of regulatory T cells (Treg). Unfortunately, the implementation of these models in clinical situations has not yielded reliable protocols of tolerance induction in humans. Our project sought to create a preclinical model of tolerance induction in large animals. Our current efforts seek to induce and characterize porcine Treg, obtaining dendritic cells (DC) able to preferentially stimulate them. DCs were differentiated from blood monocytes with porcine recombinant interleukin-4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for 6 days. These DCs were then stimulated by human CD40 ligand-transfected L cells with or without mycophenolic acid (MPA) for 48 hours. We analyzed surface marker expression, cytokine synthesis, and ability to stimulate allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The porcine lymphocytes underwent 4 rounds of 1-week stimulation with allogeneic DC treated or not with MPA. At the end of this coculture we analyzed their capacity to suppress allogeneic PBMC proliferation induced by mature DC. Our results showed that porcine DCs pretreated with MPA display a low expression of B7 costimulatory molecules, produce low levels of IL-12, and induce weak proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes. Moreover, after 4 rounds of stimulation with MPA-treated DCs, PBMCs were able to inhibit an alloreactive response. These preliminary results suggested induction of a regulatory T-cell population that we are currently seeking to characterize.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pilon
- Université François Rabelais, EA 4245 Cellules Dendritiques et Greffes, IFR 136, UFR de Médecine, Tours, France
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Vettor R, Granzotto M, De Stefani D, Trevellin E, Rossato M, Farina MG, Milan G, Pilon C, Nigro A, Federspil G, Vigneri R, Vitiello L, Rizzuto R, Baratta R, Frittitta L. Loss-of-function mutation of the GPR40 gene associates with abnormal stimulated insulin secretion by acting on intracellular calcium mobilization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:3541-50. [PMID: 18583466 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Free fatty acids (FFAs) acutely stimulate but chronically impair glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from beta-cells. The G protein-coupled transmembrane receptor 40 (GPR40) mediates both acute and chronic effects of FFAs on insulin secretion and plays a role in glucose homeostasis. Limited information is available on the effect of GPR40 genetic abnormalities on insulin secretion and metabolic regulation in human subjects. STUDY DESIGN AND RESULTS For in vivo studies, we screened 734 subjects for the coding region of GPR40 and identified a new single-nucleotide mutation (Gly180Ser). The mean allele frequency was 0.75%, which progressively increased (P < 0.05) from nonobese subjects (0.42%) to moderately obese (body mass index = 30-39.9 kg/m2, 1.07%) and severely obese patients (body mass index > or = 40 kg/m2, 2.60%). The relationship between the GPR40 mutation, insulin secretion, and metabolic alterations was studied in 11 Gly/Ser mutation carriers. In these subjects, insulin secretion (insulinogenic index derived from oral glucose tolerance test) was significantly lower than in 692 Gly/Gly carriers (86.0 +/- 48.2 vs. 183.7 +/- 134.4, P < 0.005). Moreover, a case-control study indicated that plasma insulin and C-peptide responses to a lipid load were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in six Gly/Ser than in 12 Gly/Gly carriers. In vitro experiments in HeLa cells cotransfected with aequorin and the mutated Gly/Ser GPR40 indicated that intracellular Ca2+ concentration increase after oleic acid was significantly lower than in Gly/Gly GPR40-transfected cells. This fact was confirmed using fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester. CONCLUSIONS This newly identified GPR40 variant results in a loss of function that prevents the beta-cell ability to adequately sense lipids as an insulin secretory stimulus because of impaired intracellular Ca2+ concentration increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vettor
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ospedale, 105, I-35128 Padova, Italy.
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Pagano C, Pilon C, Calcagno A, Urbanet R, Rossato M, Milan G, Bianchi K, Rizzuto R, Bernante P, Federspil G, Vettor R. The endogenous cannabinoid system stimulates glucose uptake in human fat cells via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and calcium-dependent mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:4810-9. [PMID: 17785353 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endogenous cannabinoid system participates in the regulation of energy balance, and its dysregulation may be implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. Adipose tissue endocannabinoids may produce metabolic and endocrine effects, but very few data are available in human adipose tissue and in primary human fat cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We measured expression of type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors (CNR), enzymes of cannabinoids synthesis and degradation in human omental, sc abdominal, and gluteal adipose tissue from lean and obese subjects. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of CNR1 stimulation on glucose uptake and intracellular transduction mechanisms in primary human adipocytes. Then we assessed the reciprocal regulation between CNR1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma). Finally, we tested whether leptin and adiponectin are regulated by CNR1 in human adipocytes. RESULTS We found that most genes of the endocannabinoid system are down-regulated in gluteal fat and up-regulated in visceral and sc abdominal adipose tissue of obese patients. Treatment of adipocytes with rosiglitazone markedly down-regulated CNR1 expression, whereas Win 55,212 up-regulated PPARgamma. Win 55,212 increased (+50%) glucose uptake, the translocation of glucose transporter 4, and intracellular calcium in fat cells. All these effects were inhibited by SR141716 and wortmannin and by removing extracellular calcium. Win 55,212 and SR141716 had no effect on expression of adiponectin and leptin. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate a role for the local endocannabinoids in the regulation of glucose metabolism in human adipocytes and suggest a role in channeling excess energy fuels to adipose tissue in obese humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pagano
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35100 Padova, Italy.
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Barzon L, Maffei P, Sonino N, Pilon C, Baldazzi L, Balsamo A, Del Maschio O, Masi G, Trevisan M, Pacenti M, Fallo F. The role of 21-hydroxylase in the pathogenesis of adrenal masses: review of the literature and focus on our own experience. J Endocrinol Invest 2007; 30:615-23. [PMID: 17848847 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An exaggerated response of 17- hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) to exogenous ACTH stimulation has been found in 30 to 70% of patients with incidentally discovered adrenal tumors, supporting the concept that congenital 21- hydroxylase deficiency may be a predisposing factor for adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Decreased expression of 21-hydroxylase gene has been observed in sporadic non-functioning adrenocortical adenomas and adrenocortical carcinomas, in agreement with the reduced steroidogenic activity found in these types of tumors. Screening studies for the presence of mutations in CYP21A2 gene, encoding 21-hydroxylase, in patients with sporadic adrenocortical tumors yielded discordant results. Overall, a higher frequency of germline 21-hydroxylase mutation carriers has been found among patients with adrenal tumors, including incidentalomas, than in the general population. However, the presence of mutations did not correlate with endocrine test results and tumor mass features, suggesting that 21-hydroxylase deficiency does not represent a relevant mechanism in adrenal tumorigenesis. Mechanisms leading to reduced 21-hydroxylase expression and activity are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barzon
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Pagano C, Pilon C, Olivieri M, Mason P, Fabris R, Serra R, Milan G, Rossato M, Federspil G, Vettor R. Reduced plasma visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in obesity is not related to insulin resistance in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:3165-70. [PMID: 16720654 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Visfatin was recently identified as a protein highly expressed and secreted in adipose tissue with insulin-mimetic effect and is a candidate hormone to help explain the association among adipose tissue expansion, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess expression of visfatin in lean and obese subjects and in sc and visceral adipose tissue and moreover to explore the role of visfatin on insulin resistance in humans. DESIGN We measured circulating visfatin and its mRNA expression in sc adipose tissue (SAT) in lean and obese subjects. Furthermore, we measured visfatin mRNA in visceral adipose (VAT) and SAT by quantitative RT-PCR. Finally, plasma visfatin and its mRNA in SAT were measured under free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in healthy subjects. RESULTS Plasma visfatin and its mRNA in SAT were significantly lower in obese subjects, compared with normal-weight controls. Both circulating visfatin and SAT visfatin mRNA were negatively correlated with body mass index, whereas no correlation was found with homeostasis model assessment. Significantly higher visfatin mRNA was found in VAT of obese subjects, compared with lean controls. Interestingly, visfatin mRNA in VAT was positively correlated with BMI. Elevation of free fatty acid induced a condition of insulin resistance but did not affect either circulating visfatin or its mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that, in human obesity, plasma visfatin is reduced, whereas visfatin mRNA is differentially regulated in SAT and VAT. Visfatin is not related to insulin resistance either as assessed by homeostasis model assessment or during lipid infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pagano
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padua, Via ospedale 105, 35100 Padua, Italy.
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De Coppi P, Milan G, Scarda A, Boldrin L, Centobene C, Piccoli M, Pozzobon M, Pilon C, Pagano C, Gamba P, Vettor R. Rosiglitazone modifies the adipogenic potential of human muscle satellite cells. Diabetologia 2006; 49:1962-73. [PMID: 16799780 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Satellite cells are responsible for postnatal skeletal muscle regeneration. It has been demonstrated that mouse satellite cells behave as multipotent stem cells. We studied the differentiation capacities of human satellite cells and evaluated the effect of the insulin sensitiser rosiglitazone, a well known peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma (PPARG) agonist, on their adipogenic conversion. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained human satellite cells from human muscle biopsies of healthy subjects by single-fibre isolation and cultured them under myogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic conditions. Moreover, we compared the morphological features and the adipose-specific gene expression profiling, as assessed by quantitative PCR, between adipocytes differentiated from human satellite cells and those obtained from the stromal vascular fraction of human visceral fat. RESULTS We proved by morphological analysis, mRNA expression and immunohistochemistry that human satellite cells are able to differentiate into myotubes, adipocytes and osteocytes. The addition of rosiglitazone to the adipogenic medium strongly activated PPARG expression and enhanced adipogenesis in human satellite cells, but did not in itself trigger the complete adipogenic programme. Moreover, we observed a decrease in wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 10B and an upregulation of growth differentiation factor 8 expression, both being independent of PPARG activation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Human satellite cells possess a clear adipogenic potential that could explain the presence of mature adipocytes within skeletal muscle in pathological conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and ageing-related sarcopenia. Rosiglitazone treatment, while enhancing adipogenesis, induces a more favourable pattern of adipocytokine expression in satellite-derived fat cells. This could partially counteract the worsening effect of intermuscular adipose tissue depots on muscle insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P De Coppi
- Paediatric Oncohaematology, Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, University of Padua, via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Pagano C, Soardo G, Pilon C, Milocco C, Basan L, Milan G, Donnini D, Faggian D, Mussap M, Plebani M, Avellini C, Federspil G, Sechi LA, Vettor R. Increased serum resistin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is related to liver disease severity and not to insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:1081-6. [PMID: 16394091 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The recently discovered hormone resistin is linked to the development of insulin resistance, but direct evidence of resistin levels in humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is lacking. METHODS We conducted this study to assess the relationship between serum resistin and NAFLD. We measured serum resistin and biochemical, hormonal, and histological correlates in 28 NAFLD patients, 33 controls, and 30 obese patients [body mass index (BMI), >30 kg/m2] without NAFLD. RESULTS Resistin and adiponectin expression were measured in sc adipose tissue by quantitative RT-PCR. Resistin was higher in NAFLD patients compared with controls (5.87 +/- 0.49 vs. 4.30 +/- 0.20 ng/ml; P = 0.002) and obese patients (4.37 +/- 0.27 ng/ml; P = 0.002). Increased resistin mRNA was also found in the adipose tissue of NAFLD patients compared with controls and obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS Both NAFLD and obese patients had lower adiponectin levels, whereas leptin was increased only in the obese group. No correlation was found between resistin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, BMI, homeostasis model assessment, insulin, glucose, transaminases, and lipid values. A positive correlation was found between resistin and histological inflammatory score. These data report increased resistin in NAFLD patients that is related to the histological severity of the disease, but do not support a link between resistin and insulin resistance or BMI in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pagano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35100 Padova, Italy.
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Pagano C, Marin O, Calcagno A, Schiappelli P, Pilon C, Milan G, Bertelli M, Fanin E, Andrighetto G, Federspil G, Vettor R. Increased serum resistin in adults with prader-willi syndrome is related to obesity and not to insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:4335-40. [PMID: 15870134 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Determinants of insulin resistance in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are not completely understood. The discovery of several adipokines with relevant effects on insulin resistance and cardiovascular complications of metabolic syndrome offered new tools of investigation of insulin resistance in PWS. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to measure serum resistin and mRNA in adipose tissue of patients with PWS, those with simple obesity, and healthy controls and correlate resistin levels with anthropometric and biochemical features. DESIGN Twenty-eight adult PWS patients, 29 obese patients, and 25 healthy controls were studied. Anthropometric variables were measured and fasting serum and plasma were collected for measurement of resistin, adiponectin, leptin, lipid profile, glucose, and insulin. RESULTS Serum resistin and resistin mRNA expression in adipose tissue was significantly higher in PWS patients, compared with both healthy lean controls and obese patients. Moreover, on regression analysis resistin was significantly correlated with body mass index, whereas no significant association was found between resistin and homeostasis model assessment index. A weak association between resistin and adiponectin was found in the PWS group only. However, on multivariate analysis only the correlation between resistin and body mass index remained significant. CONCLUSIONS These results support a link between circulating resistin and obesity in humans but do not support a role for resistin in human insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pagano
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua, Italy.
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Fallo F, Pilon C, Williams TA, Sonino N, Morra Di Cella S, Veglio F, De Iasio R, Montanari P, Mulatero P. Coexistence of different phenotypes in a family with glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. J Hum Hypertens 2004; 18:47-51. [PMID: 14688810 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA), there is a large interfamily variation of phenotype. We report three subjects with GRA in a single family (parents, two brothers and two sisters), of whom only one (proband) displayed classical features of the mineralocorticoid excess. The proband was a man found to be hypertensive and hypokalaemic at the age of 24 years. Plasma renin activity was suppressed and plasma aldosterone was repeatedly elevated. Blood pressure and aldosterone levels normalized within 5 days of dexamethasone therapy. The presence of a chimaeric CYP11B1/CYP11B2 gene was demonstrated by long-PCR and Southern blotting (crossover site at the end of intron 3) in the proband, in the younger sister (sibling 1) and in the father. In these patients, sequencing of the chimaeric portion of CYP11B1 did not reveal any mutation, while sequencing of the chimaeric portion of CYP11B2 showed a V386A polymorphism in exon 7, known to cause only a minimal impairment of enzymatic activity. Sibling 1 was normotensive, normokalaemic and had normal PRA and aldosterone. The father had normal blood pressure and potassium, low-normal PRA and normal aldosterone. All three subjects had elevated levels of urinary 18-hydroxycortisol and 18-oxocortisol. Baseline 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), corticosterone (B) and aldosterone were high in the proband and normal in the father and sibling 1; 11-deoxycortisol (S) and cortisol (F) were normal. ACTH induced a normal increase of B, DOC, S and F, and an excessive aldosterone increase in all three patients. Abnormalities in the chimaeric portions of CYB11B1 or CYP11B2 genes did not account for the phenotypic disparity of the different members in a single GRA family. Altered regulation of the chimaeric gene may be responsible for differences in its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fallo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.
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Milan G, Dalla Nora E, Pilon C, Pagano C, Granzotto M, Manco M, Mingrone G, Vettor R. Changes in muscle myostatin expression in obese subjects after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:2724-7. [PMID: 15181048 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-032047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin is a member of transforming growth factor-beta superfamily that plays an important inhibitory role during muscle development; in fact mutations of myostatin gene result in a hypermuscular phenotype. Moreover myostatin-deficient mice have a significant reduction in fat depots and a depression of adipogenesis. Little is known about myostatin function in muscle growth regulation in humans and in particular during caloric restriction. In the present work we quantified by real-time RT-PCR myostatin expression in muscle biopsies of a group of morbidly obese patients before and after weight loss obtained by biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). The patients reduced body weight by 38.9%, mostly due to fat-mass loss, showing also a significant reduction in the 24-hour EE as assessed by the respiratory chamber. Myostatin mRNA levels result clearly decreased after weight loss, suggesting a role in counteracting the progressive decline of muscle mass after BPD. Myostatin may provide therefore another mechanistic explanation for the control of energy partitioning between protein and fat, working against muscle wasting. Our data suggest that myostatin might represent an important regulator of skeletal muscle size also in conditions of food restriction in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Milan
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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Fallo F, Pilon C, Barzon L, Pistorello M, Sonino N, Veglio F, Mulatero P. Retention of heterozygosity at chromosome 7p22 and 11q13 in aldosterone-producing tumours of patients with familial hyperaldosteronism not remediable by glucocorticoids. J Hum Hypertens 2004; 18:829-30. [PMID: 15175634 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Morisset S, Pilon C, Tardivel-Lacombe J, Weinstein D, Rostene W, Betancur C, Sokoloff P, Schwartz JC, Arrang JM. Acute and chronic effects of methamphetamine on tele-methylhistamine levels in mouse brain: selective involvement of the D(2) and not D(3) receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:621-8. [PMID: 11805225 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.2.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have explored the role of endogenous dopamine in the control of histaminergic neuron activity in mouse brain regions evaluated by changes in tele-methylhistamine (t-MeHA) levels. In vitro, methamphetamine released [(3)H]noradrenaline but failed to release [(3)H]histamine from synaptosomes. In vivo, methamphetamine enhanced t-MeHA levels by about 2-fold with ED(50) values of approximately 1 mg/kg in caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus. This response selectively involved the D(2) and not the D(3) receptor as indicated by its blockade by haloperidol and by its persistence after administration of nafadotride, a D(3) receptor preferential ligand, or in (-/-) D(3) receptor-deficient mice. The t-MeHA response to methamphetamine was delayed compared with the locomotor-activating effect of this drug, suggesting that it is of compensatory nature. In agreement, ciproxifan, an inverse agonist known to enhance histamine neuron activity, decreased the hyperlocomotion induced by methamphetamine. Repeated methamphetamine administration resulted in the expected sensitization to the hyperlocomotor effect of the drug but did not modify either the ED(50) or the E(max) regarding t-MeHA levels. However, it resulted in an enhanced basal t-MeHA level (+30-40%), which was sustained for at least 11 days after withdrawal in hypothalamus, striatum, and cerebral cortex and suppressed by haloperidol. Hence, both the acute and chronic administration of methamphetamine enhance histamine neuron activity, presumably in a compensatory manner. Repeated methamphetamine administration also resulted in a modified balance in the opposite influences of dopamine and serotonin on histaminergic neurons as revealed by the enhanced response to haloperidol and abolished response to ketanserin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morisset
- Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire (U109) de l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre Paul Broca, Paris, France
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38
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Diaz J, Pilon C, Le Foll B, Gros C, Triller A, Schwartz JC, Sokoloff P. Dopamine D3 receptors expressed by all mesencephalic dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 2000; 20:8677-84. [PMID: 11102473 PMCID: PMC6773062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A polyclonal antibody was generated using synthetic peptides designed in a specific sequence of the rat D(3) receptor (D(3)R). Using transfected cells expressing recombinant D(3)R, but not D(2) receptor, this antibody labeled 45-80 kDa species in Western blot analysis, immunoprecipitated a soluble fraction of [(125)I]iodosulpride binding, and generated immunofluorescence, mainly in the cytoplasmic perinuclear region of the cells. In rat brain, the distribution of immunoreactivity matched that of D(3)R binding, revealed using [(125)I]R(+)trans-7-hydroxy-2-[N-propyl-N-(3'-iodo-2'-propenyl)amino] tetralin ([(125)I]7-trans-OH-PIPAT), with dense signals in the islands of Calleja and mammillary bodies, and moderate to low signals in the shell of nucleus accumbens (AccSh), frontoparietal cortex, substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and lobules 9 and 10 of the cerebellum. Very low or no signals could be detected in other rat brain regions, including dorsal striatum, or in D(3)R-deficient mouse brain. Labeling of perikarya of AccSh and SN/VTA appeared with a characteristic punctuate distribution, mostly at the plasma membrane where it was not associated with synaptic boutons, as revealed by synaptophysin immunoreactivity. In SN/VTA, D(3)R immunoreactivity was found on afferent terminals, arising from AccSh, in which destruction of intrinsic neurons by kainate infusions produced a loss of D(3)R binding in both AccSh and SN/VTA. D(3)R-immunoreactivity was also found in all tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons observed in SN, VTA and A8 retrorubral fields, where it could represent D(3) autoreceptors controlling dopamine neuron activities, in agreement with the elevated dopamine extracellular levels in projection areas of these neurons found in D(3)R-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diaz
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Université René Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
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39
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Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is characterized by autonomous production of aldosterone and arterial hypertension, and it occurs in 2 principal forms: aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA). APA can be cured through removal of the adenoma, whereas IHA leads to hypertension that must be treated with medication. The origin of the autonomous aldosterone production in IHA is poorly understood, but genetic factors may contribute to its cause. To test the hypothesis that variants of the aldosterone synthase gene may contribute to susceptibility to IHA, we compared genotypes at 3 polymorphic sites in the CYP11B2 gene in patients with IHA (n=90) with those found in patients with APA (n=38), in patients with essential hypertension (n=72), and in normotensive individuals (n=102). We observed significant linkage disequilibrium among the 3 polymorphisms with 2 frequent haplotypes in all groups studied. One haplotype (C2R) was found to be increased in frequency in the IHA group (47%) compared with the other groups, which had a similar haplotype frequency (36%). The 3 polymorphisms studied have been implicated in either essential hypertension or excess aldosterone production in previous studies. Because of the strong linkage disequilibrium, the observed results could be due to the action of any 1 of the 3 alleles or to another allele in linkage disequilibrium with them. Our results suggest that variations in the CYP11B2 gene may contribute to dysregulation of aldosterone synthesis and lead to susceptibility to IHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mulatero
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, Hypertension Unit, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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40
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Schwartz JC, Diaz J, Pilon C, Sokoloff P. Possible implications of the dopamine D(3) receptor in schizophrenia and in antipsychotic drug actions. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000; 31:277-87. [PMID: 10719154 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The D(3) receptor may represent an important target for antipsychotic drugs which all bind with high affinity and do not induce upon repeated administration either tolerance or receptor upregulation. The D(3) receptor is localized in brain areas, namely the nucleus accumbens and cerebral cortex, implicated in neural circuits believed to display defective functioning in schizophrenia. Overexpression of the D(3) receptor, which accounts for the behavioral sensitization to levodopa in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease, might also be responsible for the sensitization to dopamine agonists observed in schizophrenia. The appearance of the D(3) receptor during brain development, early in proliferating neuroepithelia and later in neurons from limbic areas, suggests further studies to assess its participation in the neurodevelopmental disorders of schizophrenia. Finally, meta-analysis of approximately 30 studies comprising over 2500 patients indicate that a polymorphism in the coding sequence of the D(3) receptor is associated with a small but significant enhancement of vulnerability to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Schwartz
- Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire (U.109) de l'INSERM, Centre Paul Broca, 2ter rue d'Alésia, 75014, Paris, France.
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41
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Abstract
Dopamine agonist-induced hypothermia has been proposed to be mediated by the D3 receptor (D3R), as it is elicited by (+)7-OH-DPAT and antagonized by S 14297, two putative D3R-preferential ligands. Here we show, however, that S 14297 is a full and partial agonist at D3R and D2R, respectively. Hypothermia was induced in rats by agonists with potencies correlated with their D3R and D2R functional potencies, and was reversed by antagonists, with a rank order of potency typical of the D2R. Moreover, BP 897, a highly potent and selective but partial D3R agonist was inactive in producing hypothermia or reversing (+)7-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermia. (+)7-OH-DPAT was as potent and efficient in inducing hypothermia in wild-type as in D3R-deficient mice. Hence, our results suggest that hypothermia does not result from a selective stimulation of the D3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Perachon
- Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire (INSERM U 109), Centre Paul Broca, Paris, France
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42
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Pilon C, Mulatero P, Barzon L, Veglio F, Garrone C, Boscaro M, Sonino N, Fallo F. Mutations in CYP11B1 gene converting 11beta-hydroxylase into an aldosterone-producing enzyme are not present in aldosterone-producing adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:4228-31. [PMID: 10566677 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.84.11.6125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the human adrenal cortex, cortisol and aldosterone are synthesized by the isozymes 11beta-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase, respectively, encoded by the 93% identical CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 genes. In vitro mutagenesis of CYP11B1 complementary DNA, resulting in the replacement of CYP11B1 codons by those encoding the corresponding amino acid residues of CYP11B2 enzyme (exon 5, Ser288Gly; exon 6, Val320Ala), yields a complementary DNA encoding a mutant enzyme with an efficient aldosterone synthase activity. Identical somatic mutations in the CYP11B1 gene in vivo would produce a gene encoding an enzyme with C18 activity and that would preserve ACTH responsiveness due to the retained 5'-promoter in the mutated CYP11B1 gene. An ACTH-responsive aldosterone synthase activity of this type is commonly seen in patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA). We examined the occurrence of mutations in exons 5 and 6 of the CYP11B1 gene in APA from 10 patients with primary aldosteronism. Patients were selected on preoperative evidence of a 50% or greater plasma aldosterone decrease after short term dexamethasone trial and no aldosterone response to upright posture. DNA from adenomas was amplified by PCR using two pairs of primers spanning the regions of CYP11B1 gene, i.e. exons 3-5 and exons 6-9, where mutations could be located. Targeted regions were screened for mutations by automated sequencing of PCR products. No point mutations of the CYP11B1 gene over the two regions examined were found in APA. This argues against involvement of mutations in the pathogenesis of ACTH-responsive APA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pilon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
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43
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Abstract
This paper revisits the relationship between health care spending and health outcomes. While previous researchers found it difficult to establish such a relationship based on international comparisons, the results based on rather homogenous province-specific Canadian data show that lower health care spending is associated with a statistically significant increase in infant mortality and a decrease in life expectancy in Canada. This relationship is independent of various economic, socio-demographic, nutritional and lifestyle factors, as well as provincial specificity or time trend. It is based on annual data collected from the ten Canadian provinces over 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Crémieux
- Analysis Group/Economics, Brattle Square, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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44
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Abstract
The mechanisms of adrenocortical tumorigenesis are still unknown. Evidence that the majority of adrenocortical tumors are monoclonal in origin suggests that a progressive accumulation of genetic aberrations, due to activation of protooncogenes and/or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, leads to abnormal cell proliferation through a multistep process. Inactivation of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (p16INK4A), which encodes the cell cycle protein p16, was investigated in a series of 14 adrenocortical tumors. Using 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers spanning the short arm of chromosome 9, we demonstrated that three of seven adrenocortical carcinomas and one of seven adrenocortical adenomas had loss of heterozygosity (LOH) within chromosome 9p21, the region containing p16NK4A. Immunohistochemistry showed the absence of p16 nuclear staining in all adrenocortical tumors with LOH within 9p21, and positive staining in all remaining tumors without LOH. In conclusion, LOH within 9p21 associated with lack of p16 expression occurs in a considerable proportion of adrenocortical malignant tumors, but is rare in adenomas. Inactivation of p16INK4A may contribute to the deregulation of cell proliferation in this neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pilon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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45
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Sokoloff P, Diaz J, Bordet R, Griffon N, Perachon S, Pilon C, Ridray S, Schwartz JC. [Function and therapeutic potential of the dopamine D3 receptor]. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 1999; 192:1111-25. [PMID: 10101607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The D3 receptor is recognized with high affinity by all antipsychotics and selectively expressed in limbic brain areas participating in the central of emotions, motivation and reward. In transfected cultured cells, stimulation of the D3 receptor inhibits cAMP formation and increases mitogenesis, which, in turn, is potentiated by activation of the cAMP cascade. This suggests that both opposite and synergistic interactions occur between the D3 receptor and the cydic AMP pathway, possibly underlying D1/D3 receptor interactions. In fact, D1 and D3 receptors colocalize in the islands of Calleja, in which they interact in opposition on c-fos mRNA expression, and in the shell of nucleus accumbens, in which they interact in synergy on substance P mRNA expression. The expression of the D3 receptor is highly dependent of the dopamine innervation: lesion of ascending dopamine neurons reduces D3 receptor mRNA and binding in the shell of nudeus accumbens, by deprivation of an unknown factor of dopamine neurons, distinct form dopamine and its cotransmitters. In agreement, expression of the D3 receptor in neurons during rat brain development starts after the settlement of dopamine innervation during the first postnatal week. However, in adult rats with a unilateral lesion of dopamine neurons, repeated treatment with levodopa rescues D3 receptor expression in the shell of nudeus accumbens and induces this expression in the dorsal striatum, a region controlling movements in which the D3 receptor is normally absent. This induction seems responsible for the behavioral sensitisation, i.e. increased responsiveness to levodopa. These observations suggest a role of the D3 receptor in the progressive increase in the therapeutic efficacy of levodopa in the initial treatment of Parkinson's disease, and/or its adversive motor and psychopathological effects during long-term treatment. Finally, various pharmacological and genetic data suggest a role of the D3 receptor in drug addiction and schizophrenia, the treatment of which could benefit from selective D3R agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sokoloff
- Unité de Neurobiologie et Phamacologie moléculaire (U 109) de l'INSERM, Centre Paul-Broca, Paris
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46
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Pagotto U, Arzberger T, Ciani E, Lezoualc'h F, Pilon C, Journot L, Spengler D, Stalla GK. Inhibition of Zac1, a new gene differentially expressed in the anterior pituitary, increases cell proliferation. Endocrinology 1999; 140:987-96. [PMID: 9927333 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.2.6532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Zac1 is a new zinc finger protein that concomitantly controls apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through separate pathways. The mouse Zac1 gene is mainly expressed in the pituitary gland and in different brain areas. In this study regional and cellular expression of Zac1 in the pituitary gland was determined by in situ hybridization. Zac1 messenger RNA was abundantly expressed in the anterior pituitary lobe compared with that in the intermediate and posterior lobes. Zac1 transcripts were found in all hormone-secreting cell types, with the highest levels in GH- and PRL-producing cells. To investigate the impact of Zac1 in pituitary cell proliferation, we ablated the endogenous Zac1 gene by antisense treatment in two murine cell types, AtT-20 and TtT/GF, that are representative of granular and agranular cell lineages, respectively. The decline in Zac1 protein levels under antisense treatment was accompanied by increased DNA synthesis in clonal corticotroph and folliculo-stellate cells, as demonstrated by enhanced [3H]thymidine incorporation (36% and 50%, respectively). Antisense oligonucleotides against Zac1 controlled cell proliferation in a dose-dependent way, and mutagenized antisense oligonucleotides were inert. Conclusively, our data provide the first evidence of a role for Zac1 in pituitary growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Pagotto
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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47
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Albert J, Pilon C, Racine H. [An adolescent with suicidal ideas]. Infirm Que 1998; 5:18-20. [PMID: 9739236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Albert
- Hôpital de Montréal pour enfants
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48
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Mulatero P, Veglio F, Pilon C, Rabbia F, Zocchi C, Limone P, Boscaro M, Sonino N, Fallo F. Diagnosis of glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism in primary aldosteronism: aldosterone response to dexamethasone and long polymerase chain reaction for chimeric gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:2573-5. [PMID: 9661646 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.83.7.4946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone suppression by dexamethasone, and high 18-hydroxycortisol and 18-oxocortisol levels are used to differentiate glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA) from other forms of primary aldosteronism. These methods are time consuming, expensive, and impractical for large studies. Moreover, diagnosis of GRA requires a confirmatory genetic test. We evaluated 117 patients with primary aldosteronism referred to our centers by the use of a long PCR technique to reveal the chimeric gene of GRA. In 60 of 117 patients, the response of aldosterone to dexamethasone (2 mg/day for 4 days) was also assessed. None of our patients, including 2 pairs of siblings, was positive for the chimeric gene. The results of long PCR were confirmed by Southern blotting. Despite a negative genetic test, 6 patients (1 with aldosterone-producing adenoma and 5 with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism) had plasma aldosterone suppressed by dexamethasone (i.e. < or = 2 ng/dL). Of 117 patients, 43 were identified as having aldosterone-producing adenoma and 74 as having idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. In our experience, the long PCR technique is a reliable and simple test to at least exclude GRA in patients with primary aldosteronism. A short term dexamethasone suppression test of aldosterone can be misleading in identifying GRA. The prevalence of GRA in primary aldosteronism remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mulatero
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, University of Torino, Italy
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49
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Albert J, Pilon C, Racine H. [An adolescent with suicidal ideas]. Infirm Que 1998; 5:18. [PMID: 9677962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Albert
- Hôpital de Montréal pour enfants
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50
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Schwartz JC, Diaz J, Bordet R, Griffon N, Perachon S, Pilon C, Ridray S, Sokoloff P. Functional implications of multiple dopamine receptor subtypes: the D1/D3 receptor coexistence. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1998; 26:236-42. [PMID: 9651537 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The D3 dopamine receptor, a D2-like receptor, is selectively expressed in the ventral striatum, particularly in the shell of nucleus accumbens and islands of Calleja, where it is found in medium sized substance P neurons. The latter co-express the D1 receptor whose interaction with the D3 receptor was studied by treating rats with selective agonists and antagonists. In agreement with the opposite cAMP response, they mediate in cultured neuroblastoma cells, the D1 and D3 receptors exerted opposite influences on c-fos expression in islands of Calleja. However, in agreement with the synergistic influence of cAMP on D3 receptor-mediated mitogenesis on the same cultured cells, D1 and D3 receptor stimulation in vivo synergistically enhanced preprotachykinin mRNA in the shell of accumbens. This indicates that the two receptor subtypes may affect neurons in either synergy or opposition according to the cell or signal generated. Levodopa-induced behavioral sensitization in hemiparkinsonian rats is another example of D1/D3 receptor interaction. Hence repeated levodopa administration induces the ectopic appearance of the D3 receptor in substance P/dynorphin, striatonigral neurons of the dorsal striatum. This induction is secondary to D1 receptor stimulation in neurons of the denervated side and fully accounts for the sensitization, i.e. the increased behavioral responsiveness to levodopa. During brain development, a similar process could operate to control the late appearance of the D3 receptor in D1-receptor bearing neurons of the ventral striatum at a time at which they start to be innervated by dopamine neurons. Finally, taking into account a variety of genetic, developmental, neuroimaging and pharmacological data, we postulate that imbalances between the levels of D1 and D3 receptors in the same neurons could be responsible for schizophrenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Schwartz
- Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie (U.109) de l'INSERM, Centre Paul Broca, 2ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France.
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