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Inoue E, Minatozaki S, Shimizu S, Miyamoto S, Jo M, Ni J, Tozaki-Saitoh H, Oda K, Nonaka S, Nakanishi H. Human β-Defensin 3 Inhibition of P. gingivalis LPS-Induced IL-1β Production by BV-2 Microglia through Suppression of Cathepsins B and L. Cells 2024; 13:283. [PMID: 38334675 PMCID: PMC10854704 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CatB) is thought to be essential for the induction of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg LPS)-induced Alzheimer's disease-like pathologies in mice, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production and cognitive decline. However, little is known about the role of CatB in Pg virulence factor-induced IL-1β production by microglia. We first subjected IL-1β-luciferase reporter BV-2 microglia to inhibitors of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), IκB kinase, and the NLRP3 inflammasome following stimulation with Pg LPS and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). To clarify the involvement of CatB, we used several known CatB inhibitors, including CA-074Me, ZRLR, and human β-defensin 3 (hBD3). IL-1β production in BV-2 microglia induced by Pg LPS and OMVs was significantly inhibited by the TLR2 inhibitor C29 and the IκB kinase inhibitor wedelolactonne, but not by the NLRPs inhibitor MCC950. Both hBD3 and CA-074Me significantly inhibited Pg LPS-induced IL-1β production in BV-2 microglia. Although CA-074Me also suppressed OMV-induced IL-1β production, hBD3 did not inhibit it. Furthermore, both hBD3 and CA-074Me significantly blocked Pg LPS-induced nuclear NF-κB p65 translocation and IκBα degradation. In contrast, hBD3 and CA-074Me did not block OMV-induced nuclear NF-κB p65 translocation or IκBα degradation. Furthermore, neither ZRLR, a specific CatB inhibitor, nor shRNA-mediated knockdown of CatB expression had any effect on Pg virulence factor-induced IL-1β production. Interestingly, phagocytosis of OMVs by BV-2 microglia induced IL-1β production. Finally, the structural models generated by AlphaFold indicated that hBD3 can bind to the substrate-binding pocket of CatB, and possibly CatL as well. These results suggest that Pg LPS induces CatB/CatL-dependent synthesis and processing of pro-IL-1β without activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In contrast, OMVs promote the synthesis and processing of pro-IL-1β through CatB/CatL-independent phagocytic mechanisms. Thus, hBD3 can improve the IL-1β-associated vicious inflammatory cycle induced by microglia through inhibition of CatB/CatL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Inoue
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (E.I.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Shiyo Minatozaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (E.I.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Sachi Shimizu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (E.I.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Sayaka Miyamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (E.I.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Misato Jo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (E.I.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Hidetoshi Tozaki-Saitoh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa 831-8501, Japan;
| | - Kosuke Oda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Yasuhigashi, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (K.O.); (S.N.)
| | - Saori Nonaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Yasuhigashi, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (K.O.); (S.N.)
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Yasuhigashi, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (K.O.); (S.N.)
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Lei Z, Ma Q, Tu Y, Qiu Y, Gong T, Lin Y, Zhou X, Li Y. Nicotinamide employs a starvation strategy against Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence by inhibiting the heme uptake system and gingipain activities. Mol Oral Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38197801 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common oral bacterial infection characterized by inflammatory responses. Its high prevalence lowers the quality of life for individuals and increases the global economic and disease burden. As microorganisms in dental plaque are responsible for this oral disease, antibacterial drug treatments are effective strategies for preventing and treating periodontitis. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of nicotinamide (NAM), a vitamin B3 derivative, on the growth and virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a key member of the red complex. Our findings revealed that NAM inhibited bacterial growth and gingipain activities, which played a dominant role in protein hydrolysis and heme acquisition. NAM decreased hemagglutination and hemolysis abilities and changed hemin and hemoglobin binding capacities, controlling bacterial infection through a starvation strategy by blocking access to growth-essential nutrients from the outside and reducing bacterial virulence. Several experiments in an animal model showed the effectiveness of NAM in preventing alveolar bone loss and reducing inflammatory cell infiltration, shedding light on its potential therapeutic applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixue Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qizhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yeting Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- Department of Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongwang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Soto C, Rojas V, Yáñez L, Hidalgo A, Olivera M, Pacheco M, Venegas D, Salinas D, Bravo D, Quest AF. Porphyromonas gingivalis-Helicobacter pylori co-incubation enhances Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence and increases migration of infected human oral keratinocytes. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2107691. [PMID: 35978839 PMCID: PMC9377229 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2107691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis is part of the subgingival biofilm and a keystone species in the development of periodontitis. Interactions between P.gingivalis and other bacteria in biofilms have been shown to affect bacterial virulence. Helicobacter pylori also inhabits the subgingival biofilm, but the consequences of interactions there with P.gingivalis remain unknown. Here, we investigated how the pre-incubation of P.gingivalis with H.pylori affects P.gingivalis virulence. Methods We assayed P.gingivalis internalization by oral keratinocytes (OKs), hemagglutination and biofilm formation to identify alterations in virulence after pre-incubation with H. pylori. Also, we evaluated viability and migration of OKs infected with P. gingivalis, as well as the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In addition, we quantified the mRNA of genes associated with P.gingivalis virulence. Results Pre-incubation of P.gingivalis with H.pylori enhanced P.gingivalis biofilm formation, bacterial internalization into OKs and hemagglutination. Infection with pre-incubated P.gingivalis increased OK migration in a manner dependent on the O-antigen and linked to increased expression of the gingipain RgpB. Also, OK TLR4 participates in these events, because upon TLR4 knock-down, pre-incubated P.gingivalis no longer stimulated OK migration. Discussion We provide here for the first time insight to the consequences of direct interaction between P.gingivalis and H.pylori. In doing so, we shed light on the mechanism by which H. pylori presence in the oral cavity increases the severity or progression of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristopher Soto
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (Accdis), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria Rojas
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (Accdis), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucas Yáñez
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Hidalgo
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (Accdis), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Olivera
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Pacheco
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Darna Venegas
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Salinas
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Denisse Bravo
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew F.G. Quest
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (Accdis), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Jiang W, Deng Z, Dai X, Zhao W. PANoptosis: A New Insight Into Oral Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 12:789610. [PMID: 34970269 PMCID: PMC8712492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.789610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome, one of the most complex and intensive microbial ecosystems in the human body, comprises bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Dysbiosis of the oral microbiome is the initiating factor that leads to oral infectious diseases. Infection is a sophisticated biological process involving interplay between the pathogen and the host, which often leads to activation of programmed cell death. Studies suggest that pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis are involved in multiple oral infectious diseases. Further understanding of crosstalk between cell death pathways has led to pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis being integrated into a single term: PANoptosis. PANoptosis is a multifaceted agent of the immune response that has important pathophysiological relevance to infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer. As such, it plays an important role in innate immune cells that detect and eliminate intracellular pathogens. In addition to the classical model of influenza virus-infected and Yersinia-infected macrophages, other studies have expanded the scope of PANoptosis to include other microorganisms, as well as potential roles in cell types other than macrophages. In this review, we will summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying inflammation and tissue destruction caused by oral pathogens. We present an overview of different pathogens that may induce activation of PANoptosis, along with the functional consequences of PANoptosis in the context of oral infectious diseases. To advance our understanding of immunology, we also explore the strategies used by microbes that enable immune evasion and replication within host cells. Improved understanding of the interplay between the host and pathogen through PANoptosis will direct development of therapeutic strategies that target oral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilong Deng
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingzhu Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanghong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Differential involvement of the canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes in the immune response against infection by the periodontal bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100023. [PMID: 34841314 PMCID: PMC8610350 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical P2 × 7-Caspase-1 pathway is necessary for secretion of IL-1β in oral tissues and macrophages infected with P. gingivalis. P2 × 7 receptor controls bacterial load of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis in macrophages and in mice. Caspase-11 is essential for F. nucleatum-induced secretion of IL-1β in macrophages, limits F. nucleatum infection in macrophages and in mice, and is required for cell death induced by F. nucleatum infection. The canonical inflammasome is activated preferentially in response to P. gingivalis infection, while the noncanonical inflammasome plays a predominant role during F. nucleatum infection.
We examined the involvement of the P2 × 7 receptor and the canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes in the control of single-species or dual-species infection by the periodontal bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in cells and mice. Stimulation of the P2 × 7 receptor leads to activation of the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome and activation of caspase-1, which leads to cleavage of pro-IL-1β to IL-1β, a key cytokine in the host inflammatory response in periodontal disease. The non-canonical inflammasome pathway involves caspase-11. Thus, wildtype (WT), P2 × 7−/−, caspase-11−/− and caspase-1/11−/− mice were co-infected with both bacterial species. In parallel, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from WT mice and the different knockout mice were infected with P. gingivalis and/or F. nucleatum, and treated or not with extracellular ATP, which is recognized by P2 × 7. F. nucleatum infection alone promoted secretion of IL-1β in BMDMs. Conversely, the canonical pathway involving P2 × 7 and caspase-1 was necessary for secretion of IL-1β in BMDMs infected with P. gingivalis and in the mandible of mice coinfected with P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum. The P2 × 7 pathway can limit bacterial load in single-species and dual-species infection with P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum in BMDMs and in mice. The non-canonical pathway involving caspase-11 was required for secretion of IL-1β induced by F. nucleatum infection in BMDMs, without treatment with ATP. Caspase-11 was also required for induction of cell death during infection with F. nucleatum and contributed to limiting bacterial load during F. nucleatum infection in BMDMs and in the gingival tissue of mice coinfected with P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum. Together, these data suggest that the P2 × 7-caspase-1 and caspase-11 pathways are involved in the immune response against infection by P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, respectively.
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6
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Li YY, Cai Q, Li BS, Qiao SW, Jiang JY, Wang D, Du XC, Meng WY. The Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide on the Pyroptosis of Gingival Fibroblasts. Inflammation 2021; 44:846-858. [PMID: 33140204 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and other pathogens. P. gingivalis release various virulence factors including lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, whether P. gingivalis-LPS inducing pyroptosis in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) remains unknown. In present study, P. gingivalis-LPS decreased the membrane integrity of HGFs, and pyroptosis-associated cytokines were upregulated at the mRNA level. In addition, pyroptosis proteins were highly expressed in gingival tissues of periodontitis. P. gingivalis-LPS induced gingivitis in the rat model, and the expression level of pyroptosis-associated proteins increased. Together, P. gingivalis-LPS can activate the pyroptosis reaction, which may be a pro-pyroptosis status in a relative low concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yang Li
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qing Cai
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bao-Sheng Li
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shu-Wei Qiao
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jia-Yang Jiang
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xue-Chun Du
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei-Yan Meng
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Jang HM, Park JY, Lee YJ, Kang MJ, Jo SG, Jeong YJ, Cho NP, Cho SD, Kim DJ, Park JH. TLR2 and the NLRP3 inflammasome mediate IL-1β production in Prevotella nigrescens-infected dendritic cells. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:432-440. [PMID: 33390812 PMCID: PMC7757152 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.47197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevotella nigrescens is an oral pathogen that is frequently observed in the subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is known to be involved in the immunopathology of periodontal diseases and has been implicated in the destruction of bone. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of IL-1β production by P. nigrescens in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Our results showed that a host receptor, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), but not TLR4 is required for pro-IL-1β induction and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) priming in BMDCs in response to P. nigrescens and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is necessary for processing of pro-IL-1β into mature IL-1β. In addition, an inhibitor assay revealed that production of reactive oxygen species, P2X7R activity, and release of cathepsin B are involved in IL-1β production in BMDCs in response to P. nigrescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Mi Jang
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Biodegradable material, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Lee
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gang Jo
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Infectious disease Research Center, Korea research institute of bioscience & biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Pyo Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Biodegradable material, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jae Kim
- Laboraotry Animal Resource Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Jun HK, An SJ, Kim HY, Choi BK. Inflammatory response of uric acid produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:222-230. [PMID: 32794617 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid is a potential metabolite that serves as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and induces inflammatory responses in sterile environments. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone periodontopathogen, and its gingipain proteases play a critical role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. In this study, we demonstrate that P. gingivalis gingipains play a role in THP-1 macrophage uric acid production by increasing the expression and activity of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). Uric acid sodium salt induces caspase-1 activation, cell death, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-8, in the human keratinocyte HOK-16B cell line. Our results suggest that gingipain-induced uric acid can mediate inflammation in periodontal tissue cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Jun
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Bone Science, OSSTEM IMPLANT Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Jin An
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Ding PH, Yang MX, Wang NN, Jin LJ, Dong Y, Cai X, Chen LL. Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Its Downstream Interleukin-1β Release Depend on Caspase-4. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1881. [PMID: 32903638 PMCID: PMC7438778 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral commensals contribute to microbe-host symbiosis in periodontal homeostasis, and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) as the keystone pathogen critically accounts for the shift of symbiosis to dysbiosis and periodontal destruction. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is significantly involved in periodontal diseases, and notably P. gingivalis enables to modulate the induction and expression of NLRP3. Whereas, the exact mechanism by which NLRP3 inflammasome is regulated in response to commensal and pathogenic bacteria remains unclear. Methods: To examine the expression of IL-1β and NLRPs inflammasome in tissues with severe chronic periodontitis, and further investigate how Caspase-4-dependent non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome pathways functioned during the interactions of Streptococcus mitis (S. mitis) and P. gingivalis with human THP-1 cells. Results: IL-1β and NLRP3, NLRP6, NLRP12, and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes are highly expressed in gingival tissues with severe chronic periodontitis. In human THP-1 cells, P. gingivalis activates the synthesis and secretion of IL-1β to higher levels than S. mitis. Importantly, NLRP3-, Caspase-1-, and Caspase-4-siRNA knockdown THP-1 cells treated with P. gingivalis exhibited a lower expression level of IL-1β as compared to the control cells. In addition, silencing of either CASP4 or CASP1 can lead to a concurrent or reciprocal decrease in the expression of the other. Of note, the IL-1β induction is not affected in the S. mitis-treated THP-1 cells with the silence of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and Caspase-4 genes. Conclusion: NLRP3/Caspase-4 and NLRP3/Caspase-1 dependent IL-1β production may crucially contribute to the dysregulated immuno-inflammatory response in periodontal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hui Ding
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Periodontology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na-Na Wang
- Department of Periodontology, Fuyang People's Hospital, Fuyang, China
| | - Li-Jian Jin
- Division of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Periodontology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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The Distinct Immune-Stimulatory Capacities of Porphyromonas gingivalis Strains 381 and ATCC 33277 Are Determined by the fimB Allele and Gingipain Activity. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00319-19. [PMID: 31570556 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00319-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Porphyromonas gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 (33277) and 381 genomes are nearly identical. However, strain 33277 displays a significantly diminished capacity to stimulate host cell Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent signaling and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production relative to 381, suggesting that there are strain-specific differences in one or more bacterial immune-modulatory factors. Genomic sequencing identified a single nucleotide polymorphism in the 33277 fimB allele (A→T), creating a premature stop codon in the 33277 fimB open reading frame relative to the 381 fimB allele. Gene exchange experiments established that the 33277 fimB allele reduces the immune-stimulatory capacity of this strain. Transcriptome comparisons revealed that multiple genes related to carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) family proteins, including the gingipains, were upregulated in 33277 relative to 381. A gingipain substrate degradation assay demonstrated that cell surface gingipain activity is higher in 33277, and an isogenic mutant strain deficient for the gingipains exhibited an increased ability to induce TLR2 signaling and IL-1β production. Furthermore, 33277 and 381 mutant strains lacking CTD cell surface proteins were more immune-stimulatory than the parental wild-type strains, consistent with an immune-suppressive role for the gingipains. Our data show that the combination of an intact fimB allele and limited cell surface gingipain activity in P. gingivalis 381 renders this strain more immune-stimulatory. Conversely, a defective fimB allele and high-level cell surface gingipain activity reduce the capacity of P. gingivalis 33277 to stimulate host cell innate immune responses. In summary, genomic and transcriptomic comparisons identified key virulence characteristics that confer divergent host cell innate immune responses to these highly related P. gingivalis strains.
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11
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Jia L, Han N, Du J, Guo L, Luo Z, Liu Y. Pathogenesis of Important Virulence Factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis via Toll-Like Receptors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:262. [PMID: 31380305 PMCID: PMC6657652 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common intraoral infection and is inextricably linked to systemic diseases. Recently, the regulation between host immunologic response and periodontal pathogens has become a hotspot to explain the mechanism of periodontitis and related systemic diseases. Since Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) was proved as critical periodontal pathogen above all, researches focusing on the mechanism of its virulence factors have received extensive attention. Studies have shown that in the development of periodontitis, in addition to the direct release of virulent factors by periodontal pathogens to destroy periodontal tissues, over-low or over-high intrinsic immune and inflammatory response mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can lead to more lasting destruction of periodontal tissues. It is very necessary to sort out how various cytopathic factors of P. gingivalis mediate inflammation and immune responses between the host through TLRs so as to help precisely prevent, diagnose, and treat periodontitis in clinic. This review summarizes the role of three most widely studied pathogenic factors produced by P. gingivalis (lipopolysaccharide, gingipains, pili) and their interactions with TLRs at the cellular and molecular level in the progress of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jia
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Han
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijia Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Immunological Pathways Triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum: Therapeutic Possibilities? Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7241312. [PMID: 31341421 PMCID: PMC6612971 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7241312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) are Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria possessing several virulence factors that make them potential pathogens associated with periodontal disease. Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, including gingivitis and periodontitis. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss and is considered one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum possess virulence factors that allow them to survive in hostile environments by selectively modulating the host's immune-inflammatory response, thereby creating major challenges to host cell survival. Studies have demonstrated that bacterial infection and the host immune responses are involved in the induction of periodontitis. The NLRP3 inflammasome and its effector molecules (IL-1β and caspase-1) play roles in the development of periodontitis. We and others have reported that the purinergic P2X7 receptor plays a role in the modulation of periodontal disease and intracellular pathogen control. Caspase-4/5 (in humans) and caspase-11 (in mice) are important effectors for combating bacterial pathogens via mediation of cell death and IL-1β release. The exact molecular events of the host's response to these bacteria are not fully understood. Here, we review innate and adaptive immune responses induced by P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum infections and discuss the possibility of manipulations of the immune response as therapeutic strategies. Given the global burden of periodontitis, it is important to develop therapeutic targets for the prophylaxis of periodontopathogen infections.
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13
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Okano T, Ashida H, Suzuki S, Shoji M, Nakayama K, Suzuki T. Porphyromonas gingivalis triggers NLRP3-mediated inflammasome activation in macrophages in a bacterial gingipains-independent manner. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1965-1974. [PMID: 30280383 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that has been considered to be one of the bacteria associated with progression of human periodontitis. Subgingival biofilms formed by bacteria, including P. gingivalis, induce chronic inflammation, and activation of inflammasome in the gingival tissue. However, the mechanisms of P. gingivalis-triggering inflammasome activation and the role of bacteria-host interactions are controversial. In this study, we investigated the potential of P. gingivalis for triggering inflammasome activation in human cells and mouse models. We demonstrated that secreted or released factors from bacteria are involved in triggering NLR family, pyrin-domain containing 3 protein (NLRP3) inflammasome in a gingipain-independent manner. Our data indicated that released active caspase-1 and mature IL-1β are eliminated by proteolytic activity of secreted gingipains. These results elucidate the molecular bases for the mechanisms underlying P. gingivalis-triggered inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuju Okano
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ashida
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikio Shoji
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koji Nakayama
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Fleetwood AJ, Lee MKS, Singleton W, Achuthan A, Lee MC, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Cook AD, Murphy AJ, Dashper SG, Reynolds EC, Hamilton JA. Metabolic Remodeling, Inflammasome Activation, and Pyroptosis in Macrophages Stimulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Its Outer Membrane Vesicles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:351. [PMID: 28824884 PMCID: PMC5543041 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the bacterial species most closely associated with periodontitis and can shed large numbers of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which are increasingly thought to play a significant role in bacterial virulence and pathogenicity. Macrophages are amongst the first immune cells to respond to bacteria and their products, so we sought to directly compare the response of macrophages to P. gingivalis or its purified OMVs. Macrophages stimulated with OMVs produced large amounts of TNFα, IL-12p70, IL-6, IL-10, IFNβ, and nitric oxide compared to cells infected with P. gingivalis, which produced very low levels of these mediators. Both P. gingivalis and OMVs induced a shift in macrophage metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis, which was supported by enhanced lactate release, decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption with reduced spare respiratory capacity, as well as increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Corresponding to this metabolic shift, gene expression analysis of macrophages infected with P. gingivalis or stimulated with OMVs revealed a broad transcriptional upregulation of genes critical to glycolysis and a downregulation of genes associated with the TCA cycle. Upon examination of inflammasome signaling and pyroptosis it was found that P. gingivalis did not activate the inflammasome in macrophages as the mature forms of caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 were not detected and there was no extracellular release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or 7-AAD staining. In comparison, macrophages stimulated with OMVs potently activated caspase-1, produced large amounts of IL-1β, IL-18, released LDH, and were positive for 7-AAD indicative of pyroptotic cell death. These data directly quantitate the distinct effects of P. gingivalis and its OMVs on macrophage inflammatory phenotype, mitochondrial function, inflammasome activation, and pyroptotic cell death that may have potential implications for their roles in chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Fleetwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Man K S Lee
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William Singleton
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Adrian Achuthan
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ming-Chin Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Andrew D Cook
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart G Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
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15
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Lee SJ, Choi BK. Involvement of NLRP10 in IL-1α induction of oral epithelial cells by periodontal pathogens. Innate Immun 2017; 23:569-577. [PMID: 28766990 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917722610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the pathogenesis of periodontitis and the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 10 (NLRP10). The human oral epithelial cell line HOK-16B was infected with two periodontal pathogens, Tannerella forsythia and Fusobacterium nucleatum, at various MOIs. RT-PCR and immunoblotting demonstrated that infection increased mRNA and protein expression of NLRP10, respectively. The siRNA-mediated NLRP10 knockdown significantly reduced IL-1α expression and secretion. Both bacteria induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 MAP kinases in HOK-16B cells. NLRP10 knockdown impaired ERK phosphorylation only. ERK inhibition significantly decreased the expression of T. forsythia- and F. nucleatum-induced IL-1α. Our data suggest that NLRP10 is involved in activating the ERK signalling pathway in HOK-16B cells infected with T. forsythia and F. nucleatum. This pathway likely augments the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1α levels, which may play a critical role in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Joo Lee
- 1 Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Kyu Choi
- 1 Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- 2 Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Gmiterek A, Kłopot A, Wójtowicz H, Trindade SC, Olczak M, Olczak T. Immune response of macrophages induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis requires HmuY protein. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1382-1394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Jun HK, Jung YJ, Choi BK. Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia induce cell death and release of endogenous danger signals. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 73:72-78. [PMID: 27697692 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze whether periodontopathogens induced inflammatory cell death and the release of diverse endogenous danger molecules in THP-1-derived macrophages. METHODS The macrophages were treated with Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia. Activation of caspase-1 and caspase-4 was detected by Western blotting. Cell death of bacteria-stimulated macrophages was examined using a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and propidium iodide (PI)/annexin V (AV) staining. Levels of endogenous danger signals, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), uric acid, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), and fibronectin in the culture supernatants were determined using an ATP bioluminescence assay kit, a uric acid assay kit, and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS T. denticola, P. gingivalis, and T. forsythia induced activation of caspase-1 and caspase-4. The LDH assay and PI/AV staining showed that all three pathogens induced pyroptotic cell death. All three bacteria induced release of ATP, which is an important ligand for inflammasome activation; the increase in ATP ultimately leads to caspase-1 activation. T. denticola induced release of HSP60 and fibronectin, while T. forsythia induced release of HMGB1 in addition to HSP60 and fibronectin. None of the endogenous molecules except for fibronectin were detected in P. gingivalis-infected cells, possibly due to degradation of these factors by the proteolytic activity of the bacteria. Interestingly, P. gingivalis induced uric acid release. CONCLUSION Inflammatory cell death and endogenous danger molecules released from cells infected with periodontopathogens may play critical roles in the pathogenesis and progression of periodontitis by augmenting immune and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyoung Jun
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, South Korea.
| | - Young-Jung Jung
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, South Korea.
| | - Bong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, South Korea; Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, South Korea.
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18
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Carvalho-Filho PC, Gomes-Filho IS, Meyer R, Olczak T, Xavier MT, Trindade SC. Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY in Immunopathogenesis of Chronic Periodontitis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7465852. [PMID: 27403039 PMCID: PMC4925967 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7465852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease, with participation of bacterial, environmental, and host factors. It results from synergistic and dysbiotic multispecies microorganisms, critical "keystone pathogens," affecting the whole bacterial community. The purpose of this study was to review the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the immunopathogenesis of chronic periodontitis, with special attention paid to HmuY. The host response during periodontitis involves the innate and adaptive immune system, leading to chronic inflammation and progressive destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. In this proinflammatory process, the ability of P. gingivalis to evade the host immune response and access nutrients in the microenvironment is directly related to its survival, proliferation, and infection. Furthermore, heme is an essential nutrient for development of these bacteria, and HmuY is responsible for its capture from host heme-binding proteins. The inflammatory potential of P. gingivalis HmuY has been shown, including induction of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and CCL2, decreased levels of IL-8, and increased levels of anti-HmuY IgG and IgG1 antibodies in individuals with chronic periodontitis. Therefore, the HmuY protein might be a promising target for therapeutic strategies and for development of diagnostic methods in chronic periodontitis, especially in the case of patients with chronic periodontitis not responding to treatment, monitoring, and maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. C. Carvalho-Filho
- Odontology Course, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, 41150-100 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - I. S. Gomes-Filho
- Department of Periodontics, Feira de Santana State University, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - R. Meyer
- Department of Biointeraction, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - T. Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M. T. Xavier
- Odontology Course, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, 41150-100 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - S. C. Trindade
- Department of Periodontics, Feira de Santana State University, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
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19
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Olsen I, Yilmaz Ö. Modulation of inflammasome activity by Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis and associated systemic diseases. J Oral Microbiol 2016; 8:30385. [PMID: 26850450 PMCID: PMC4744328 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v8.30385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are large multiprotein complexes localized in the cytoplasm of the cell. They are responsible for the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 as well as for the activation of inflammatory cell death, the so-called pyroptosis. Inflammasomes assemble in response to cellular infection, cellular stress, or tissue damage; promote inflammatory responses and are of great importance in regulating the innate immune system in chronic inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis and several chronic systemic diseases. In addition to sensing cellular integrity, inflammasomes are involved in the homeostatic mutualism between the indigenous microbiota and the host. There are several types of inflammasomes of which NLRP3 is best characterized in microbial pathogenesis. Many opportunistic bacteria try to evade the innate immune system in order to survive in the host cells. One of these is the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis which has been shown to have several mechanisms of modulating innate immunity by limiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Among them, ATP-/P2X7- signaling is recently associated not only with periodontitis but also with development of several systemic diseases. The present paper reviews multiple mechanisms through which P. gingivalis can modify innate immunity by affecting inflammasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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