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Loreto ES, Tondolo JSM, Zanette RA. Treating Pythiosis with Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Protein Synthesis: An Overview. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:234. [PMID: 38667905 PMCID: PMC11051233 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article explores the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in treating pythiosis, a difficult-to-treat infection caused by Pythium insidiosum. The article highlights the susceptibility of P. insidiosum to antibacterial drugs, such as macrolides, oxazolidinones, and tetracyclines. We examine various studies, including in vitro tests, experimental infection models, and clinical case reports. Based on our synthesis of these findings, we highlight the potential of these drugs in managing pythiosis, primarily when combined with surgical interventions. The review emphasizes the need for personalized treatment strategies and further research to establish standardized testing protocols and optimize therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erico S. Loreto
- Sobresp Faculty of Health Sciences, 520 Appel Street, Santa Maria 97015-030, RS, Brazil;
| | - Juliana S. M. Tondolo
- Sobresp Faculty of Health Sciences, 520 Appel Street, Santa Maria 97015-030, RS, Brazil;
| | - Régis A. Zanette
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil;
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Sterol-Sensing Domain (SSD)-Containing Proteins in Sterol Auxotrophic Phytophthora capsici Mediate Sterol Signaling and Play a Role in Asexual Reproduction and Pathogenicity. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0379722. [PMID: 36629430 PMCID: PMC9927452 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03797-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora species are devastating filamentous plant pathogens that belong to oomycetes, a group of microorganisms similar to fungi in morphology but phylogenetically distinct. They are sterol auxotrophic, but nevertheless exploit exogenous sterols for growth and development. However, as for now the mechanisms underlying sterol utilization in Phytophthora are unknown. In this study, we identified four genes in Phytophthora capsici that encode proteins containing a sterol-sensing domain (SSD), a protein domain of around 180 amino acids comprising five transmembrane segments and known to feature in sterol signaling in animals. Using a modified CRISPR/Cas9 system, we successfully knocked out the four genes named PcSCP1 to PcSCP4 (for P. capsici SSD-containing protein 1 to 4), either individually or sequentially, thereby creating single, double, triple, and quadruple knockout transformants. Results showed that knocking out just one of the four PcSCPs was not sufficient to block sterol signaling. However, the quadruple "all-four" PcSCPs knockout transformants no longer responded to sterol treatment in asexual reproduction, in contrast to wild-type P. capsici that produced zoospores under sterol treatment. Apparently, the four PcSCPs play a key role in sterol signaling in P. capsici with functional redundancy. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the expression of a subset of genes is regulated by exogenous sterols via PcSCPs. Further investigations showed that sterols could stimulate zoospore differentiation via PcSCPs by controlling actin-mediated membrane trafficking. Moreover, the pathogenicity of the "all-four" PcSCPs knockout transformants was significantly decreased and many pathogenicity related genes were downregulated, implying that PcSCPs also contribute to plant-pathogen interaction. IMPORTANCE Phytophthora is an important genus of oomycetes that comprises many destructive plant pathogens. Due to the incompleteness of the sterol synthesis pathway, Phytophthora spp. do not possess the ability to produce sterols. Therefore, these sterol auxotrophic oomycetes need to recruit sterols from the environment such as host plants to support growth and development, which seems crucial during pathogen-plant interactions. However, the mechanisms underlying sterol utilization by Phytophthora spp. remain largely unknown. Here, we show that a family of sterol-sensing domain-containing proteins (SCPs) consisting of four members in P. capsici plays a key role in sterol signaling with functional redundancy. Moreover, these SCPs play a role in different biological processes, including asexual reproduction and pathogenicity. Our study overall revealed the multiple functions of PcSCPs and addressed the question of how exogenous sterols regulate the development of heterothallic Phytophthora spp. via SSD-containing proteins.
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Michels L, Bronkhorst J, Kasteel M, de Jong D, Albada B, Ketelaar T, Govers F, Sprakel J. Molecular sensors reveal the mechano-chemical response of Phytophthora infestans walls and membranes to mechanical and chemical stress. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100071. [PMID: 35059532 PMCID: PMC8760408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of late blight in potato and tomato, remains challenging to control. Unravelling its biomechanics of host invasion, and its response to mechanical and chemical stress, could provide new handles to combat this devastating pathogen. Here we introduce two fluorescent molecular sensors, CWP-BDP and NR12S, that reveal the micromechanical response of the cell wall-plasma membrane continuum in P. infestans during invasive growth and upon chemical treatment. When visualized by live-cell imaging, CWP-BDP reports changes in cell wall (CW) porosity while NR12S reports variations in chemical polarity and lipid order in the plasma membrane (PM). During invasive growth, mechanical interactions between the pathogen and a surface reveal clear and localized changes in the structure of the CW. Moreover, the molecular sensors can reveal the effect of chemical treatment to CW and/or PM, thereby revealing the site-of-action of crop protection agents. This mechano-chemical imaging strategy resolves, non-invasively and with high spatio-temporal resolution, how the CW-PM continuum adapts and responds to abiotic stress, and provides information on the dynamics and location of cellular stress responses for which, to date, no other methods are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Michels
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jochem Bronkhorst
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kasteel
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Djanick de Jong
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bauke Albada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Bronkhorst J, Kots K, de Jong D, Kasteel M, van Boxmeer T, Joemmanbaks T, Govers F, van der Gucht J, Ketelaar T, Sprakel J. An actin mechanostat ensures hyphal tip sharpness in Phytophthora infestans to achieve host penetration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0875. [PMID: 35687685 PMCID: PMC9187236 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous plant pathogens apply mechanical forces to pierce their hosts surface and penetrate its tissues. Devastating Phytophthora pathogens harness a specialized form of invasive tip growth to slice through the plant surface, wielding their hypha as a microscopic knife. Slicing requires a sharp hyphal tip that is not blunted at the site of the mechanical interaction. How tip shape is controlled, however, is unknown. We uncover an actin-based mechanostat in Phytophthora infestans that controls tip sharpness during penetration. Mechanical stimulation of the hypha leads to the emergence of an aster-like actin configuration, which shows fast, local, and quantitative feedback to the local stress. We evidence that this functions as an adaptive mechanical scaffold that sharpens the invasive weapon and prevents it from blunting. The hyphal tip mechanostat enables the efficient conversion of turgor into localized invasive pressures that are required to achieve host penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Bronkhorst
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kiki Kots
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Djanick de Jong
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kasteel
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas van Boxmeer
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Tanweer Joemmanbaks
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jasper van der Gucht
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands
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Goleń J, Tyszka J, Godos K, Janse M. A Model of F-actin Organization in Granuloreticulopodia in Foraminifera: Morphogenetic and Evolutionary Implications from Novel Fluorescent and Polarised Light Observations. Protist 2022; 173:125886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2022.125886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Multinucleate fungi and oomycetes are phylogenetically distant but structurally similar. To address whether they share similar nuclear dynamics, we carried out time-lapse imaging of fluorescently labeled Phytophthora palmivora nuclei. Nuclei underwent coordinated bidirectional movements during plant infection. Within hyphal networks growing in planta or in axenic culture, nuclei either are dragged passively with the cytoplasm or actively become rerouted toward nucleus-depleted hyphal sections and often display a very stretched shape. Benomyl-induced depolymerization of microtubules reduced active movements and the occurrence of stretched nuclei. A centrosome protein localized at the leading end of stretched nuclei, suggesting that, as in fungi, astral microtubule-guided movements contribute to nuclear distribution within oomycete hyphae. The remarkable hydrodynamic shape adaptations of Phytophthora nuclei contrast with those in fungi and likely enable them to migrate over longer distances. Therefore, our work summarizes mechanisms which enable a near-equal nuclear distribution in an oomycete. We provide a basis for computational modeling of hydrodynamic nuclear deformation within branched tubular networks.IMPORTANCE Despite their fungal morphology, oomycetes constitute a distinct group of protists related to brown algae and diatoms. Many oomycetes are pathogens and cause diseases of plants, insects, mammals, and humans. Extensive efforts have been made to understand the molecular basis of oomycete infection, but durable protection against these pathogens is yet to be achieved. We use a plant-pathogenic oomycete to decipher a key physiological aspect of oomycete growth and infection. We show that oomycete nuclei travel actively and over long distances within hyphae and during infection. Such movements require microtubules anchored on the centrosome. Nuclei hydrodynamically adapt their shape to travel in or against the flow. In contrast, fungi lack a centrosome and have much less flexible nuclei. Our findings provide a basis for modeling of flexible nuclear shapes in branched hyphal networks and may help in finding hard-to-evade targets to develop specific antioomycete strategies and achieve durable crop disease protection.
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Mei X, Liu Y, Huang H, Du F, Huang L, Wu J, Li Y, Zhu S, Yang M. Benzothiazole inhibits the growth of Phytophthora capsici through inducing apoptosis and suppressing stress responses and metabolic detoxification. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 154:7-16. [PMID: 30765059 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole (BZO) is an antimicrobial secondary metabolite volatilized by many plants and microbes. However, the mechanism of BZO against phytopathogens is still unclear. Here, we found that BZO has antimicrobial activity against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Transcriptome and proteome analyses demonstrated that BZO significantly suppressed the expression of genes and proteins involved in morphology, abiotic stress defense and detoxification, but induced the activity of apoptosis. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining confirmed that the process of apoptosis was significantly induced by BZO at concentration of 150 mg L-1. FITC-phalloidin actin-cytoskeleton staining combined with hyphal cell wall staining and hyphal ultrastructure studies further confirmed that BZO disrupted the cell membrane and hyphal morphology through disrupting the cytoskeleton, eventually inhibiting the growth of hyphae. These data demonstrated that BZO has multiple modes of action and may act as potential leading compound for the development of new oomycete fungicides. These results also showed that the combination of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches was a useful method for exploring the novel antifungal mechanisms of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Huichuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Fei Du
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lanlin Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jiaqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
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The Phytophthora infestans Haustorium Is a Site for Secretion of Diverse Classes of Infection-Associated Proteins. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01216-18. [PMID: 30154258 PMCID: PMC6113627 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01216-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many different classes of proteins secreted from Phytophthora infestans that may influence or facilitate infection. Elucidating where and how they are secreted during infection is an important step toward developing methods to control their delivery processes. We used an inhibitor of conventional secretion to identify the following different classes of infection-associated extracellular proteins: cell wall-degrading and cell wall-modifying enzymes, microbe-associated molecular pattern-like proteins that may elicit immune responses, and apoplastic effectors that are predicted to suppress immunity. In contrast, secretion of a cytoplasmic effector that is translocated into host cells is nonconventional, as it is insensitive to inhibitor treatment. This evidence further supports the finding that proteins that are active in the apoplast and effector proteins that are active in the host cytoplasm are differentially secreted by P. infestans. Critically, it demonstrates that a disease-specific developmental structure, the haustorium, is a major secretion site for diverse protein classes during infection. The oomycete potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans secretes a diverse set of proteins to manipulate host plant immunity. However, there is limited knowledge about how and where they are secreted during infection. Here we used the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi secretion pathway inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA) in combination with liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify extracellular proteins from P. infestans that were conventionally secreted from in vitro-cultured hyphae. We identified 19 proteins with predicted signal peptides that potentially influence plant interactions for which secretion was attenuated by BFA. In addition to inhibition by the apoplastic effector EPIC1, a cysteine protease inhibitor, we show that secretion of the cell wall-degrading pectinesterase enzyme PE1 and the microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-like elicitin INF4 was inhibited by BFA in vitro and in planta, demonstrating that these proteins are secreted by the conventional, Golgi-mediated pathway. For comparison, secretion of a cytoplasmic RXLR (Arg-[any amino acid]-Leu-Arg) effector, Pi22926, was not inhibited by BFA. During infection, whereas INF4 accumulated outside the plant cell, RXLR effector Pi22926 entered the plant cell and accumulated in the nucleus. The P. infestans effectors, the PE1 enzyme, and INF4 were all secreted from haustoria, pathogen structures that penetrate the plant cell wall to form an intimate interaction with the host plasma membrane. Our findings show the haustorium to be a major site of both conventional and nonconventional secretion of proteins with diverse functions during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan van den Hoogen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Zhang L, Ni H, Du X, Wang S, Ma XW, Nürnberger T, Guo HS, Hua C. The Verticillium-specific protein VdSCP7 localizes to the plant nucleus and modulates immunity to fungal infections. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:368-381. [PMID: 28407259 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens secrete effector proteins to suppress plant basal defense for successful colonization. Resistant plants, however, can recognize effectors by cognate R proteins to induce effector-triggered immunity (ETI). By analyzing secretomes of the vascular fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae, we identified a novel secreted protein VdSCP7 that targets the plant nucleus. The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged VdSCP7 gene with either a mutated nuclear localization signal motif or with additional nuclear export signal was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, and investigated for induction of plant immunity. The role of VdSCP7 in V. dahliae pathogenicity was characterized by gene knockout and complementation, and GFP labeling. Expression of the VdSCP7 gene in N. benthamiana activated both salicylic acid and jasmonate signaling, and altered the plant's susceptibility to the pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Phytophthora capsici. The immune response activated by VdSCP7 was highly dependent on its initial extracellular secretion and subsequent nuclear localization in plants. Knockout of the VdSCP7 gene significantly enhanced V. dahliae aggressiveness on cotton. GFP-labeled VdSCP7 is secreted by V. dahliae and accumulates in the plant nucleus. We conclude that VdSCP7 is a novel effector protein that targets the host nucleus to modulate plant immunity, and suggest that plants can recognize VdSCP7 to activate ETI during fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany
| | - Hao Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenlei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany
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11
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Abstract
The eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic framework that is involved in many biological processes, such as cell growth, division, morphology, and motility. G-actin polymerizes into microfilaments that associate into bundles, patches, and networks, which, in turn, organize into higher order structures that are fundamental for the course of important physiological events. Actin rings are an example for such higher order actin entities, but this term represents an actually diverse set of subcellular structures that are involved in various processes. This review especially sheds light on a crucial type of non-constricting ring-like actin networks, and categorizes them under the term 'actin fringe'. These 'actin fringes' are visualized as highly dynamic and yet steady structures in the tip of various polarized growing cells. The present comprehensive overview compares the actin fringe characteristics of rapidly elongating pollen tubes with several related actin arrays in other cell types of diverse species. The current state of knowledge about various actin fringe functions is summarized, and the key role of this structure in the polar growth process is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian O H Stephan
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bavaria 91058, Germany
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Whisson SC, Boevink PC, Wang S, Birch PR. The cell biology of late blight disease. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 34:127-135. [PMID: 27723513 PMCID: PMC5340842 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Phytophthora haustorium is a major site of secretion during infection. The host endocytic cycle contributes to biogenesis of the Extra-Haustorial Membrane. RXLR effectors manipulate host processes at diverse subcellular locations. They directly manipulate the activity or location of immune proteins. They also promote the activity of endogenous negative regulators of immunity.
Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is a major global disease of potato and tomato. Cell biology is teaching us much about the developmental stages associated with infection, especially the haustorium, which is a site of intimate interaction and molecular exchange between pathogen and host. Recent observations suggest a role for the plant endocytic cycle in specific recruitment of host proteins to the Extra-Haustorial Membrane, emphasising the unique nature of this membrane compartment. In addition, there has been a strong focus on the activities of RXLR effectors, which are delivered into plant cells to modulate and manipulate host processes. RXLR effectors interact directly with diverse plant proteins at a range of subcellular locations to promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Whisson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul Rj Birch
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
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Filamentous actin accumulates during plant cell penetration and cell wall plug formation in Phytophthora infestans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:909-920. [PMID: 27714409 PMCID: PMC5306229 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
The oomycete Phytophthora infestans is the cause of late blight in potato and tomato. It is a devastating pathogen and there is an urgent need to design alternative strategies to control the disease. To find novel potential drug targets, we used Lifeact-eGFP expressing P. infestans for high resolution live cell imaging of the actin cytoskeleton in various developmental stages. Previously, we identified actin plaques as structures that are unique for oomycetes. Here we describe two additional novel actin configurations; one associated with plug deposition in germ tubes and the other with appressoria, infection structures formed prior to host cell penetration. Plugs are composed of cell wall material that is deposited in hyphae emerging from cysts to seal off the cytoplasm-depleted base after cytoplasm retraction towards the growing tip. Preceding plug formation there was a typical local actin accumulation and during plug deposition actin remained associated with the leading edge. In appressoria, formed either on an artificial surface or upon contact with plant cells, we observed a novel aster-like actin configuration that was localized at the contact point with the surface. Our findings strongly suggest a role for the actin cytoskeleton in plug formation and plant cell penetration.
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14
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Schultzhaus Z, Quintanilla L, Hilton A, Shaw BD. Live Cell Imaging of Actin Dynamics in the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus nidulans. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:264-274. [PMID: 26879694 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyphal cells of filamentous fungi grow at their tips in a method analogous to pollen tube and root hair elongation. This process, generally referred to as tip growth, requires precise regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, and characterizing the various actin structures in these cell types is currently an active area of research. Here, the actin marker Lifeact was used to document actin dynamics in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Contractile double rings were observed at septa, and annular clusters of puncta were seen subtending growing hyphal tips, corresponding to the well-characterized subapical endocytic collar. However, Lifeact also revealed two additional structures. One, an apical array, was dynamic on the face opposite the tip, while a subapical web was dynamic on the apical face and was located several microns behind the growth site. Each was observed turning into the other over time, implying that they could represent different localizations of the same structure, although hyphae with a subapical web grew faster than those exhibiting an apical array. The subapical web has not been documented in any filamentous fungus to date, and is separate from the networks of F-actin seen in other tip-growing organisms surrounding septa or stationary along the plasmalemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Schultzhaus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology,Texas A&M University,College Station,TX 77843,USA
| | - Laura Quintanilla
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology,Texas A&M University,College Station,TX 77843,USA
| | - Angelyn Hilton
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology,Texas A&M University,College Station,TX 77843,USA
| | - Brian D Shaw
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology,Texas A&M University,College Station,TX 77843,USA
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15
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Zhu C, Yang X, Lv R, Li Z, Ding X, Tyler BM, Zhang X. Phytophthora capsici homologue of the cell cycle regulator SDA1 is required for sporangial morphology, mycelial growth and plant infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:369-87. [PMID: 26095317 PMCID: PMC6638425 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
SDA1 encodes a highly conserved protein that is widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms. SDA1 is essential for cell cycle progression and organization of the actin cytoskeleton in yeasts and humans. In this study, we identified a Phytophthora capsici orthologue of yeast SDA1, named PcSDA1. In P. capsici, PcSDA1 is strongly expressed in three asexual developmental states (mycelium, sporangia and germinating cysts), as well as late in infection. Silencing or overexpression of PcSDA1 in P. capsici transformants affected the growth of hyphae and sporangiophores, sporangial development, cyst germination and zoospore release. Phalloidin staining confirmed that PcSDA1 is required for organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and PcSDA1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions revealed that PcSDA1 is involved in the regulation of nuclear distribution in hyphae and sporangia. Both silenced and overexpression transformants showed severely diminished virulence. Thus, our results suggest that PcSDA1 plays a similar role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and nuclear division in this filamentous organism as in non-filamentous yeasts and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Rongfei Lv
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Xiuguo Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
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16
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Overdijk EJR, DE Keijzer J, DE Groot D, Schoina C, Bouwmeester K, Ketelaar T, Govers F. Interaction between the moss Physcomitrella patens and Phytophthora: a novel pathosystem for live-cell imaging of subcellular defence. J Microsc 2016; 263:171-80. [PMID: 27027911 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Live-cell imaging of plant-pathogen interactions is often hampered by the tissue complexity and multicell layered nature of the host. Here, we established a novel pathosystem with the moss Physcomitrella patens as host for Phytophthora. The tip-growing protonema cells of this moss are ideal for visualizing interactions with the pathogen over time using high-resolution microscopy. We tested four Phytophthora species for their ability to infect P. patens and showed that P. sojae and P. palmivora were only rarely capable to infect P. patens. In contrast, P. infestans and P. capsici frequently and successfully penetrated moss protonemal cells, showed intracellular hyphal growth and formed sporangia. Next to these successful invasions, many penetration attempts failed. Here the pathogen was blocked by a barrier of cell wall material deposited in papilla-like structures, a defence response that is common in higher plants. Another common response is the upregulation of defence-related genes upon infection and also in moss we observed this upregulation in tissues infected with Phytophthora. For more advanced analyses of the novel pathosystem we developed a special set-up that allowed live-cell imaging of subcellular defence processes by high-resolution microscopy. With this set-up, we revealed that Phytophthora infection of moss induces repositioning of the nucleus, accumulation of cytoplasm and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, but not of microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysa J R Overdijk
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen DE Keijzer
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah DE Groot
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charikleia Schoina
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Kamoun S, Furzer O, Jones JDG, Judelson HS, Ali GS, Dalio RJD, Roy SG, Schena L, Zambounis A, Panabières F, Cahill D, Ruocco M, Figueiredo A, Chen XR, Hulvey J, Stam R, Lamour K, Gijzen M, Tyler BM, Grünwald NJ, Mukhtar MS, Tomé DFA, Tör M, Van Den Ackerveken G, McDowell J, Daayf F, Fry WE, Lindqvist-Kreuze H, Meijer HJG, Petre B, Ristaino J, Yoshida K, Birch PRJ, Govers F. The Top 10 oomycete pathogens in molecular plant pathology. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:413-34. [PMID: 25178392 PMCID: PMC6638381 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oomycetes form a deep lineage of eukaryotic organisms that includes a large number of plant pathogens which threaten natural and managed ecosystems. We undertook a survey to query the community for their ranking of plant-pathogenic oomycete species based on scientific and economic importance. In total, we received 263 votes from 62 scientists in 15 countries for a total of 33 species. The Top 10 species and their ranking are: (1) Phytophthora infestans; (2, tied) Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis; (2, tied) Phytophthora ramorum; (4) Phytophthora sojae; (5) Phytophthora capsici; (6) Plasmopara viticola; (7) Phytophthora cinnamomi; (8, tied) Phytophthora parasitica; (8, tied) Pythium ultimum; and (10) Albugo candida. This article provides an introduction to these 10 taxa and a snapshot of current research. We hope that the list will serve as a benchmark for future trends in oomycete research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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18
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Hua C, Kots K, Ketelaar T, Govers F, Meijer HJG. Effect of Flumorph on F-Actin Dynamics in the Potato Late Blight Pathogen Phytophthora infestans. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:419-423. [PMID: 25496300 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-14-0119-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oomycetes are fungal-like pathogens that cause notorious diseases. Protecting crops against oomycetes requires regular spraying with chemicals, many with an unknown mode of action. In the 1990s, flumorph was identified as a novel crop protection agent. It was shown to inhibit the growth of oomycete pathogens including Phytophthora spp., presumably by targeting actin. We recently generated transgenic Phytophthora infestans strains that express Lifeact-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), which enabled us to monitor the actin cytoskeleton during hyphal growth. For analyzing effects of oomicides on the actin cytoskeleton in vivo, the P. infestans Lifeact-eGFP strain is an excellent tool. Here, we confirm that flumorph is an oomicide with growth inhibitory activity. Microscopic analyses showed that low flumorph concentrations provoked hyphal tip swellings accompanied by accumulation of actin plaques in the apex, a feature reminiscent of tips of nongrowing hyphae. At higher concentrations, swelling was more pronounced and accompanied by an increase in hyphal bursting events. However, in hyphae that remained intact, actin filaments were indistinguishable from those in nontreated, nongrowing hyphae. In contrast, in hyphae treated with the actin depolymerizing drug latrunculin B, no hyphal bursting was observed but the actin filaments were completely disrupted. This difference demonstrates that actin is not the primary target of flumorph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlei Hua
- First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: Laboratory of Phytopathology, and second and third authors: Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; and fourth author: Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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