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Vaishnavi Nalla S, Jayapradha P, Lalruatmawii, Nandheeswari K, Naxine P, Vigneshwaran G, Rohilla G, Dubey I, Kushwaha S. Irisin as an emerging target in the regulation of reproductive functions in health and disease. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 353:114529. [PMID: 38643847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Germ cells are highly conserved in the gonads, nurtured to either develop into a gamete or self-renew into a stem cell reserve. Preserving the germ cell pool and protecting the reproductive organs is essential for maintaining an individual's fertility. Several factors, including a sedentary lifestyle, pollutants, hormonal disruption, drugs, and a disease condition, have been shown to impair normal reproductive function. Irisin has recently been identified as an adipomyokine involved in modulating physiological functions based on the body's metabolic status. It is being studied for its role in various functions, including fertility. Findings show the localization of irisin in various parts of the reproductive axis, with the highest levels observed during puberty and pregnancy. This raises questions about its role and function in reproduction. Studies support irisin's role in protecting against disease-induced reproductive abnormalities and infertility. Therefore, the current review focuses on how irisin influences spermatogenesis and ovarian follicular development and plays a significant role in indirectly preserving the germ cell pool by protecting the gonads against oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Vaishnavi Nalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow (UP) 226002, India
| | - P Jayapradha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow (UP) 226002, India
| | - Lalruatmawii
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow (UP) 226002, India
| | - K Nandheeswari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow (UP) 226002, India
| | - Pratik Naxine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow (UP) 226002, India
| | - G Vigneshwaran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow (UP) 226002, India
| | - Gaurav Rohilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow (UP) 226002, India
| | - Itishree Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow (UP) 226002, India
| | - Sapana Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow (UP) 226002, India.
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Maylem ERS, Schütz LF, Spicer LJ. The role of asprosin in regulating ovarian granulosa- and theca-cell steroidogenesis: a review with comparisons to other adipokines. Reprod Fertil Dev 2024; 36:RD24027. [PMID: 39074236 DOI: 10.1071/rd24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissues produce a variety of biologically active compounds, including cytokines, growth factors and adipokines. Adipokines are important as they function as endocrine hormones that are related to various metabolic and reproductive diseases. The goal of this review was to summarise the role of asprosin, a recently discovered adipokine, and compare its role in ovarian steroidogenesis with that of other adipokines including adiponectin, leptin, resistin, apelin, visfatin, chemerin, irisin, and gremlin 1. The summary of concentrations of these adipokines in humans, rats and other animals will help researchers identify appropriate doses to test in future studies. Review of the literature indicated that asprosin increases androstenedione production in theca cells (Tc), and when cotreated with FSH increases oestradiol production in granulosa cells (Gc). In comparison, other adipokines (1) stimulate Gc oestradiol production but inhibit Tc androgen production (adiponectin), (2) inhibit Gc oestradiol production and Tc androstenedione production (leptin and chemerin), (3) inhibit Gc steroidogenesis with no effect on Tc (resistin), (4) inhibit Gc oestradiol production but stimulate Tc androgen production (gremlin 1), and (5) increase steroid secretion by Gc, with unknown effects on Tc steroidogenesis (apelin and visfatin). Irisin has direct effects on Gc but its precise role (inhibitory or stimulatory) may be species dependent and its effects on Tc will require additional research. Thus, most adipokines have direct effects (either positive or negative) on steroid production in ovarian cells, but how they all work together to create a cumulative effect or disease will require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Excel Rio S Maylem
- Philippine Carabao Center, National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Luis Fernando Schütz
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Majeed AA, Al-Qaisi AHJ, Ahmed WA. The Comparison of Irisin, Subfatin, and Adropin in Normal-Weight and Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 49:350-358. [PMID: 38952638 PMCID: PMC11214678 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2023.99130.3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Background A combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the highly common, complex, and varied endocrine condition known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women. PCOS primarily affects women between the ages of 15 and 35 who are in the early to late stages of pregnancy. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of irisin, subfatin, and adropin in PCOS with and without obesity compared to the control group. Methods The present cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 at Al-Nahrain University/Department of Chemistry (Baghdad, Iraq). The serum levels of irisin, subfatin, and adropin were measured with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Body mass index, lipid profile, insulin, fasting glucose, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels were also evaluated. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by GraphPad Prism software version 8.0.2. A P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study population comprised PCOS patients (n=90, divided into 45 obese and 45 normal weight) and healthy women (n=30). According to the results, the serum levels of irisin were significantly higher (P<0.001) in obese and normal-weight PCOS patients than controls. While adropin and subfatin were significantly lower in PCOS than controls (P<0.001). Moreover, there are higher levels of serum insulin, fasting glucose, and luteinizing hormone in PCOS women than in healthy women. Conclusion According to the findings, PCOS patients had a higher level of irisin than the controls. In addition, decreased subfatin and adropin levels were observed in PCOS patients compared with healthy women. Further research is required to confirm these results in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alabbas Abdulkareem Majeed
- Department of Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad,Iraq
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Waled Abdo Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
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Telagareddy R, Kumar PR, Pattanaik SR, Dash DK, Patro D, Sahoo BK, Sahu M. Serum Irisin in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and its Alteration with Metformin Intervention. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2024; 28:91-97. [PMID: 38533282 PMCID: PMC10962773 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_379_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies investigating the alterations of serum irisin and its change with metformin therapy in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are conflicting. Our aim is to study serum irisin in PCOS patients and the change of irisin levels with metformin therapy over 6 months. Methods This is a randomized control study conducted in 187 PCOS cases and 94 age-matched controls aged 18-40 years. Detailed evaluation of anthropometric, biochemical, and hormonal parameters was performed. A subset of 99 overweight/obese patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥23 kg/m2 were stratified into a metformin group (n = 67) receiving 500 mg thrice daily and a lifestyle intervention-only group (n = 32). The effect of metformin therapy on serum irisin levels was measured at the end of 6 months. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 26.0 Software. Results Serum irisin was higher in PCOS patients than in controls [12.47 (8.1-17.7) vs 8.3 (7.0-9.6) ng/ml, P < 0.001], independent of BMI. Serum irisin showed a significant positive association with BMI (β =0.168), waist-to-hip ratio (β =0.166), leutinizing hormone (β =0.225), TG (β =0.305), FAI (β =0.151), and testosterone (β =0.135). Serum irisin showed a significant positive association with homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (β =0.14, P = 0.04) in overweight/obese PCOS patients only (n = 146) but not in the whole PCOS cohort (n = 187). Metformin reduced the median serum irisin levels significantly (13.9 to 12.1 ng/ml, P < 0.001), and the delta change in irisin levels was associated with HOMA-IR in the metformin group. Conclusion Serum irisin is increased in PCOS patients independent of BMI. Metformin therapy reduced serum irisin levels in overweight/obese PCOS patients by improving insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Padala Ravi Kumar
- Department of Endocrinology, M.K.C.G Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | | | - Deepak Kumar Dash
- Department of Endocrinology, M.K.C.G Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Debasish Patro
- Department of Endocrinology, M.K.C.G Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Bijay K. Sahoo
- Department of Endocrinology, M.K.C.G Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Mahija Sahu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, M.K.C.G Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha, India
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Zheng Y, He J, Yang D, Dai F, Yuan M, Liu S, Jia Y, Cheng Y. Irisin reduces the abnormal reproductive and metabolic phenotypes of PCOS by regulating the activity of brown adipose tissue in mice. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:1046-1058. [PMID: 35713297 PMCID: PMC9562123 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disease in women, with clinical manifestations of anovulation and hyperandrogenaemia. The treatment of PCOS mainly focuses on improving clinical symptoms, such as insulin sensitivity or menstrual disorder, through drug treatment. However, due to the pathogenesis diversity of PCOS, there is still a lack of effective treatment in clinics. Metabolic disorder is the key factor in the occurrence of PCOS. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a special adipose tissue in the human body that can participate in metabolic balance by improving heat production. BAT has been demonstrated to be an important substance involved in the metabolic disorder of PCOS. Although increasing evidence indicates that BAT transplantation can improve the symptoms of PCOS, it is difficult to achieve BAT transplantation at present due to technical limitations. Stimulation of BAT activation by exogenous substances may be an effective alternative therapy for PCOS. In this study, we investigated the effects of Irisin on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS in mice and evaluated the effect of Irisin on serum hormone levels and changes in body temperature, body weight and ovarian morphology. In our study, we found that Irisin can enhance the thermogenesis and insulin sensitivity of PCOS mice by activating the function of BAT. In addition, Irisin treatment can correct the menstrual cycle of PCOS mice, improve the serum steroid hormone disorder status, and reduce the formation of ovarian cystic follicles. In conclusion, our results showed that Irisin treatment significantly improved the metabolic disorder of PCOS and may provide a new and alternative therapy for the treatment of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Juan He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Dongyong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Fangfang Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Mengqin Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Shiyi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Yifan Jia
- Department of Pain, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Yanxiang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
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Varikasuvu SR, Pérez-López FR, Thangappazham B, Raj H, Vykunta A. Effect of metformin intervention on circulating irisin levels in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2022; 38:207-212. [PMID: 34779689 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1998439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin is an adipo-myokine with potential implications in metabolic disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Despite of a strong evidence showing increased irisin level in PCOS, there is no conclusive evidence on the effect of metformin intervention on circulatory irisin in PCOS. AIM The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the circulatory (serum/plasma) irisin levels before and after metformin intervention in subjects with PCOS. METHODS Relevant studies were retrieved by online database and manual searching. The standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained by a random-effects meta-analysis. A one-study leave-out sensitivity analysis was conducted to validate the overall obtained results. RESULTS A total of five observations were included in this meta-analysis. The results based on random effects meta-analysis indicated that irisin levels were significantly decreased after metformin intervention as compared to the baseline pretreatment levels in PCOS (SMD: -1.00, 95% CI: -1.60 to -0.41, Z: 3.29, p = .001). The sensitivity analysis leaving-out a particular observation at a time and repeating the meta-analysis validated the robustness of the overall finding suggesting the significant effect of metformin treatment on irisin levels in PCOS. CONCLUSION Circulating irisin levels were significantly decreased upon metformin intervention in PCOS patients. The higher pretreatment irisin levels in PCOS may recede once the altered metabolic state is restored upon metformin intervention. Well-designed randomized trials with large sample sizes are warranted to further substantiate the reported evidence reported and to establish the possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshadri Reddy Varikasuvu
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Deoghar, Jharkhand, India
| | - Faustino R Pérez-López
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Zaragoza Faculty of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Hemanth Raj
- Department of Medicine, Mount Medical Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alekya Vykunta
- Heath Centre, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Curcumin in Combination with Aerobic Exercise Improves Follicular Dysfunction via Inhibition of the Hyperandrogen-Induced IRE1 α/XBP1 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway in PCOS-Like Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2021:7382900. [PMID: 34987702 PMCID: PMC8720591 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7382900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Combining diet with exercise can improve health and performance. Exercise can reduce androgen excess and insulin resistance (IR) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. Curcumin is also presumed to improve the follicle development disorder. Here, we investigated the effects of a combination therapy of oral intake of curcumin and exercise on hyperandrogen-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ovarian granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis in rats with PCOS. We generated a PCOS model via continuous dehydroepiandrosterone subcutaneous injection into the necks of Sprague Dawley rats for 35 days. PCOS-like rats then received curcumin treatment combined with aerobic (treadmill) exercise for 8 weeks. We found that compared to control rats, the ovarian tissue and ovarian GCs of hyperandrogen-induced PCOS rats showed increased levels of ER stress-related genes and proteins. Hyperandrogen-induced ovarian GC apoptosis, which was mediated by excessive ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) activation, could cause follicle development disorders. Both curcumin gavage and aerobic exercise improved ovarian function via inhibiting the hyperandrogen-activated ER stress IRE1α-XBP1 pathway. Dihydrotestosterone- (DHT-) induced ER stress was mitigated by curcumin/irisin or 4μ8C (an ER stress inhibitor) in primary GC culture. In this in vitro model, the strongly expressed follicular development-related genes Ar, Cyp11α1, and Cyp19α1 were also downregulated.
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Onat T, Inandiklioglu N, Kara M, Serdar Yalvac E, Turkler C, Ciplak B, Altindag MM. Increased serum myonectin and irisin levels with myonectin and FNDC5 expressions in polycystic ovary syndrome: a case control study. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2021; 42:1381-1387. [PMID: 34907845 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2021.1980516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the FNDC5 and myonectin expressions and serum levels of myonectin and irisin in women with PCOS. 90 participants were included in this case-control study. 45 of these participants were with PCOS, and 45 of them were healthy volunteers matched for age and body mass index (BMI). Serum irisin and myonectin levels were measured with commercially available enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Expression of the myonectin and FNDC5 genes were determined by RT-PCR analysis. It was found out that FSI, HOMA-IR, LH, LH/FSH, TT, serum irisin and serum myonectin levels, myonectin mRNA expression, and FNDC5 mRNA expression were higher in the PCOS group, whereas HDL-C level was lower in the PCOS group (p < .05). When the groups were compared, it was detected that IR and HA were significantly higher in the PCOS group (p < .05). Serum irisin and myonectin levels, and myonectin and FNDC5 mRNA expressions were increased in women with PCOS. These molecules can be target molecules in PCOS pathophysiology and treatment.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Although the aetiology of PCOS is not fully understood, it is thought that insulin resistance may play a critical role. In recent studies, the relationship of cytokines secreted from skeletal muscle with insulin resistance has been shown. The effects of irisin and myonectin, which are members of the myokine family, on lipid and glucose metabolism are known.What do the results of this study add? Although there are many studies in the literature regarding serum irisin levels in women with PCOS, their results are confusing. There is a study in the literature investigating the relationship between myonectin and PCOS. In our study, we evaluated myonectin and FNDC mRNA expressions in addition to serum irisin and myonectin levels. As a result, we found that markers and their mRNA expressions were lower in patients with PCOS compared to controls.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? We think that the results of our study will shed light on future studies. Due to their effects on adipose tissue, these markers may play a role in the aetiology of long-term complications of PCOS. Moreover, they can become pharmacological targets in preventing these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylan Onat
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Nihal Inandiklioglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kara
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University Faculty of Medicine, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | - Ethem Serdar Yalvac
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Can Turkler
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Baris Ciplak
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University Faculty of Medicine, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Murat Altindag
- University of Health Sciences Malatya Training And Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
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Effects of serum irisin, neuregulin 4, and weight management on obese adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229642. [PMID: 34427289 PMCID: PMC8485390 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study is aimed at investigating the association of serum irisin, neuregulin 4 (NRG4), and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) with adolescent obesity with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the efficacy of weight management interventions. Serum levels of irisin, NRG4, AMH, sex steroid hormone, body mass index (BMI), serum insulin, and C-peptide were measured in 52 obese adolescent girls with PCOS (PCOS group) and 43 obese adolescent girls without PCOS (non-PCOS group). The levels of AMH, NRG4, serum irisin, sex steroid hormones, BMI, serum insulin, and C-peptide were evaluated in obese PCOS girls before and after one year weight management. The levels of AMH, serum insulin, NRG4, and total testosterone of PCOS group were significantly higher than those of non-PCOS group. On the contrary, serum irisin and serum C-peptide in PCOS group were significantly lower than that in non-PCOS group. The levels of fat mass, percent body fat, total testosterone, AMH, NRG4, and serum insulin in the obese girls with PCOS showed significant decreases compared with before weight management intervention. On the contrary, after one year of body weight management intervention, serum irisin and serum C-peptide was significantly increased. Adolescent obesity complicated with PCOS is significantly associated with glucose and lipid metabolism and sex steroid hormone disorders, but the exact pathophysiological and clinical features are highly variable. Weight management intervention can significantly improve the clinical symptoms and hematological indicators, serum irisin and NRG4 can be used as two essential biomarkers for evaluating weight management.
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Fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: a promising biomarker and therapeutic target. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1390-1400. [PMID: 33214697 PMCID: PMC8379181 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide and impose a tremendous socioeconomic burden on individuals as well as the healthcare system. Fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (FNDC5) is a widely distributed transmembrane glycoprotein that can be proteolytically cleaved and secreted as irisin to regulate glycolipid metabolism and cardiovascular homeostasis. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the predictive and therapeutic role of FNDC5 in a variety of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia, metabolic cardiomyopathy, cardiac remodeling, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.
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Csiky B, Sági B, Emmert V, Wittmann I, Sulyok E. Cardiometabolic Effects of Irisin in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Regular Hemo- or Peritoneal Dialysis. Blood Purif 2021; 51:450-457. [PMID: 34350871 DOI: 10.1159/000517529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Data on the role of irisin in vascular calcification in patients with end-stage renal diseases on regular dialysis are inconsistent, and the underlying mechanisms are not clearly defined. The present study was designed to explore the association of serum irisin with vascular stiffness and with the impact of well-established risk factors. METHODS The clinical study enrolled 52 hemodialysis (HD) and 15 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with an age of >18 years receiving dialysis therapy for >3 months. Patients who had major pathologies affecting carbohydrate, lipid, and bone metabolism and those who had acute cardiovascular events were excluded. Thirty-seven healthy subjects matched for age and sex served as controls. Routine biochemical parameters were measured in fasting serum samples by standard methods. Serum irisin was determined using the commercial ELISA kit (BioVendor Laboratory Medicine Inc., Brno, Czech Republic). Arterial stiffness parameters - carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf PWV) and augmentation index (Aix) - were measured using applanation tonometry (SphygmoCor System; AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia). Body composition was assessed by segmental bioelectric impedance (InBody 2.0; Biospace Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea). RESULTS It was demonstrated that serum irisin levels were markedly depressed (p < 0.05), while the cf PWV significantly increased (p < 0.05) in HD/PD patients as compared to controls. Serum irisin proved to be independent of serum insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR. However, it was inversely related to HbA1c (β = -0.544, p = 0.035), iPTH (β = -0.260, p = 0.035), and alkaline phosphatase (r = -0.325, p = 0.007). Furthermore, significant negative relationships were found of irisin to serum triglyceride and indices of body fat mass. Retrospective analysis at a follow-up period of 40 months revealed a direct relationship of irisin to all-cause mortality (p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that serum irisin levels are reduced in uremic patients on regular HD/PD but failed to establish significant associations of irisin deficiency with vascular stiffness. However, the significant negative relationship of irisin to HbA1c, iPTH, and alkaline phosphatase suggests that it improves insulin sensitivity, inhibits bone resorption, mitigates bone-vascular interaction, and protects vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Csiky
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.,FMC Dialysis Center Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Sági
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.,FMC Dialysis Center Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Vanessza Emmert
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Wittmann
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Endre Sulyok
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Maak S, Norheim F, Drevon CA, Erickson HP. Progress and Challenges in the Biology of FNDC5 and Irisin. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:436-456. [PMID: 33493316 PMCID: PMC8284618 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2002, a transmembrane protein-now known as FNDC5-was discovered and shown to be expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. It was virtually ignored for 10 years, until a study in 2012 proposed that, in response to exercise, the ectodomain of skeletal muscle FNDC5 was cleaved, traveled to white adipose tissue, and induced browning. The wasted energy of this browning raised the possibility that this myokine, named irisin, might mediate some beneficial effects of exercise. Since then, more than 1000 papers have been published exploring the roles of irisin. A major interest has been on adipose tissue and metabolism, following up the major proposal from 2012. Many studies correlating plasma irisin levels with physiological conditions have been questioned for using flawed assays for irisin concentration. However, experiments altering irisin levels by injecting recombinant irisin or by gene knockout are more promising. Recent discoveries have suggested potential roles of irisin in bone remodeling and in the brain, with effects potentially related to Alzheimer's disease. We discuss some discrepancies between research groups and the mechanisms that are yet to be determined. Some important questions raised in the initial discovery of irisin, such as the role of the mutant start codon of human FNDC5 and the mechanism of ectodomain cleavage, remain to be answered. Apart from these specific questions, a promising new tool has been developed-mice with a global or tissue-specific knockout of FNDC5. In this review, we critically examine the current knowledge and delineate potential solutions to resolve existing ambiguities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Maak
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Palomba S, Piltonen TT, Giudice LC. Endometrial function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive review. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 27:584-618. [PMID: 33302299 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. An endometrial component has been suggested to contribute to subfertility and poor reproductive outcomes in affected women. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The aim of this review was to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support that endometrial function is altered in women with PCOS, whether clinical features of PCOS affect the endometrium, and whether there are evidence-based interventions to improve endometrial dysfunction in PCOS women. SEARCH METHODS An extensive literature search was performed from 1970 up to July 2020 using PubMed and Web of Science without language restriction. The search included all titles and abstracts assessing a relationship between PCOS and endometrial function, the role played by clinical and biochemical/hormonal factors related to PCOS and endometrial function, and the potential interventions aimed to improve endometrial function in women with PCOS. All published papers were included if considered relevant. Studies having a specific topic/hypothesis regarding endometrial cancer/hyperplasia in women with PCOS were excluded from the analysis. OUTCOMES Experimental and clinical data suggest that the endometrium differs in women with PCOS when compared to healthy controls. Clinical characteristics related to the syndrome, alone and/or in combination, may contribute to dysregulation of endometrial expression of sex hormone receptors and co-receptors, increase endometrial insulin-resistance with impaired glucose transport and utilization, and result in chronic low-grade inflammation, immune dysfunction, altered uterine vascularity, abnormal endometrial gene expression and cellular abnormalities in women with PCOS. Among several interventions to improve endometrial function in women with PCOS, to date, only lifestyle modification, metformin and bariatric surgery have the highest scientific evidence for clinical benefit. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Endometrial dysfunction and abnormal trophoblast invasion and placentation in PCOS women can predispose to miscarriage and pregnancy complications. Thus, patients and their health care providers should advise about these risks. Although currently no intervention can be universally recommended to reverse endometrial dysfunction in PCOS women, lifestyle modifications and metformin may improve underlying endometrial dysfunction and pregnancy outcomes in obese and/or insulin resistant patients. Bariatric surgery has shown its efficacy in severely obese PCOS patients, but a careful evaluation of the benefit/risk ratio is warranted. Large scale randomized controlled clinical trials should address these possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Palomba
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Terhi T Piltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Linda C Giudice
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Luo P, Zhang C, He Y, Yang G, Liu H, Li L. Several Circulating Biomarkers for PCOS Diagnosis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 129:705-712. [PMID: 31683329 DOI: 10.1055/a-1025-3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Irisin, Betatrophin and Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) have been shown to be associated with insulin resistance (IR) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), respectively. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential accuracy of this combination of three cytokines in screening PCOS. METHODS 186 individuals were recruited for this study. Circulating Irisin, Betatrophin and ZAG concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The association between these serum biomarkers and PCOS was assessed by logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of these biomarkers for PCOS women. RESULTS In women with PCOS, serum Irisin and Betatrophin levels were markedly elevated compared to those in healthy controls (p<0.01), while ZAG levels were lower (p<0.01). PCOS women with IR (M-value<6.28) had lower circulating ZAG concentrations, and higher circulating Irisin and Betatrophin levels relative to PCOS women without IR (M-value ≥ 6.28). ROC curve analyses showed that the AUC for Irisin, ZAG and Betatrophin for predicting PCOS were 0.77, 0.83 and 0.85, respectively. In a joint ROC curves analysis of these serum markers and other parameters, the results showed that the AUC was 0.93, and the sensitivity and specificity were 82.1 % and 92.3 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS When compared to using single cytokine, the analysis of Irisin, ZAG and Betatrophin elevates the accuracy in diagnosing PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Luo
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education) and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education) and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,The Center of Clinical Research of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases in Chongqing and Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yirui He
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education) and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Lin H, Yuan Y, Tian S, Han J, Huang R, Guo D, Wang J, An K, Wang S. In Addition to Poor Glycemic Control, a High Level of Irisin in the Plasma Portends Early Cognitive Deficits Clinically in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:634. [PMID: 31572306 PMCID: PMC6753617 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Irisin plays an important role in the metabolism and homeostasis of energy balance, which is involved in cognitive impairment. This study aimed to investigate the role of irisin in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: We recruited 133 Chinese patients with T2DM, and divided them according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score. Demographic data were collected and the level of irisin in the plasma was determined. In addition, the results of neuropsychological testing were examined. The concentration of irisin in the plasma was measured using an enzyme immunoassay. Results: A total of 59 patients were diagnosed with MCI and 74 patients were included as healthy-cognition controls. The level of irisin in the plasma (p = 0.043) and homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance (p = 0.032) in diabetic patients with MCI were higher than those observed in the healthy controls. A higher level of irisin in the plasma was associated with impaired overall cognition, specifically executive function. Linear regression analysis suggested that irisin (p = 0.017) and glycosylated hemoglobin (p = 0.036) were independent factors of diabetic MCI. Conclusions: The level of irisin in the plasma correlated with cognitive impairment in T2DM patients, particularly with executive function. These results further suggest that, in addition to poor glycemic control, a high level of irisin in the plasma portends early cognitive deficits clinically in Chinese patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke An
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Shaohua Wang
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