1
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Omoda A, Matsumoto K, Yoshino KI, Tachibana M, Tsuboi T, Torii M, Ishino T, Iriko H. Skeleton binding protein 1 localizes to the Maurer's cleft and interacts with PfHSP70-1 and PfHSP70-x in Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte-infected erythrocytes. Parasitol Int 2024; 100:102864. [PMID: 38331312 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum accounts for the majority of malaria deaths, due to pathology provoked by the ability of infected erythrocytes to adhere to vascular endothelium within deep tissues. The parasite recognizes endothelium by trafficking and displaying protein ligands on the surface of asexual stage infected erythrocytes, such as members of the large family of pathogenic proteins, P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). Parasite-encoded skeleton binding protein 1 (SBP1) plays an important role in the transport of these binding-related surface proteins, via cleft-like membranous structures termed Maurer's clefts, which are present within the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes. Erythrocytes infected with gametocyte stages accumulate in the extravascular compartment of bone marrow; and it was suggested that their surface-expressed adhesion molecule profile and protein trafficking mechanisms might differ from those in asexual stage parasites. Protein trafficking mechanisms via Maurer's clefts have been well investigated in asexual stage parasite-infected erythrocytes; but little is known regarding the gametocyte stages. In this study, we characterized SBP1 during gametocyte maturation and demonstrated that SBP1 is expressed and localizes to dot-like Maurer's cleft structures in the cytoplasm of gametocyte-infected erythrocytes. Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry assays indicated that SBP1 interacts with the molecular chaperones PfHSP70-1 and PfHSP70-x. Localization analysis suggested that some PfHSP70-1 and/or PfHSP70-x localize in a dot-like pattern within the cytoplasm of immature gametocyte-infected erythrocytes. These findings suggest that SBP1 may interact with HSP70 chaperones in the infected erythrocyte cytoplasm during the immature gametocyte stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Omoda
- Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Konomi Matsumoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Mayumi Tachibana
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Motomi Torii
- Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishino
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iriko
- Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
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2
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Ling DB, Nguyen W, Looker O, Razook Z, McCann K, Barry AE, Scheurer C, Wittlin S, Famodimu MT, Delves MJ, Bullen HE, Crabb BS, Sleebs BE, Gilson PR. A Pyridyl-Furan Series Developed from the Open Global Health Library Block Red Blood Cell Invasion and Protein Trafficking in Plasmodium falciparum through Potential Inhibition of the Parasite's PI4KIIIB Enzyme. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1695-1710. [PMID: 37639221 PMCID: PMC10496428 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
With the resistance increasing to current antimalarial medicines, there is an urgent need to discover new drug targets and to develop new medicines against these targets. We therefore screened the Open Global Health Library of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, of 250 compounds against the asexual blood stage of the deadliest malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum, from which eight inhibitors with low micromolar potency were found. Due to its combined potencies against parasite growth and inhibition of red blood cell invasion, the pyridyl-furan compound OGHL250 was prioritized for further optimization. The potency of the series lead compound (WEHI-518) was improved 250-fold to low nanomolar levels against parasite blood-stage growth. Parasites selected for resistance to a related compound, MMV396797, were also resistant to WEHI-518 as well as KDU731, an inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol kinase PfPI4KIIIB, suggesting that this kinase is the target of the pyridyl-furan series. Inhibition of PfPI4KIIIB blocks multiple stages of the parasite's life cycle and other potent inhibitors are currently under preclinical development. MMV396797-resistant parasites possess an E1316D mutation in PfPKI4IIIB that clusters with known resistance mutations of other inhibitors of the kinase. Building upon earlier studies that showed that PfPI4KIIIB inhibitors block the development of the invasive merozoite parasite stage, we show that members of the pyridyl-furan series also block invasion and/or the conversion of merozoites into ring-stage intracellular parasites through inhibition of protein secretion and export into red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawson B. Ling
- Burnet Institute,
Melbourne, Victoria3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria3010,
Australia
| | - William Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of
Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria3052,
Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The
University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria3010,
Australia
| | - Oliver Looker
- Burnet Institute,
Melbourne, Victoria3004, Australia
| | - Zahra Razook
- Burnet Institute,
Melbourne, Victoria3004, Australia
- School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and
Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University,
Waurn Ponds, Victoria3216, Australia
| | - Kirsty McCann
- Burnet Institute,
Melbourne, Victoria3004, Australia
- School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and
Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University,
Waurn Ponds, Victoria3216, Australia
| | - Alyssa E. Barry
- Burnet Institute,
Melbourne, Victoria3004, Australia
- School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and
Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University,
Waurn Ponds, Victoria3216, Australia
| | - Christian Scheurer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health
Institute, Allschwil, 4123Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel,
4001Switzerland
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health
Institute, Allschwil, 4123Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel,
4001Switzerland
| | - Mufuliat Toyin Famodimu
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious
Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Kepel
Street, London, WC1E 7HT, U.K.
| | - Michael J Delves
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious
Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Kepel
Street, London, WC1E 7HT, U.K.
| | - Hayley E. Bullen
- Burnet Institute,
Melbourne, Victoria3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria3010,
Australia
| | - Brendan S. Crabb
- Burnet Institute,
Melbourne, Victoria3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria3010,
Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology,
Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria3800,
Australia
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of
Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria3052,
Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The
University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria3010,
Australia
| | - Paul R. Gilson
- Burnet Institute,
Melbourne, Victoria3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria3010,
Australia
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3
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Cortés GT, Wiser MF, Gómez-Alegría CJ. Identification of Plasmodium falciparum HSP70-2 as a resident of the Plasmodium export compartment. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04037. [PMID: 32529065 PMCID: PMC7276435 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The malarial parasite remodels the host erythrocyte following invasion. Well-known examples are adhesive proteins inserted into the host erythrocyte membrane, which function as virulence factors. The modification of the host erythrocyte may be mediated by a specialized domain of the endoplasmic reticulum, or Plasmodium export compartment (PEC). Previously, monoclonal antibodies recognizing the PEC were generated and one of these monoclonal antibodies recognize a 68 kDa parasite protein. In this study, the 68 kDa protein was affinity purified and analyzed by peptide mapping using mass spectrometry. The results demonstrate that the 68 kDa protein is the P. falciparum homolog of the endoplasmic reticulum resident HSP70 called PfHSP70-2. This finding is consistent with the PEC being a domain of the endoplasmic reticulum and suggests a role for PfHSP70-2 in the export of Plasmodium proteins into the host erythrocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys T Cortés
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Equipos Comunes, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 45 No. 30-03, Edificio 471, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mark F Wiser
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Claudio J Gómez-Alegría
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Grupo UNIMOL, Colombia
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4
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Andersson A, Kudva R, Magoulopoulou A, Lejarre Q, Lara P, Xu P, Goel S, Pissi J, Ru X, Hessa T, Wahlgren M, von Heijne G, Nilsson I, Tellgren-Roth Å. Membrane integration and topology of RIFIN and STEVOR proteins of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. FEBS J 2019; 287:2744-2762. [PMID: 31821735 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The malarial parasite Plasmodium exports its own proteins to the cell surfaces of red blood cells (RBCs) during infection. Examples of exported proteins include members of the repetitive interspersed family (RIFIN) and subtelomeric variable open reading frame (STEVOR) family of proteins from Plasmodium falciparum. The presence of these parasite-derived proteins on surfaces of infected RBCs triggers the adhesion of infected cells to uninfected cells (rosetting) and to the vascular endothelium potentially obstructing blood flow. While there is a fair amount of information on the localization of these proteins on the cell surfaces of RBCs, less is known about how they can be exported to the membrane and the topologies they can adopt during the process. The first step of export is plausibly the cotranslational insertion of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the parasite, and here, we investigate the insertion of three RIFIN and two STEVOR proteins into the ER membrane. We employ a well-established experimental system that uses N-linked glycosylation of sites within the protein as a measure to assess the extent of membrane insertion and the topology it assumes when inserted into the ER membrane. Our results indicate that for all the proteins tested, transmembranes (TMs) 1 and 3 integrate into the membrane, so that the protein assumes an overall topology of Ncyt-Ccyt. We also show that the segment predicted to be TM2 for each of the proteins likely does not reside in the membrane, but is translocated to the lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Andersson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Renuka Kudva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Magoulopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Quentin Lejarre
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Patricia Lara
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Peibo Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Suchi Goel
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Pissi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Xing Ru
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Tara Hessa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gunnar von Heijne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden.,Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - IngMarie Nilsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Åsa Tellgren-Roth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
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5
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Daniyan MO, Przyborski JM, Shonhai A. Partners in Mischief: Functional Networks of Heat Shock Proteins of Plasmodium falciparum and Their Influence on Parasite Virulence. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E295. [PMID: 31340488 PMCID: PMC6681276 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum under the physiologically distinct environments associated with their development in the cold-blooded invertebrate mosquito vectors and the warm-blooded vertebrate human host requires a genome that caters to adaptability. To this end, a robust stress response system coupled to an efficient protein quality control system are essential features of the parasite. Heat shock proteins constitute the main molecular chaperone system of the cell, accounting for approximately two percent of the malaria genome. Some heat shock proteins of parasites constitute a large part (5%) of the 'exportome' (parasite proteins that are exported to the infected host erythrocyte) that modify the host cell, promoting its cyto-adherence. In light of their importance in protein folding and refolding, and thus the survival of the parasite, heat shock proteins of P. falciparum have been a major subject of study. Emerging evidence points to their role not only being cyto-protection of the parasite, as they are also implicated in regulating parasite virulence. In undertaking their roles, heat shock proteins operate in networks that involve not only partners of parasite origin, but also potentially functionally associate with human proteins to facilitate parasite survival and pathogenicity. This review seeks to highlight these interplays and their roles in parasite pathogenicity. We further discuss the prospects of targeting the parasite heat shock protein network towards the developments of alternative antimalarial chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Daniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State 220005, Nigeria.
| | - Jude M Przyborski
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, University of Heidelberg Medical School, INF324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, University of Venda, P. Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
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6
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Lee WC, Russell B, Rénia L. Sticking for a Cause: The Falciparum Malaria Parasites Cytoadherence Paradigm. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1444. [PMID: 31316507 PMCID: PMC6610498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After a successful invasion, malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum extensively remodels the infected erythrocyte cellular architecture, conferring cytoadhesive properties to the infected erythrocytes. Cytoadherence plays a central role in the parasite's immune-escape mechanism, at the same time contributing to the pathogenesis of severe falciparum malaria. In this review, we discuss the cytoadhesive interactions between P. falciparum infected erythrocytes and various host cell types, and how these events are linked to malaria pathogenesis. We also highlight the limitations faced by studies attempting to correlate diversity in parasite ligands and host receptors with the development of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenn-Chyau Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Matthews KM, Pitman EL, de Koning-Ward TF. Illuminating how malaria parasites export proteins into host erythrocytes. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13009. [PMID: 30656810 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites that cause the disease malaria have developed an elaborate trafficking pathway to facilitate the export of hundreds of effector proteins into their host cell, the erythrocyte. In this review, we outline how certain effector proteins contribute to parasite survival, virulence, and immune evasion. We also highlight how parasite proteins destined for export are recognised at the endoplasmic reticulum to facilitate entry into the export pathway and how the effector proteins are able to transverse the bounding parasitophorous vaculoar membrane via the Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins to gain access to the host cell. Some of the gaps in our understanding of the export pathway are also presented. Finally, we examine the degree of conservation of some of the key components of the Plasmodium export pathway in closely related apicomplexan parasites, which may provide insight into how the diverse apicomplexan parasites have adapted to survival pressures encountered within their respective host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ethan L Pitman
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Boonyalai N, Collins CR, Hackett F, Withers-Martinez C, Blackman MJ. Essentiality of Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsin V. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207621. [PMID: 30517136 PMCID: PMC6281190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite replicates within erythrocytes. The pathogenesis of clinical malaria is in large part due to the capacity of the parasite to remodel its host cell. To do this, intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum export more than 300 proteins that dramatically alter the morphology of the infected erythrocyte as well as its mechanical and adhesive properties. P. falciparum plasmepsin V (PfPMV) is an aspartic protease that processes proteins for export into the host erythrocyte and is thought to play a key role in parasite virulence and survival. However, although standard techniques for gene disruption as well as conditional protein knockdown have been previously attempted with the pfpmv gene, complete gene removal or knockdown was not achieved so direct genetic proof that PMV is an essential protein has not been established. Here we have used a conditional gene excision approach combining CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and DiCre-mediated recombination to functionally inactivate the pfpmv gene. The resulting mutant parasites displayed a severe growth defect. Detailed phenotypic analysis showed that development of the mutant parasites was arrested early in the ring-to-trophozoite transition in the erythrocytic cycle following gene excision. Our findings are the first to elucidate the effects of PMV gene disruption, showing that it is essential for parasite viability in asexual blood stages. The mutant parasites can now be used as a platform to further dissect the Plasmodium protein export pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonlawat Boonyalai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (NB), ; (MJB)
| | - Christine R. Collins
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Hackett
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael J. Blackman
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (NB), ; (MJB)
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9
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Tribensky A, Graf AW, Diehl M, Fleck W, Przyborski JM. Trafficking of PfExp1 to the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane of Plasmodium falciparum is independent of protein folding and the PTEX translocon. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 27892646 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Having entered the mature human erythrocyte, the malaria parasite survives and propagates within a parasitophorous vacuole, a membrane-bound compartment separating the parasite from the host cell cytosol. The bounding membrane of this vacuole, referred to as the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM), contains parasite-encoded proteins, but how these membrane proteins are trafficked to the PVM remains unknown. Here, we have studied the trafficking of PfExp1 to the PVM. We find that trafficking of PfExp1 to the PVM is independent of the folding state of the protein and also continues unabated upon inactivation of the PVM translocon Plasmodium Translocon of Exported proteins (PTEX). Our data strongly suggest that the trafficking of membrane proteins to the PVM occurs by as yet unknown mechanism, potentially unique to Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Tribensky
- Department of Parasitology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas W Graf
- Department of Parasitology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Diehl
- Department of Parasitology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Fleck
- Department of Parasitology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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10
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Chan JA, Howell KB, Langer C, Maier AG, Hasang W, Rogerson SJ, Petter M, Chesson J, Stanisic DI, Duffy MF, Cooke BM, Siba PM, Mueller I, Bull PC, Marsh K, Fowkes FJI, Beeson JG. A single point in protein trafficking by Plasmodium falciparum determines the expression of major antigens on the surface of infected erythrocytes targeted by human antibodies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4141-58. [PMID: 27193441 PMCID: PMC5042999 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to blood-stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum play a pivotal role in human immunity to malaria. During parasite development, multiple proteins are trafficked from the intracellular parasite to the surface of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs). However, the relative importance of different proteins as targets of acquired antibodies, and key pathways involved in trafficking major antigens remain to be clearly defined. We quantified antibodies to surface antigens among children, adults, and pregnant women from different malaria-exposed regions. We quantified the importance of antigens as antibody targets using genetically engineered P. falciparum with modified surface antigen expression. Genetic deletion of the trafficking protein skeleton-binding protein-1 (SBP1), which is involved in trafficking the surface antigen PfEMP1, led to a dramatic reduction in antibody recognition of IEs and the ability of human antibodies to promote opsonic phagocytosis of IEs, a key mechanism of parasite clearance. The great majority of antibody epitopes on the IE surface were SBP1-dependent. This was demonstrated using parasite isolates with different genetic or phenotypic backgrounds, and among antibodies from children, adults, and pregnant women in different populations. Comparisons of antibody reactivity to parasite isolates with SBP1 deletion or inhibited PfEMP1 expression suggest that PfEMP1 is the dominant target of acquired human antibodies, and that other P. falciparum IE surface proteins are minor targets. These results establish SBP1 as part of a critical pathway for the trafficking of major surface antigens targeted by human immunity, and have key implications for vaccine development, and quantifying immunity in populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Anne Chan
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine B Howell
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine Langer
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Alexander G Maier
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Wina Hasang
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michaela Petter
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne Chesson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Michael F Duffy
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian M Cooke
- Programs in Infection and Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter M Siba
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter C Bull
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Kevin Marsh
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Freya J I Fowkes
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Public Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine and Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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11
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Gilson PR, Chisholm SA, Crabb BS, de Koning-Ward TF. Host cell remodelling in malaria parasites: a new pool of potential drug targets. Int J Parasitol 2016; 47:119-127. [PMID: 27368610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
When in their human hosts, malaria parasites spend most of their time housed within vacuoles inside erythrocytes and hepatocytes. The parasites extensively modify their host cells to obtain nutrients, prevent host cell breakdown and avoid the immune system. To perform these modifications, malaria parasites export hundreds of effector proteins into their host cells and this process is best understood in the most lethal species to infect humans, Plasmodium falciparum. The effector proteins are synthesized within the parasite and following a proteolytic cleavage event in the endoplasmic reticulum and sorting of mature proteins into the correct vesicular trafficking pathway, they are transported to the parasite surface and released into the vacuole. The effector proteins are then unfolded before extrusion across the vacuole membrane by a unique translocon complex called Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins. After gaining access to the erythrocyte cytoplasm many effector proteins continue their journey to the erythrocyte surface by utilising various membranous structures established by the parasite. This complex trafficking pathway and a large number of the effector proteins are unique to Plasmodium parasites. This pathway could, therefore, be developed as new drug targets given that protein export and the functional role of these proteins are essential for parasite survival. This review explores known and potential drug targetable steps in the protein export pathway and strategies for discovering novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | - Brendan S Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Elsworth B, Sanders PR, Nebl T, Batinovic S, Kalanon M, Nie CQ, Charnaud SC, Bullen HE, de Koning Ward TF, Tilley L, Crabb BS, Gilson PR. Proteomic analysis reveals novel proteins associated with the Plasmodium protein exporter PTEX and a loss of complex stability upon truncation of the core PTEX component, PTEX150. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1551-1569. [PMID: 27019089 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium translocon for exported proteins (PTEX) has been established as the machinery responsible for the translocation of all classes of exported proteins beyond the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane of the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite. Protein export, particularly in the asexual blood stage, is crucial for parasite survival as exported proteins are involved in remodelling the host cell, an essential process for nutrient uptake, waste removal and immune evasion. Here, we have truncated the conserved C-terminus of one of the essential PTEX components, PTEX150, in Plasmodium falciparum in an attempt to create mutants of reduced functionality. Parasites tolerated C-terminal truncations of up to 125 amino acids with no reduction in growth, protein export or the establishment of new permeability pathways. Quantitative proteomic approaches however revealed a decrease in other PTEX subunits associating with PTEX150 in truncation mutants, suggesting a role for the C-terminus of PTEX150 in regulating PTEX stability. Our analyses also reveal three previously unreported PTEX-associated proteins, namely PV1, Pf113 and Hsp70-x (respective PlasmoDB numbers; PF3D7_1129100, PF3D7_1420700 and PF3D7_0831700) and demonstrate that core PTEX proteins exist in various distinct multimeric forms outside the major complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Elsworth
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Paul R Sanders
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Thomas Nebl
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Steven Batinovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Catherine Q Nie
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Sarah C Charnaud
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Hayley E Bullen
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | | | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan S Crabb
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul R Gilson
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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13
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Mata-Cantero L, Azkargorta M, Aillet F, Xolalpa W, LaFuente MJ, Elortza F, Carvalho AS, Martin-Plaza J, Matthiesen R, Rodriguez MS. New insights into host-parasite ubiquitin proteome dynamics in P. falciparum infected red blood cells using a TUBEs-MS approach. J Proteomics 2016; 139:45-59. [PMID: 26972027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), ranks as one of the most baleful infectious diseases worldwide. New antimalarial treatments are needed to face existing or emerging drug resistant strains. Protein degradation appears to play a significant role during the asexual intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC) of P. falciparum. Inhibition of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), a major intracellular proteolytic pathway, effectively reduces infection and parasite replication. P. falciparum and erythrocyte UPS coexist during IDC but the nature of their relationship is largely unknown. We used an approach based on Tandem Ubiquitin-Binding Entities (TUBEs) and 1D gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry to identify major components of the TUBEs-associated ubiquitin proteome of both host and parasite during ring, trophozoite and schizont stages. Ring-exported protein (REX1), a P. falciparum protein located in Maurer's clefts and important for parasite nutrient import, was found to reach a maximum level of ubiquitylation in trophozoites stage. The Homo sapiens (H. sapiens) TUBEs associated ubiquitin proteome decreased during the infection, whereas the equivalent P. falciparum TUBEs-associated ubiquitin proteome counterpart increased. Major cellular processes such as DNA repair, replication, stress response, vesicular transport and catabolic events appear to be regulated by ubiquitylation along the IDC P. falciparum infection. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this work we analyze for the first time the interconnection between Plasmodium and human red blood cells ubiquitin-regulated proteins in the context of infection. We identified a number of human and Plasmodium proteins whose ubiquitylation pattern changes during the asexual infective stage. We demonstrate that ubiquitylation of REX1, a P. falciparum protein located in Maurer's clefts and important for parasite nutrient import, peaks in trophozoites stage. The ubiquitin-proteome from P. falciparum infected red blood cells (iRBCs) revealed a significant host-parasite crosstalk, underlining the importance of ubiquitin-regulated proteolytic activities during the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC) of P. falciparum. Major cellular processes defined from gene ontology such as DNA repair, replication, stress response, vesicular transport and catabolic events appear to be regulated by ubiquitylation along the IDC P. falciparum infection. Given the importance of ubiquitylation in the development of infectious diseases, this work provides a number of potential drug-target candidates that should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Mata-Cantero
- Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain; Proteomics Platform CICbioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain; Ubiquitylation and Cancer Molecular Biology, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform CICbioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Fabienne Aillet
- Ubiquitylation and Cancer Molecular Biology, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Wendy Xolalpa
- Proteomics Platform CICbioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Maria J LaFuente
- Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform CICbioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Ana Sofia Carvalho
- Computational and Experimental Biology Group, Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Julio Martin-Plaza
- Centro de Investigación Básica, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rune Matthiesen
- Computational and Experimental Biology Group, Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Manuel S Rodriguez
- Proteomics Platform CICbioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain; Ubiquitylation and Cancer Molecular Biology, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; Institut des Technologies Avancées en sciences du Vivant (ITAV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France; University of Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France.
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14
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Kagaya W, Miyazaki S, Yahata K, Ohta N, Kaneko O. The Cytoplasmic Region of Plasmodium falciparum SURFIN4.2 Is Required for Transport from Maurer's Clefts to the Red Blood Cell Surface. Trop Med Health 2015; 43:265-72. [PMID: 26865830 PMCID: PMC4689606 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2015-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, exports many proteins to the surface of the infected red blood cell (iRBC) in order to modify it toward a structure more suitable for parasite development and survival. One such exported protein, SURFIN4.2, from the parasite of human malignant malaria, P. falciparum, was identified in the trypsin-cleaved protein fraction from the iRBC surface, and is thereby inferred to be exposed on the iRBC surface. SURFIN4.2 also localize to Maurer’s clefts—parasite-derived membranous structures established in the RBC cytoplasm and tethered to the RBC membrane—and their role in trafficking suggests that they are a pathway for SURFIN4.2 transport to the iRBC surface. It has not been determined the participation of protein domains and motifs within SURFIN4.2 in transport from Maurer’s clefts to the iRBC surface; and herein we examined if the SURFIN4.2 intracellular region containing tryptophan-rich (WR) domain is required for its exposure on the iRBC surface. Results: We generated two transgenic parasite lines which express modified SURFIN4.2, with or without a part of the intracellular region. Both recombinant SURFIN4.2 proteins were exported to Maurer’s clefts. However, only SURFIN4.2 possessing the intracellular region was efficiently cleaved by surface treatment of iRBC with proteinase K. Conclusions: These results indicate that SURFIN4.2 is exposed on the iRBC surface and that the intracellular region containing WR domain plays a role on the transport from Maurer’s clefts to the iRBC membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kagaya
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan; Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shinya Miyazaki
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University , Nagasaki, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Yahata
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University , Nagasaki, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University , Nagasaki, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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15
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The Plasmodium berghei translocon of exported proteins reveals spatiotemporal dynamics of tubular extensions. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26219962 PMCID: PMC4518229 DOI: 10.1038/srep12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The erythrocyte is an extraordinary host cell for intracellular pathogens and requires extensive remodelling to become permissive for infection. Malaria parasites modify their host red blood cells through protein export to acquire nutrients and evade immune responses. Endogenous fluorescent tagging of three signature proteins of the Plasmodium berghei translocon of exported proteins (PTEX), heat shock protein 101, exported protein 2 (EXP2), and PTEX88, revealed motile, tubular extensions of the parasitophorous vacuole that protrude from the parasite far into the red blood cell. EXP2 displays a more prominent presence at the periphery of the parasite, consistent with its proposed role in pore formation. The tubular compartment is most prominent during trophozoite growth. Distinct spatiotemporal expression of individual PTEX components during sporogony and liver-stage development indicates additional functions and tight regulation of the PTEX translocon during parasite life cycle progression. Together, live cell imaging and correlative light and electron microscopy permitted previously unrecognized spatiotemporal and subcellular resolution of PTEX-containing tubules in murine malaria parasites. These findings further refine current models for Plasmodium-induced erythrocyte makeover.
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16
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Boonyalai N, Sittikul P, Yuvaniyama J. Plasmodium falciparum Plasmepsin V ( Pf PMV): Insights into recombinant expression, substrate specificity and active site structure. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 201:5-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Spillman NJ, Beck JR, Goldberg DE. Protein export into malaria parasite-infected erythrocytes: mechanisms and functional consequences. Annu Rev Biochem 2015; 84:813-41. [PMID: 25621510 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phylum Apicomplexa comprises a large group of obligate intracellular parasites of high medical and veterinary importance. These organisms succeed intracellularly by effecting remarkable changes in a broad range of diverse host cells. The transformation of the host erythrocyte is particularly striking in the case of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. P. falciparum exports hundreds of proteins that mediate a complex cellular renovation marked by changes in the permeability, rigidity, and cytoadherence properties of the host erythrocyte. The past decade has seen enormous progress in understanding the identity and function of these exported effectors, as well as the mechanisms by which they are trafficked into the host cell. Here we review these advances, place them in the context of host manipulation by related apicomplexans, and propose key directions for future research.
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18
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Mercier C, Cesbron-Delauw MF. Toxoplasma secretory granules: one population or more? Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:60-71. [PMID: 25599584 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In Toxoplasma gondii, dense granules are known as the storage secretory organelles of the so-called GRA proteins (for dense granule proteins), which are destined to the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and the PV-derived cyst wall. Recently, newly annotated GRA proteins targeted to the host cell nucleus have enlarged this view. Here we provide an update on the latest developments on the Toxoplasma secreted proteins, which to date have been mainly studied at both the tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages, and we point out that recent discoveries could open the issue of a possible, yet uncharacterized, distinct secretory pathway in Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Mercier
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), CNRS UMR 5163 - Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
| | - Marie-France Cesbron-Delauw
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), CNRS UMR 5163 - Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
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19
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Gazdik M, O'Neill MT, Lopaticki S, Lowes KN, Smith BJ, Cowman AF, Boddey JA, Sleebs BE. The effect of N-methylation on transition state mimetic inhibitors of the Plasmodium protease, plasmepsin V. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An N-methylation strategy has been applied to transition state mimetics that are potent inhibitors of plasmepsin V to improve their physical characteristics and their ability to reduce the viability of Plasmodium parasites in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Gazdik
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
- Parkville
- Australia
- Department of Medical Biology
- The University of Melbourne
| | - Matthew T. O'Neill
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
- Parkville
- Australia
- Department of Medical Biology
- The University of Melbourne
| | - Sash Lopaticki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
- Parkville
- Australia
- Department of Medical Biology
- The University of Melbourne
| | - Kym N. Lowes
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
- Parkville
- Australia
- Department of Medical Biology
- The University of Melbourne
| | | | - Alan F. Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
- Parkville
- Australia
- Department of Medical Biology
- The University of Melbourne
| | - Justin A. Boddey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
- Parkville
- Australia
- Department of Medical Biology
- The University of Melbourne
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
- Parkville
- Australia
- Department of Medical Biology
- The University of Melbourne
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20
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Plasmodium falciparum transfected with ultra bright NanoLuc luciferase offers high sensitivity detection for the screening of growth and cellular trafficking inhibitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112571. [PMID: 25392998 PMCID: PMC4231029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery is a key part of malaria control and eradication strategies, and could benefit from sensitive and affordable assays to quantify parasite growth and to help identify the targets of potential anti-malarial compounds. Bioluminescence, achieved through expression of exogenous luciferases, is a powerful tool that has been applied in studies of several aspects of parasite biology and high throughput growth assays. We have expressed the new reporter NanoLuc (Nluc) luciferase in Plasmodium falciparum and showed it is at least 100 times brighter than the commonly used firefly luciferase. Nluc brightness was explored as a means to achieve a growth assay with higher sensitivity and lower cost. In addition we attempted to develop other screening assays that may help interrogate libraries of inhibitory compounds for their mechanism of action. To this end parasites were engineered to express Nluc in the cytoplasm, the parasitophorous vacuole that surrounds the intraerythrocytic parasite or exported to the red blood cell cytosol. As proof-of-concept, these parasites were used to develop functional screening assays for quantifying the effects of Brefeldin A, an inhibitor of protein secretion, and Furosemide, an inhibitor of new permeation pathways used by parasites to acquire plasma nutrients.
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21
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Elsworth B, Matthews K, Nie CQ, Kalanon M, Charnaud SC, Sanders PR, Chisholm SA, Counihan NA, Shaw PJ, Pino P, Chan JA, Azevedo MF, Rogerson SJ, Beeson JG, Crabb BS, Gilson PR, de Koning-Ward TF. PTEX is an essential nexus for protein export in malaria parasites. Nature 2014; 511:587-91. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Chan JA, Fowkes FJI, Beeson JG. Surface antigens of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes as immune targets and malaria vaccine candidates. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3633-57. [PMID: 24691798 PMCID: PMC4160571 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the targets and mechanisms of human immunity to malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is crucial for advancing effective vaccines and developing tools for measuring immunity and exposure in populations. Acquired immunity to malaria predominantly targets the blood stage of infection when merozoites of Plasmodium spp. infect erythrocytes and replicate within them. During the intra-erythrocytic development of P. falciparum, numerous parasite-derived antigens are expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes (IEs). These antigens enable P. falciparum-IEs to adhere in the vasculature and accumulate in multiple organs, which is a key process in the pathogenesis of disease. IE surface antigens, often referred to as variant surface antigens, are important targets of acquired protective immunity and include PfEMP1, RIFIN, STEVOR and SURFIN. These antigens are highly polymorphic and encoded by multigene families, which generate substantial antigenic diversity to mediate immune evasion. The most important immune target appears to be PfEMP1, which is a major ligand for vascular adhesion and sequestration of IEs. Studies are beginning to identify specific variants of PfEMP1 linked to disease pathogenesis that may be suitable for vaccine development, but overcoming antigenic diversity in PfEMP1 remains a major challenge. Much less is known about other surface antigens, or antigens on the surface of gametocyte-IEs, the effector mechanisms that mediate immunity, and how immunity is acquired and maintained over time; these are important topics for future research.
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23
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Ingmundson A, Alano P, Matuschewski K, Silvestrini F. Feeling at home from arrival to departure: protein export and host cell remodelling during Plasmodium liver stage and gametocyte maturation. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:324-33. [PMID: 24330249 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obligate intracellular pathogens actively remodel their host cells to boost propagation, survival, and persistence. Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the most severe form of malaria, assembles a complex secretory system in erythrocytes. Export of parasite factors to the erythrocyte membrane is essential for parasite sequestration from the blood circulation and a major factor for clinical complications in falciparum malaria. Historic and recent molecular reports show that host cell remodelling is not exclusive to P. falciparum and that parasite-induced intra-erythrocytic membrane structures and protein export occur in several Plasmodia. Comparative analyses of P. falciparum asexual and sexual blood stages and imaging of liver stages from transgenic murine Plasmodium species show that protein export occurs in all intracellular phases from liver infection to sexual differentiation, indicating that mammalian Plasmodium species evolved efficient strategies to renovate erythrocytes and hepatocytes according to the specific needs of each life cycle phase. While the repertoireof identified exported proteins is remarkably expanded in asexual P. falciparum blood stages, the putative export machinery and known targeting signatures are shared across life cycle stages. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Plasmodium protein export could assist in designing novel strategies to interrupt transmission between Anopheles mosquitoes and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Ingmundson
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Parasitology Unit, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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