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Rodrigues F, Pereira HF, Pinto J, Padrão J, Zille A, Silva FS, Carvalho Ó, Madeira S. Zirconia Dental Implants Surface Electric Stimulation Impact on Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5719. [PMID: 38891904 PMCID: PMC11171956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tooth loss during the lifetime of an individual is common. A strategy to treat partial or complete edentulous patients is the placement of dental implants. However, dental implants are subject to bacterial colonization and biofilm formation, which cause an infection named peri-implantitis. The existing long-term treatments for peri-implantitis are generally inefficient. Thus, an electrical circuit was produced with zirconia (Zr) samples using a hot-pressing technique to impregnate silver (Ag) through channels and holes to create a path by LASER texturing. The obtained specimens were characterized according to vitro cytotoxicity, to ensure ZrAg non-toxicity. Furthermore, samples were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus using 6.5 mA of alternating current (AC). The current was delivered using a potentiostat and the influence on the bacterial concentration was assessed. Using AC, the specimens displayed no bacterial adhesion (Log 7 reduction). The in vitro results presented in this study suggest that this kind of treatment can be an alternative and promising strategy to treat and overcome bacterial adhesion around dental implants that can evolve to biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Rodrigues
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (F.R.); (H.F.P.); (J.P.); (F.S.S.); (Ó.C.); (S.M.)
- Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems (LABBELS), 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena F. Pereira
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (F.R.); (H.F.P.); (J.P.); (F.S.S.); (Ó.C.); (S.M.)
- Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems (LABBELS), 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- MIT Portugal Program, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João Pinto
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (F.R.); (H.F.P.); (J.P.); (F.S.S.); (Ó.C.); (S.M.)
- Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems (LABBELS), 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge Padrão
- Center for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Andrea Zille
- Center for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Filipe S. Silva
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (F.R.); (H.F.P.); (J.P.); (F.S.S.); (Ó.C.); (S.M.)
- Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems (LABBELS), 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Óscar Carvalho
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (F.R.); (H.F.P.); (J.P.); (F.S.S.); (Ó.C.); (S.M.)
- Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems (LABBELS), 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sara Madeira
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (F.R.); (H.F.P.); (J.P.); (F.S.S.); (Ó.C.); (S.M.)
- Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems (LABBELS), 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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Zhu Y, Xu Y, Ling Z, Zhao C, Xu A, He F. The biofilm removal effect and osteogenic potential on the titanium surface by electrolytic cleaning: An in vitro comparison of electrolytic parameters and five techniques. Clin Oral Implants Res 2024; 35:454-466. [PMID: 38345170 DOI: 10.1111/clr.14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the optimal current and time of electrolytic cleaning (EC), compare its biofilm removal effect with generic treatments and evaluate the influence of EC to surface characteristics and osteogenic potential of SLA titanium (Ti) discs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The six-species biofilm-covered Ti discs were placed as cathodes in physiologic saline and subjected to various current and time treatments. The residual biofilms were evaluated to determine the optimal parameters. The contaminated Ti discs were randomized and treated by rotating Ti brush; ultrasonic-scaling with metal tips; ultrasonic-scaling with PEEK tips; air-polishing and EC. The residual biofilms were compared using a lipopolysaccharide kit (LPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy and colony-forming unit counting. Non-contaminated Ti discs were treated and characterized. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were cultured on treated non-contaminated Ti discs. The adhesion, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin level of BMSCs were assessed. RESULTS The parameters at 0.6A5min were considered optimal. For LPS and SEM, EC promoted a significantly greater biofilm removal than the other groups. There were no changes in the Ti discs' colour, topography, roughness and chemical elements after EC, and the electrolysis-treated Ti discs obtained a super-hydrophilic surface. EC positively impacted the proliferation and ALP activity of BMSCs, surpassing the efficacy of alternative treatments. CONCLUSIONS EC achieves a near-complete eradication of contaminants on the SLA surface, causes no surface damage with improved hydrophilicity, and promotes the early osteogenic response of BMSCs, which makes it a promising treatment for peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangbo Xu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaoting Ling
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Congrui Zhao
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Antian Xu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fuming He
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Dhaliwal JS, Abd Rahman NA, Ming LC, Dhaliwal SKS, Knights J, Albuquerque Junior RF. Microbial Biofilm Decontamination on Dental Implant Surfaces: A Mini Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:736186. [PMID: 34692562 PMCID: PMC8531646 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.736186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction After insertion into the bone, implants osseointegrate, which is required for their long-term success. However, inflammation and infection around the implants may lead to implant failure leading to peri-implantitis and loss of supporting bone, which may eventually lead to failure of implant. Surface chemistry of the implant and lack of cleanliness on the part of the patient are related to peri-implantitis. The only way to get rid of this infection is decontamination of dental implants. Objective This systematic review intended to study decontamination of microbial biofilm methods on titanium implant surfaces used in dentistry. Methods The electronic databases Springer Link, Science Direct, and PubMed were explored from their inception until December 2020 to identify relevant studies. Studies included had to evaluate the efficiency of new strategies either to prevent formation of biofilm or to treat matured biofilm on dental implant surfaces. Results and Discussion In this systematic review, 17 different groups of decontamination methods were summarized from 116 studies. The decontamination methods included coating materials, mechanical cleaning, laser treatment, photodynamic therapy, air polishing, anodizing treatment, radiation, sonication, thermal treatment, ultrasound treatment, chemical treatment, electrochemical treatment, antimicrobial drugs, argon treatment, and probiotics. Conclusion The findings suggest that most of the decontamination methods were effective in preventing the formation of biofilm and in decontaminating established biofilm on dental implants. This narrative review provides a summary of methods for future research in the development of new dental implants and decontamination techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagjit Singh Dhaliwal
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei, Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - Nurul Adhwa Abd Rahman
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei, Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei, Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - Sachinjeet Kaur Sodhi Dhaliwal
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei, Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - Joe Knights
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei, Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
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Hosseinpour S, Nanda A, Walsh LJ, Xu C. Microbial Decontamination and Antibacterial Activity of Nanostructured Titanium Dental Implants: A Narrative Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2336. [PMID: 34578650 PMCID: PMC8471155 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is the major cause of the failure of dental implants. Since dental implants have become one of the main therapies for teeth loss, the number of patients with peri-implant diseases has been rising. Like the periodontal diseases that affect the supporting tissues of the teeth, peri-implant diseases are also associated with the formation of dental plaque biofilm, and resulting inflammation and destruction of the gingival tissues and bone. Treatments for peri-implantitis are focused on reducing the bacterial load in the pocket around the implant, and in decontaminating surfaces once bacteria have been detached. Recently, nanoengineered titanium dental implants have been introduced to improve osteointegration and provide an osteoconductive surface; however, the increased surface roughness raises issues of biofilm formation and more challenging decontamination of the implant surface. This paper reviews treatment modalities that are carried out to eliminate bacterial biofilms and slow their regrowth in terms of their advantages and disadvantages when used on titanium dental implant surfaces with nanoscale features. Such decontamination methods include physical debridement, chemo-mechanical treatments, laser ablation and photodynamic therapy, and electrochemical processes. There is a consensus that the efficient removal of the biofilm supplemented by chemical debridement and full access to the pocket is essential for treating peri-implantitis in clinical settings. Moreover, there is the potential to create ideal nano-modified titanium implants which exert antimicrobial actions and inhibit biofilm formation. Methods to achieve this include structural and surface changes via chemical and physical processes that alter the surface morphology and confer antibacterial properties. These have shown promise in preclinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurence J. Walsh
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (S.H.); (A.N.)
| | - Chun Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (S.H.); (A.N.)
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Investigation of different electrochemical cleaning methods on contaminated healing abutments in vitro: an approach for metal surface decontamination. Int J Implant Dent 2020; 6:64. [PMID: 33161474 PMCID: PMC7648783 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-020-00265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the effects of electrolysis on cleaning the contaminated healing abutment surface and to detect the optimal condition for cleaning the contaminated healing abutment. METHODS Ninety healing abutments removed from patients were placed in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution and randomly divided for electrolysis with 7.5% sodium bicarbonate in the following three different apparatuses (N = 30): two stainless steel electrodes (group I), a copper electrode and a carbon electrode (group II), and two carbon electrodes (group III). The samples were placed on cathode or anode with different electric current (0.5, 1, and 1.5 A) under constant 10 V for 5 min. Electrolyte pH before and after electrolysis were measured. Then, the samples were stained with phloxine B and photographed. The proportion of stained areas was calculated. The surface was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). RESULTS Electrolyte pH decreased after electrolysis at 1 A and 1.5 A in group I and II. Applying cathode at 1 A in group III, the amount of residual contamination was the lowest in all the conditions examined in the present study. SEM images revealed that applying cathode at 1.5 A in group I induced a rough surface from the smooth surface before the treatment. EDS analysis confirmed that the surfaces treated on cathode at 1 A in group III revealed no signs of organic contamination. CONCLUSION Electrolysis of using carbon as electrodes, placing the contaminated healing abutments on cathode, and applying the electric current of 1 A at constant 10 V in 7.5% sodium bicarbonate could completely remove organic contaminants from the surfaces. This optimized electrochemical cleaning method seems to be well worth investigation for the clinical management of peri-implant infections.
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Wang H, Tampio AJF, Xu Y, Nicholas BD, Ren D. Noninvasive Control of Bacterial Biofilms by Wireless Electrostimulation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:727-738. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 329 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, 318 Bowne Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Alex J. F. Tampio
- Department of Otolaryngology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, 241 Campus West, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Yikang Xu
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 329 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, 318 Bowne Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Brian D. Nicholas
- Department of Otolaryngology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, 241 Campus West, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Dacheng Ren
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 329 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, 318 Bowne Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 110 Life Sciences Complex, 107 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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Ratka C, Weigl P, Henrich D, Koch F, Schlee M, Zipprich H. The Effect of In Vitro Electrolytic Cleaning on Biofilm-Contaminated Implant Surfaces. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091397. [PMID: 31500093 PMCID: PMC6780638 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Bacterial biofilms are a major problem in the treatment of infected dental and orthopedic implants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cleaning effect of an electrolytic approach (EC) compared to a powder-spray system (PSS) on titanium surfaces. Materials and Methods: The tested implants (different surfaces and alloys) were collated into six groups and treated ether with EC or PSS. After a mature biofilm was established, the implants were treated, immersed in a nutritional solution, and streaked on Columbia agar. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted after breeding and testing (EC), and control (PSS) groups were compared using a paired sample t-test. Results: No bacterial growth was observed in the EC groups. After thinning to 1:1,000,000, 258.1 ± 19.9 (group 2), 264.4 ± 36.5 (group 4), and 245.3 ± 40.7 (group 6) CFUs could be counted in the PSS groups. The difference between the electrolytic approach (test groups 1, 3, and 5) and PSS (control groups 2, 4, and 6) was statistically extremely significant (p-value < 2.2 × 10−16). Conclusion: Only EC inactivated the bacterial biofilm, and PSS left reproducible bacteria behind. Within the limits of this in vitro test, clinical relevance could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ratka
- Department of Prosthodontics, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Paul Weigl
- Department of Prosthodontics, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma, Hand & Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Felix Koch
- Private Practice, and Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Markus Schlee
- Private Practice, and Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Holger Zipprich
- Department of Prosthodontics, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Benli M, Petit C, Tenenbaum H, Huck O. In vitro Assessment of Peri-implantitis Treatment Procedures: A Review. Open Dent J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210601913010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
The prevalence of peri-implantitis is increasing continuously and such a biological complication significantly decreases implant survival and success. Although various treatment modalities have been identified for peri-implantitis, no completely efficient method has yet been established.
Objective:
The aim of this review was to evaluate the scientific literature regarding the in vitro effects of peri-implantitis treatment.
Methods:
A review of the literature was performed by using Google Scholar, PubMed/ MEDLINE and Science Direct databases. In vitro studies on peri-implantitis treatment modalities were selected. The search strategy identified 57 eligible studies. After selection, 21 articles met all the inclusion criteria and were included in the present review.
Results:
Included in vitro studies evaluated different types of peri-implantitis treatment modalities such as mechanical, chemical, combination and laser therapies. Combination therapies with the aid of adjuvants were found to be more effective compared to the studies that used only one type of treatment modality. Laser systems were also tested and displayed interesting results in terms of surface decontamination with a variability associated with selected parameters.
Conclusion:
This review was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment modalities used for peri-implantitis in vitro. Although there are various effective treatment methods, none has been completely successful in removing the biofilms related to peri-implantitis. The findings imply the need for further studies to develop more effective antimicrobial treatment procedures.
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Segu A, Bijukumar D, Trinh T, Pradhan MN, Xie Q, Cortino S, Mathew MT. Total Eradication of Bacterial Infection in Root Canal Treatment: An Electrochemical Approach. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:2623-2632. [PMID: 33435125 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
According to the American Association of Endodontists, currently 22.3 million endodontic procedures are being performed annually with the success rate of 70-95% and the average survival rate of the root canal procedure is approximately 67% after 5 years and 56% after 8 years. One of the major reason for the failure is relapse of infection. Hence, it is imperative to develop an assistive or alternative method to eradicate the bacterial infection effectively without affecting patient compliance. The application of electrochemistry has been used previously to disinfect catheters and implant disinfection. Hence, the aim of this study is to utilize the principles of electrochemistry to develop a microelectronic device to eradicate bacterial infection for root canal treatment. The electrochemical protocol includes open circuit potential (60 s) and potentiostatic scan at varying voltage (-9 to +2 V) at a different time duration (1-5 min). Enterococcus faecalis in the form of planktonic and biofilm was used in this study. After electrochemical treatment, the bacterial viability was evaluated using alamarBlue assay, colony forming units, confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity evoked by electrochemical voltage in comparison to NaOCl solution was performed using osteoblasts in 2D and 3D cell culture systems. The results of the study show that the application of -2 to +2 V at 1-5 min did not show any significant reduction in bacterial growth. However, the cathodic voltage of -9 V for 5 min showed a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the bacterial count (80-95%). Similar results were obtained from biofilm study, which is more realistic to the in vivo condition. In contrast, the method did not induce cytotoxicity to the cells in 3D culture system (65% viability) in comparison to the highly toxic nature (0% viability) of NaOCl, indicating better patient compliance. Hence, the study provides supporting evidence to develop an electrochemically driven microelectronic device that can be a potential assistive dental instrument for endodontic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijith Segu
- Regenerative Medicine and Disability Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61107, United States
| | - Divya Bijukumar
- Regenerative Medicine and Disability Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61107, United States
| | - Tina Trinh
- Regenerative Medicine and Disability Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61107, United States.,College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Manila Nuchhe Pradhan
- College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Qian Xie
- College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Sukotjo Cortino
- College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Mathew T Mathew
- Regenerative Medicine and Disability Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61107, United States.,College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Schneider S, Rudolph M, Bause V, Terfort A. Electrochemical removal of biofilms from titanium dental implant surfaces. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 121:84-94. [PMID: 29413867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The infection of dental implants may cause severe inflammation of tissue and even bone degradation if not treated. For titanium implants, a new, minimally invasive approach is the electrochemical removal of the biofilms including the disinfection of the metal surface. In this project, several parameters, such as electrode potentials and electrolyte compositions, were varied to understand the underlying mechanisms. Optimal electrolytes contained iodide as well as lactic acid. Electrochemical experiments, such as cyclic voltammetry or measurements of open circuit potentials, were performed in different cell set-ups to distinguish between different possible reactions. At the applied potentials of E < -1.4 V, the hydrogen evolution reaction dominated at the implant surface, effectively lifting off the bacterial films. In addition, several disinfecting species are formed at the anode, such as triiodide and hydrogen peroxide. Ex situ tests with model biofilms of E. coli clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of the respective anolytes in killing the bacteria, as determined by the LIVE/DEAD™ assay. Using optimized electrolysis parameters of 30 s at 7.0 V and 300 mA, a 14-day old wildtype biofilm could be completely removed from dental implants in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schneider
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Rudolph
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vanessa Bause
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Terfort
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Niepa THR, Wang H, Gilbert JL, Ren D. Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells by cathodic electrochemical currents delivered with graphite electrodes. Acta Biomater 2017; 50:344-352. [PMID: 28049020 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major challenge to the treatment of bacterial infections associated with medical devices and biomaterials. One important intrinsic mechanism of such resistance is the formation of persister cells that are phenotypic variants of microorganisms and highly tolerant to antibiotics. Recently, we reported a new approach to eradicating persister cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using low-level direct electrochemical current (DC) and synergy with the antibiotic tobramycin. To further understand the underlying mechanism and develop this technology toward possible medical applications, we investigated the electricidal activities of non-metallic biomaterial on persister and biofilm cells of P. aeruginosa using graphite-based TGON™ 805 electrodes. We employed both single and dual chamber systems to compare electrochemical factors of TGON and stainless steel 304 electrodes. The results revealed that TGON-based treatments were highly effective against P. aeruginosa persister cells. In the single chamber system, complete eradication of planktonic persister cells (corresponding to a 7-log killing) was achieved with 70μA/cm2 DC using TGON electrodes within 40min of treatment, while the cell viability in biofilms was reduced by 2 logs within 1h. The killing effects were dose and time dependent with higher current densities requiring less time. Moreover, reduction reactions were found more effective than oxidation reactions, confirming that metal cations are not indispensable, although they may facilitate cell killing. The findings of this study can help develop electrochemical technologies to eradicate persister and biofilm cells for more effective treatment of medical device and biomaterial associated infections. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Infections associated with medical devices and biomaterials present a major challenge due to high-level tolerance of microbes to conventional antibiotics. It is well established that such tolerance is due to the formation of dormant persister cells and multicellular structures known as biofilms. Recent studies have demonstrated electrochemical treatment as a promising alternative to eradicate bacterial infections, since the killing mechanism is independent of the growth phase of bacterial cells, but relies on various electrochemical species interplaying during the treatment. The current study investigated major bactericidal properties of the electrochemical currents mediated via TGON, a carbon-based electrode material. Up to total eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa persister cells was achieved. The new knowledge of electrochemical properties and the bioactivity of TGON may help develop new methods/devices to eradicate bacterial infections by delivering safe levels of electrochemical currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tagbo H R Niepa
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Jeremy L Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Dacheng Ren
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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13
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Lasserre JF, Toma S, Bourgeois T, El Khatmaoui H, Marichal E, Brecx MC. Influence of low direct electric currents and chlorhexidine upon human dental biofilms. Clin Exp Dent Res 2016; 2:146-154. [PMID: 29744161 PMCID: PMC5839210 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental biofilms have been widely associated with biological complications of oral implants. Currently, no consensus exists regarding the most reliable anti-infective approach to treat peri-implantitis. This study aimed to investigate whether low direct electric currents (DC) could influence chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.2% antimicrobial efficacy against human dental biofilms. To support biofilm accumulation, discs made with machined titanium (Ti) or hydroxyapatite (HA) were used. Five volunteers wore during 24 h an intraoral thermoformed splint on which ten specimens were bonded. Biofilms were then collected and treated ex vivo. During each antimicrobial experiment (N = 20 replicates), two modalities of treatment (CHX/PBS = control groups and CHX/PBS+5mA = test groups) were tested (n = 5 discs each) and the number of viable bacteria evaluated in LogCFU/mL at baseline, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 min. The proportion of killed bacteria was also estimated and compared statistically at each time point between control and test groups. CHX+/-5mA induced a mean viability reduction around 90-95% after 5 min of treatment whatever the surface considered (Ti/HA). A significant difference regarding the bactericidal effect was noted on Ti surfaces after 0.5, 1 and 2 min in favor of the CHX+5mA modality when compared to CHX alone (p < 0.05). PBS+5mA also had a certain antimicrobial effect (58%) after 5 min on Ti surfaces. This effect was significantly higher than that observed with PBS (25%) (p < 0.05). This study showed that low DC (5mA) can have an antibiofilm effect and are also able to enhance chlorhexidine 0.2% efficacy against human dental biofilms grown on titanium surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme F. Lasserre
- Department of Periodontology, School of DentistrySaint‐Luc University Hospital, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Selena Toma
- Department of Periodontology, School of DentistrySaint‐Luc University Hospital, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de MorphologieUniversité catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Thomas Bourgeois
- Department of Periodontology, School of DentistrySaint‐Luc University Hospital, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Hajar El Khatmaoui
- Department of Periodontology, School of DentistrySaint‐Luc University Hospital, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Estelle Marichal
- Department of Periodontology, School of DentistrySaint‐Luc University Hospital, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Michel C. Brecx
- Department of Periodontology, School of DentistrySaint‐Luc University Hospital, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de MorphologieUniversité catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
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14
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Al-Hashedi AA, Laurenti M, Abdallah MN, Albuquerque RF, Tamimi F. Electrochemical Treatment of Contaminated Titanium Surfaces in Vitro: An Approach for Implant Surface Decontamination. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1504-1518. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwaq Ali Al-Hashedi
- Faculty
of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department
of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Wadi Dhaher Road, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Marco Laurenti
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Séneca,
2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohamed-Nur Abdallah
- Faculty
of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Rubens F. Albuquerque
- Faculty
of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 253 Avenida Prof. Dr. Zeferino Vaz, 109 Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Faleh Tamimi
- Faculty
of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
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15
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Thurnheer T, Belibasakis GN. Integration of non-oral bacteria into in vitro oral biofilms. Virulence 2014; 6:258-64. [PMID: 25483866 PMCID: PMC4601515 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.967608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are polymicrobial communities that grow on surfaces in nature. Oral bacteria can spontaneously form biofilms on the surface of teeth, which may compromise the health of the teeth, or their surrounding (periodontal) tissues. While the oral bacteria exhibit high tropism for their specialized ecological niche, it is not clear if bacteria that are not part of the normal oral microbiota can efficiently colonize and grow within oral biofilms. By using an in vitro "supragingival" biofilm model of 6 oral species, this study aimed to investigate if 3 individual bacterial species that are not part of the normal oral microbiota (Eschericia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecails) and one not previously tested oral species (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) can be incorporated into this established supragingival biofilm model. Staphylococcus aureus and A. actinomycetemcomitans were able to grow efficiently in the biofilm, without disrupting the growth of the remaining species. They localized in sparse small aggregates within the biofilm mass. Enterococcus faecalis and E. coli were both able to populate the biofilm at high numbers, and suppressed the growth of A. oris and S. mutants. Enterococcus faecalis was arranged in a chain-like conformation, whereas E. coli was densely and evenly spread throughout the biofilm mass. In conclusion, it is possible for selected species that are not part of the normal oral microbiota to be introduced into an oral biofilm, under the given experimental micro-environmental conditions. Moreover, the equilibrated incorporation of A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. aureus in this oral biofilm model could be a useful tool in the study of aggressive periodontitis and peri-implantitis, in which these organisms are involved, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thurnheer
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios N Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Impact of early colonizers on in vitro subgingival biofilm formation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83090. [PMID: 24340084 PMCID: PMC3855599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of early colonizing species on the structure and the composition of the bacterial community developing in a subgingival 10-species biofilm model system. The model included Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus anginosus, Actinomycesoris, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, Veillonella dispar, Campylobacter rectus, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. Based on literature, we considered Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus anginosus, and Actinomyces oris as early colonizers and examined their role in the biofilms by either a delayed addition to the consortium, or by not inoculating at all the biofilms with these species. We quantitatively evaluated the resulting biofilms by real-time quantitative PCR and further compared the structures using confocal laser scanning microscopy following fluorescence in situ hybridisation. The absence of the early colonizers did not hinder biofilm formation. The biofilms reached the same total counts and developed to normal thickness. However, quantitative shifts in the abundances of individual species were observed. In the absence of streptococci, the overall biofilm structure appeared looser and more dispersed. Moreover, besides a significant increase of P. intermedia and a decrease of P. gingivalis , P. intermedia appeared to form filamented long chains that resembled streptococci. A. oris, although growing to significantly higher abundance in absence of streptococci, did not have a visible impact on the biofilms. Hence, in the absence of the early colonizers, there is a pronounced effect on P. intermedia and P. gingivalis that may cause distinct shifts in the structure of the biofilm. Streptococci possibly facilitate the establishment of P. gingivalis into subgingival biofilms, while in their absence P. intermedia became more dominant and forms elongated chains.
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