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Sandovici I, Knee O, Lopez-Tello J, Shreeve N, Fowden AL, Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Constância M. A genetically small fetus impairs placental adaptations near term. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050719. [PMID: 39207227 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a gatekeeper between the mother and fetus, adapting its structure and functions to support optimal fetal growth. Studies exploring adaptations of placentae that support the development of genetically small fetuses are lacking. Here, using a mouse model of impaired fetal growth, achieved by deleting insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) in the epiblast, we assessed placental nutrient transfer and umbilical artery (UA) blood flow during late gestation. At embryonic day (E) 15.5, we observed a decline in the trans-placental flux of glucose and system A amino acids (by using 3H-MeG and 14C-MeAIB), proportionate to the diminished fetal size, whereas UA blood flow was normal. However, at E18.5, the trans-placental flux of both tracers was disproportionately decreased and accompanied by blunted UA blood flow. Feto-placental growth and nutrient transfer were more impaired in female conceptuses. Thus, reducing the fetal genetic demand for growth impairs the adaptations in placental blood flow and nutrient transport that normally support the fast fetal growth during late gestation. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the pathophysiology of pregnancies afflicted by fetal growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionel Sandovici
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Olatejumoye Knee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK
| | - Jorge Lopez-Tello
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Norman Shreeve
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK
| | - Abigail L Fowden
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Miguel Constância
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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Nüsken E, Appel S, Saschin L, Kuiper-Makris C, Oberholz L, Schömig C, Tauscher A, Dötsch J, Kribs A, Alejandre Alcazar MA, Nüsken KD. Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Need to Improve Diagnostic Accuracy and Evidence for a Key Role of Oxidative Stress in Neonatal and Long-Term Sequelae. Cells 2024; 13:501. [PMID: 38534344 PMCID: PMC10969486 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and being small for gestational age (SGA) are two distinct conditions with different implications for short- and long-term child development. SGA is present if the estimated fetal or birth weight is below the tenth percentile. IUGR can be identified by additional abnormalities (pathological Doppler sonography, oligohydramnion, lack of growth in the interval, estimated weight below the third percentile) and can also be present in fetuses and neonates with weights above the tenth percentile. There is a need to differentiate between IUGR and SGA whenever possible, as IUGR in particular is associated with greater perinatal morbidity, prematurity and mortality, as well as an increased risk for diseases in later life. Recognizing fetuses and newborns being "at risk" in order to monitor them accordingly and deliver them in good time, as well as to provide adequate follow up care to ameliorate adverse sequelae is still challenging. This review article discusses approaches to differentiate IUGR from SGA and further increase diagnostic accuracy. Since adverse prenatal influences increase but individually optimized further child development decreases the risk of later diseases, we also discuss the need for interdisciplinary follow-up strategies during childhood. Moreover, we present current concepts of pathophysiology, with a focus on oxidative stress and consecutive inflammatory and metabolic changes as key molecular mechanisms of adverse sequelae, and look at future scientific opportunities and challenges. Most importantly, awareness needs to be raised that pre- and postnatal care of IUGR neonates should be regarded as a continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nüsken
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (E.N.)
| | - Sarah Appel
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (E.N.)
| | - Leon Saschin
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (E.N.)
| | - Celien Kuiper-Makris
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (E.N.)
| | - Laura Oberholz
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (E.N.)
| | - Charlotte Schömig
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (E.N.)
| | - Anne Tauscher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (E.N.)
| | - Angela Kribs
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (E.N.)
| | - Miguel A. Alejandre Alcazar
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (E.N.)
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC) and Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kai-Dietrich Nüsken
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (E.N.)
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Page L, Younge N, Freemark M. Hormonal Determinants of Growth and Weight Gain in the Human Fetus and Preterm Infant. Nutrients 2023; 15:4041. [PMID: 37764824 PMCID: PMC10537367 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors controlling linear growth and weight gain in the human fetus and newborn infant are poorly understood. We review here the changes in linear growth, weight gain, lean body mass, and fat mass during mid- and late gestation and the early postnatal period in the context of changes in the secretion and action of maternal, placental, fetal, and neonatal hormones, growth factors, and adipocytokines. We assess the effects of hormonal determinants on placental nutrient delivery and the impact of preterm delivery on hormone expression and postnatal growth and metabolic function. We then discuss the effects of various maternal disorders and nutritional and pharmacologic interventions on fetal and perinatal hormone and growth factor production, growth, and fat deposition and consider important unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Page
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Noelle Younge
- Neonatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Michael Freemark
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- The Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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4
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Sandovici I, Georgopoulou A, Pérez-García V, Hufnagel A, López-Tello J, Lam BYH, Schiefer SN, Gaudreau C, Santos F, Hoelle K, Yeo GSH, Burling K, Reiterer M, Fowden AL, Burton GJ, Branco CM, Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Constância M. The imprinted Igf2-Igf2r axis is critical for matching placental microvasculature expansion to fetal growth. Dev Cell 2022; 57:63-79.e8. [PMID: 34963058 PMCID: PMC8751640 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In all eutherian mammals, growth of the fetus is dependent upon a functional placenta, but whether and how the latter adapts to putative fetal signals is currently unknown. Here, we demonstrate, through fetal, endothelial, hematopoietic, and trophoblast-specific genetic manipulations in the mouse, that endothelial and fetus-derived IGF2 is required for the continuous expansion of the feto-placental microvasculature in late pregnancy. The angiocrine effects of IGF2 on placental microvasculature expansion are mediated, in part, through IGF2R and angiopoietin-Tie2/TEK signaling. Additionally, IGF2 exerts IGF2R-ERK1/2-dependent pro-proliferative and angiogenic effects on primary feto-placental endothelial cells ex vivo. Endothelial and fetus-derived IGF2 also plays an important role in trophoblast morphogenesis, acting through Gcm1 and Synb. Thus, our study reveals a direct role for the imprinted Igf2-Igf2r axis on matching placental development to fetal growth and establishes the principle that hormone-like signals from the fetus play important roles in controlling placental microvasculature and trophoblast morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionel Sandovici
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK; Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - Aikaterini Georgopoulou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Vicente Pérez-García
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonia Hufnagel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK
| | - Jorge López-Tello
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Samira N Schiefer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK
| | - Chelsea Gaudreau
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fátima Santos
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Katharina Hoelle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Keith Burling
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Moritz Reiterer
- Physiological Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Abigail L Fowden
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Graham J Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Cristina M Branco
- Physiological Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Miguel Constância
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK; Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
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Fujimoto M, Andrew M, Dauber A. Disorders caused by genetic defects associated with GH-dependent genes: PAPPA2 defects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110967. [PMID: 32739295 PMCID: PMC7609568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and its mediator, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), have long been recognized as central to human growth physiology. IGF-1 is known to complex with IGF binding proteins as well as with the acid labile subunit (ALS) in order to prolong its half-life in circulation. Factors regulating the bioavailability of IGF-1 (i.e. the balance between free and bound IGF-1) were less well understood. Recently, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2) was discovered as a protease which specifically cleaves IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and -5. PAPP-A2 deficient patients present with characteristic findings including growth failure, elevated total IGF-1 and -2, IGFBPs, and ALS, but decreased percentage of free to total IGF-1. Additionally, patients with PAPP-A2 deficiency have impairments in glucose metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD). Treatment with recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1) improved height SD scores, growth velocity, body composition, and dysglycemia. Mouse models recapitulate many of the human findings of PAPP-A2 deficiency. This review summarizes the function of PAPP-A2 and its contribution to the GH-IGF axis through an examination of PAPP-A2 deficient patients and mouse models, thereby emphasizing the importance of the regulation of IGF-1 bioavailability in human growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Fujimoto
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan
| | - Melissa Andrew
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA; Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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Janssen JAMJL, Varewijck AJ, Brugts MP. The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor stimulating activity (IRSA) in health and disease. Growth Horm IGF Res 2019; 48-49:16-28. [PMID: 31493625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Determination of true IGF-I bioactivity in serum and other biological fluids is still a substantial challenge. The IGF-IR Kinase Receptor Activation assay (IGF-IR KIRA assay) is a novel tool to asses IGF-IR stimulating activity (IRSA) and has opened a new era in studying the IGF system. In this paper we discuss many studies showing that measuring IRSA by the IGF-IR KIRA assay often provides fundamentally different information about the IGF system than the commonly used total IGF-I immunoassays. With the IGF-IR KIRA assay phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of the IGF-IR is used as read out to quantify IRSA in unknown (serum) samples. The IGF-IR KIRA assay gives information about net overall effects of circulating IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBPs and IGFBP-proteases on IGF-IR activation and seems especially superior to immunoreactive total IGF-I in monitoring therapeutic interventions. Although the IRSA as measured by the IGF-IR KIRA assay probably more closely reflects true bioactive IGF-I than measurements of total IGF-I in serum, the IGF-IR KIRA assay in its current form does not give information about all the post-receptor intracellular events mediated by the IGF-IR. Interestingly, in several conditions in health and disease IRSA measured by the IGF-IR KIRA assay is considerably higher in interstitial fluid and ascites than in serum. This suggests that both the paracrine (local) and endocrine (circulating) IRSA should be measured to get a complete picture about the role of the IGF system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A M J L Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Aimee J Varewijck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael P Brugts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ikazia Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Renes JS, van Doorn J, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Current Insights into the Role of the Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age. Horm Res Paediatr 2019; 92:15-27. [PMID: 31509834 PMCID: PMC6979433 DOI: 10.1159/000502739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reason for the insufficient catch-up growth seen in 10% of children born small for gestational age (SGA) is poorly understood. Disturbances in the growth hormone (GH) - insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis might underlie this failure to show sufficient catch-up growth. CONCLUSION This review summarizes insights gained in the molecular and (epi) genetic mechanisms of the GH-IGF axis in short children born SGA. The most notable anomalies of the IGF system are the lowered IGF-I levels in both cord blood and the placenta, and the increased expression of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP)-1 and IGFBP-2, which inhibit IGF-I, in the placenta of SGA neonates. These observations suggest a decreased bioactivity of IGF-I in utero. IGF-I levels remain reduced in SGA children with short stature, as well as IGFBP-3 and acid-labile subunit levels. Proteolysis of IGFBP-3 appears to be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Renes
- Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Jaap van Doorn
- Department of Genetics, Section of Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Vaiserman A, Koliada A, Lushchak O. Developmental programming of aging trajectory. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:105-122. [PMID: 30059788 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that aging phenotype and longevity may be developmentally programmed. Main mechanisms linking developmental conditions to later-life health outcomes include persistent changes in epigenetic regulation, (re)programming of major endocrine axes such as growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and also early-life immune maturation. Recently, evidence has also been generated on the role of telomere biology in developmental programming of aging trajectory. In addition, persisting changes of intestinal microbiota appears to be crucially involved in these processes. In this review, experimental and epidemiological evidence on the role of early-life conditions in programming of aging phenotypes are presented and mechanisms potentially underlying these associations are discussed.
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Vaiserman AM. Birth weight predicts aging trajectory: A hypothesis. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 173:61-70. [PMID: 29626501 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that risk for age-related disease and longevity can be programmed early in life. In human populations, convincing evidence has been accumulated indicating that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) resulting in low birth weight (<2.5 kg) followed by postnatal catch-up growth is associated with various aspects of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Fetal macrosomia (birth weight > 4.5 kg), by contrast, is associated with high risk of non-diabetic obesity and cancers in later life. Developmental modification of epigenetic patterns is considered to be a central mechanism in determining such developmentally programmed phenotypes. Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis is likely a key driver of these processes. In this review, evidence is discussed that suggests that different aging trajectories can be realized depending on developmentally programmed life-course dynamics of IGF-1. In this hypothetical scenario, IUGR-induced deficit of IGF-1 causes "diabetic" aging trajectory associated with various metabolic disorders in adulthood, while fetal macrosomia-induced excessive levels of IGF-1 lead to "cancerous" aging trajectory. If the above reasoning is correct, then both low and high birth weights are predictors of short life expectancy, while the normal birth weight is a predictor of "normal" aging and maximum longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Vaiserman
- Institute of Gerontology NAMS of Ukraine, Vyshgorodskaya st. 67, Kiev 04114, Ukraine.
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10
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Bulduk EÖ, Bulduk S, Coşkun BB. Effects of dietary advice on insulin-like growth factors among healthy newborns. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 297:637-643. [PMID: 29289991 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-017-4645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In fetal life, insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1, IGF 2 and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) 3 are essential growth factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of dietary intervention on insulin-like growth factors in the cord blood of neonates. METHODS The study involved 52 pregnant women who were followed up in Gazi University Medical School Hospital at Ankara, Turkey. They were randomly divided into two groups: The experimental group was involved in nutrition education. We measured IGF 1, IGF 2 and IGFBP 3 concentrations in cord blood from 52 neonates. RESULTS In the experimental group, cord serum levels of IGF 1, IGF 2 were observed to be higher than that of control group. CONCLUSION Dietary advice had positive effects on the cord serum IGF 1 and IGF 2 concentrations. Dietary advice during pregnancy proved to be effective in fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sıdıka Bulduk
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Beşevler/Ankara, Turkey
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Woods L, Perez-Garcia V, Hemberger M. Regulation of Placental Development and Its Impact on Fetal Growth-New Insights From Mouse Models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:570. [PMID: 30319550 PMCID: PMC6170611 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is the chief regulator of nutrient supply to the growing embryo during gestation. As such, adequate placental function is instrumental for developmental progression throughout intrauterine development. One of the most common complications during pregnancy is insufficient growth of the fetus, a problem termed intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) that is most frequently rooted in a malfunctional placenta. Together with conventional gene targeting approaches, recent advances in screening mouse mutants for placental defects, combined with the ability to rapidly induce mutations in vitro and in vivo by CRISPR-Cas9 technology, has provided new insights into the contribution of the genome to normal placental development. Most importantly, these data have demonstrated that far more genes are required for normal placentation than previously appreciated. Here, we provide a summary of common types of placental defects in established mouse mutants, which will help us gain a better understanding of the genes impacting on human placentation. Based on a recent mouse mutant screen, we then provide examples on how these data can be mined to identify novel molecular hubs that may be critical for placental development. Given the close association between placental defects and abnormal cardiovascular and brain development, these functional nodes may also shed light onto the etiology of birth defects that co-occur with placental malformations. Taken together, recent insights into the regulation of mouse placental development have opened up new avenues for research that will promote the study of human pregnancy conditions, notably those based on defects in placentation that underlie the most common pregnancy pathologies such as IUGR and pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Woods
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vicente Perez-Garcia
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Vicente Perez-Garcia
| | - Myriam Hemberger
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Myriam Hemberger
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Rozance PJ, Zastoupil L, Wesolowski SR, Goldstrohm DA, Strahan B, Cree-Green M, Sheffield-Moore M, Meschia G, Hay WW, Wilkening RB, Brown LD. Skeletal muscle protein accretion rates and hindlimb growth are reduced in late gestation intrauterine growth-restricted fetal sheep. J Physiol 2017; 596:67-82. [PMID: 28940557 DOI: 10.1113/jp275230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Adults who were affected by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) suffer from reductions in muscle mass, which may contribute to insulin resistance and the development of diabetes. We demonstrate slower hindlimb linear growth and muscle protein synthesis rates that match the reduced hindlimb blood flow and oxygen consumption rates in IUGR fetal sheep. These adaptations resulted in hindlimb blood flow rates in IUGR that were similar to control fetuses on a weight-specific basis. Net hindlimb glucose uptake and lactate output rates were similar between groups, whereas amino acid uptake was significantly lower in IUGR fetal sheep. Among all fetuses, blood O2 saturation and plasma glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 were positively associated and norepinephrine was negatively associated with hindlimb weight. These results further our understanding of the metabolic and hormonal adaptations to reduced oxygen and nutrient supply with placental insufficiency that develop to slow hindlimb growth and muscle protein accretion. ABSTRACT Reduced skeletal muscle mass in the fetus with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) persists into adulthood and may contribute to increased metabolic disease risk. To determine how placental insufficiency with reduced oxygen and nutrient supply to the fetus affects hindlimb blood flow, substrate uptake and protein accretion rates in skeletal muscle, late gestation control (CON) (n = 8) and IUGR (n = 13) fetal sheep were catheterized with aortic and femoral catheters and a flow transducer around the external iliac artery. Muscle protein kinetic rates were measured using isotopic tracers. Hindlimb weight, linear growth rate, muscle protein accretion rate and fractional synthetic rate were lower in IUGR compared to CON (P < 0.05). Absolute hindlimb blood flow was reduced in IUGR (IUGR: 32.9 ± 5.6 ml min-1 ; CON: 60.9 ± 6.5 ml min-1 ; P < 0.005), although flow normalized to hindlimb weight was similar between groups. Hindlimb oxygen consumption rate was lower in IUGR (IUGR: 10.4 ± 1.4 μmol min-1 100 g-1 ; CON: 14.7 ± 1.3 μmol min-1 100 g-1 ; P < 0.05). Hindlimb glucose uptake and lactate output rates were similar between groups, whereas amino acid uptake was lower in IUGR (IUGR: 1.3 ± 0.5 μmol min-1 100 g-1 ; CON: 2.9 ± 0.2 μmol min-1 100 g-1 ; P < 0.05). Blood O2 saturation (r2 = 0.80, P < 0.0001) and plasma glucose (r2 = 0.68, P < 0.0001), insulin (r2 = 0.40, P < 0.005) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 (r2 = 0.80, P < 0.0001) were positively associated and norepinephrine (r2 = 0.59, P < 0.0001) was negatively associated with hindlimb weight. Slower hindlimb linear growth and muscle protein synthesis rates match reduced hindlimb blood flow and oxygen consumption rates in the IUGR fetus. Metabolic adaptations to slow hindlimb growth are probably hormonally-mediated by mechanisms that include increased fetal norepinephrine and reduced IGF-1 and insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Rozance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura Zastoupil
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David A Goldstrohm
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brittany Strahan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Melanie Cree-Green
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Melinda Sheffield-Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Division of Endocrinology, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Giacomo Meschia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - William W Hay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Randall B Wilkening
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura D Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) as a Novel Condition of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Deficiency. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 170:1-35. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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