1
|
Schick J, Raz E. Blebs—Formation, Regulation, Positioning, and Role in Amoeboid Cell Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:926394. [PMID: 35912094 PMCID: PMC9337749 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.926394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of development, tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance, and pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis and inflammation, migrating amoeboid cells commonly form protrusions called blebs. For these spherical protrusions to inflate, the force for pushing the membrane forward depends on actomyosin contraction rather than active actin assembly. Accordingly, blebs exhibit distinct dynamics and regulation. In this review, we first examine the mechanisms that control the inflation of blebs and bias their formation in the direction of the cell’s leading edge and present current views concerning the role blebs play in promoting cell locomotion. While certain motile amoeboid cells exclusively form blebs, others form blebs as well as other protrusion types. We describe factors in the environment and cell-intrinsic activities that determine the proportion of the different forms of protrusions cells produce.
Collapse
|
2
|
Apte A, Manich M, Labruyère E, Datta S. PI Kinase-EhGEF2-EhRho5 axis contributes to LPA stimulated macropinocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010550. [PMID: 35594320 PMCID: PMC9173640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan responsible for several pathologies in humans. Trophozoites breach the intestinal site to enter the bloodstream and thus traverse to a secondary site. Macropinocytosis and phagocytosis, collectively accounting for heterophagy, are the two major processes responsible for sustenance of Entamoeba histolytica within the host. Both of these processes require significant rearrangements in the structure to entrap the target. Rho GTPases play an indispensable role in mustering proteins that regulate cytoskeletal remodelling. Unlike phagocytosis which has been studied in extensive detail, information on machinery of macropinocytosis in E. histolytica is still limited. In the current study, using site directed mutagenesis and RNAi based silencing, coupled with functional studies, we have demonstrated the involvement of EhRho5 in constitutive and LPA stimulated macropinocytosis. We also report that LPA, a bioactive phospholipid present in the bloodstream of the host, activates EhRho5 and translocates it from cytosol to plasma membrane and endomembrane compartments. Using biochemical and FRAP studies, we established that a PI Kinase acts upstream of EhRho5 in LPA mediated signalling. We further identified EhGEF2 as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of EhRho5. In the amoebic trophozoites, EhGEF2 depletion leads to reduced macropinocytic efficiency of trophozoites, thus phenocopying its substrate. Upon LPA stimulation, EhGEF2 is found to sequester near the plasma membrane in a wortmannin sensitive fashion, explaining a possible mode for activation of EhRho5 in the amoebic trophozoites. Collectively, we propose that LPA stimulated macropinocytosis in E. histolytica is driven by the PI Kinase-EhGEF2-EhRho5 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Achala Apte
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Maria Manich
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Sunando Datta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Narooka AR, Apte A, Yadav P, Murillo JR, Goto-Silva L, Junqueira M, Datta S. EhRho6 mediated actin degradation in Entamoeba histolytica is associated with compromised pathogenicity. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1121-1137. [PMID: 35324049 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebiasis which is a major health concern in developing countries. E. histolytica pathogenicity has been implicated to a large repertoire of small GTPases which switch between the inactive GDP bound state and the active GTP bound state with the help of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating protein (GAPs). Rho family of small GTPases are well known to modulate the actin cytoskeletal dynamics which plays a major role in E. histolytica pathogenicity. Here we report an atypical amoebic RhoGEF, and its preferred substrate EhRho6, which, upon overexpression abrogated the pathogenic behavior of the amoeba such as adhesion to host cell, monolayer destruction, erythrophagocytosis, and formation of actin dots. A causative immunoblot analysis revealed actin degradation in the EhRho6 overexpressing trophozoites that could be inhibited by blocking the amoebic proteasomal pathway. A careful analysis of the results from a previously published transcriptomics study, in conjunction with our observations, led to the identification of a clade of Rho GTPases in this pathogenic amoeba which we hypothesize to have implications during the amoebic encystation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Raj Narooka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Achala Apte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Jimmy Rodriguez Murillo
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Livia Goto-Silva
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Magno Junqueira
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa Biológica - LEMB, do Departamento de Bioquímica do Instituto de Química UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Sunando Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saito-Nakano Y, Makiuchi T, Tochikura M, Gilchrist CA, Petri WA, Nozaki T. ArfX2 GTPase Regulates Trafficking From the Trans-Golgi to Lysosomes and Is Necessary for Liver Abscess Formation in the Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:794152. [PMID: 34976870 PMCID: PMC8719317 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.794152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery and liver abscess in humans. The parasitic lifestyle and the virulence of the protist require elaborate biological processes, including vesicular traffic and stress management against a variety of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by the host immune response. Although the mechanisms for intracellular traffic of representative virulence factors have been investigated at molecular levels, it remains poorly understood whether and how intracellular traffic is involved in the defense against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Here, we demonstrate that EhArfX2, one of the Arf family of GTPases known to be involved in the regulation of vesicular traffic, was identified by comparative transcriptomic analysis of two isogenic strains: an animal-passaged highly virulent HM-1:IMSS Cl6 and in vitro maintained attenuated avirulent strain. EhArfX2 was identified as one of the most highly upregulated genes in the highly virulent strain. EhArfX2 was localized to small vesicle-like structures and largely colocalized with the marker for the trans-Golgi network SNARE, EhYkt6, but neither with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperon, EhBip, nor the cis-Golgi SNARE, EhSed5, and Golgi-luminal galactosyl transferase, EhGalT. Expression of the dominant-active mutant form of EhArfX2 caused an increase in the number of lysosomes, while expression of the dominant-negative mutant led to a defect in lysosome formation and cysteine protease transport to lysosomes. Expression of the dominant-negative mutant in the virulent E. histolytica strain caused a reduction of the size of liver abscesses in a hamster model. This defect in liver abscess formation was likely at least partially attributed to reduced resistance to nitrosative, but not oxidative stress in vitro. These results showed that the EhArfX2-mediated traffic is necessary for the nitrosative stress response and virulence in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Makiuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mami Tochikura
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carol A Gilchrist
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bharadwaj R, Kushwaha T, Ahmad A, Inampudi KK, Nozaki T. An atypical EhGEF regulates phagocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica through EhRho1. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010030. [PMID: 34807955 PMCID: PMC8648123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amoebiasis, a major cause of morbidity and mortality due to parasitic diseases in developing countries. Phagocytosis is an essential mode of obtaining nutrition and has been associated with the virulence behaviour of E. histolytica. Signalling pathways involved in activation of cytoskeletal dynamics required for phagocytosis remains to be elucidated in this parasite. Our group has been studying initiation of phagocytosis and formation of phagosomes in E. histolytica and have described some of the molecules that play key roles in the process. Here we showed the involvement of non-Dbl Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, EhGEF in regulation of amoebic phagocytosis by regulating activation of EhRho1. EhGEF was found in the phagocytic cups during the progression of cups, until closure of phagosomes, but not in the phagosomes themselves. Our observation from imaging, pull down experiments and down regulating expression of different molecules suggest that EhGEF interacts with EhRho1 and it is required during initiation of phagocytosis and phagosome formation. Also, biophysical, and computational analysis reveals that EhGEF mediates GTP exchange on EhRho1 via an unconventional pathway. In conclusion, we describe a non-Dbl EhGEF of EhRho1 which is involved in endocytic processes of E. histolytica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bharadwaj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tushar Kushwaha
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Azhar Ahmad
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna K. Inampudi
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TN); , (S)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nakada-Tsukui K, Nozaki T. Trogocytosis in Unicellular Eukaryotes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112975. [PMID: 34831198 PMCID: PMC8616307 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is a mode of internalization of a part of a live cell by nibbling and is mechanistically distinct from phagocytosis, which implies internalization of a whole cell or a particle. Trogocytosis has been demonstrated in a broad range of cell types in multicellular organisms and is also known to be involved in a plethora of functions. In immune cells, trogocytosis is involved in the "cross-dressing" between antigen presenting cells and T cells, and is thus considered to mediate intercellular communication. On the other hand, trogocytosis has also been reported in a variety of unicellular organisms including the protistan (protozoan) parasite Entamoeba histolytica. E. histolytica ingests human T cell line by trogocytosis and acquires complement resistance and cross-dresses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on the cell surface. Furthermore, trogocytosis and trogocytosis-like phenomena (nibbling of a live cell, not previously described as trogocytosis) have also been reported in other parasitic protists such as Trichomonas, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and free-living amoebae. Thus, trogocytosis is conserved in diverse eukaryotic supergroups as a means of intercellular communication. It is depicting the universality of trogocytosis among eukaryotes. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of trogocytosis in unicellular organisms, including the history of its discovery, taxonomical distribution, roles, and molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.N.-T.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-3-5285-1111 (K.N.-T.); +81-3-5841-3526 (T.N.)
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.N.-T.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-3-5285-1111 (K.N.-T.); +81-3-5841-3526 (T.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bharadwaj R, Bhattacharya A, Somlata. Coordinated activity of amoebic formin and profilin are essential for phagocytosis. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:974-995. [PMID: 34278607 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica, endocytic processes, such as phagocytosis, are essential for its survival in the human gut. The actin cytoskeleton is involved in the formation of pseudopods and phagosomal vesicles by incorporating a number of actin-binding and modulating proteins along with actin in a temporal manner. The actin dynamics, which comprises polymerization, branching, and depolymerization is very tightly regulated and takes place directionally at the sites of initiation of phagocytosis. Formin and profilin are two actin-binding proteins that are known to regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics and thereby, endocytic processes. In this article, we report the participation of formin and profilin in E. histolytica phagocytosis and propose that these two proteins interact with each other and their sequential recruitment at the site is required for the successful completion of phagocytosis. The evidence is based on detailed microscopic, live imaging, interaction studies, and expression downregulation. The cells downregulated for expression of formin show absence of profilin at the site of phagocytosis, whereas downregulation of profilin does not affect formin localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bharadwaj
- Department of Medicine, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Somlata
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Das K, Watanabe N, Nozaki T. Two StAR-related lipid transfer proteins play specific roles in endocytosis, exocytosis, and motility in the parasitic protist Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009551. [PMID: 33909710 PMCID: PMC8109825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are the key contributor of organelle-specific lipid distribution and cellular lipid homeostasis. Here, we report a novel implication of LTPs in phagocytosis, trogocytosis, pinocytosis, biosynthetic secretion, recycling of pinosomes, and motility of the parasitic protist E. histolytica, the etiological agent of human amoebiasis. We show that two StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain-containing LTPs (named as EhLTP1 and 3) are involved in these biological pathways in an LTP-specific manner. Our findings provide novel implications of LTPs, which are relevant to the elucidation of pathophysiology of the diseases caused by parasitic protists. We showed that EhLTP1, but not EhLTP3, is involved in secretion of cysteine protease, the well-established degrading factor of host cells and the extracellular matrix, and in pseudopod formation and migration. In contrast, EhLTP3, but not EhLTP1, is exclusively involved in pinocytosis of the fluid-phase marker. Both EhLTP1 and EhLTP3 are also involved in trogocytosis (ingestion by nibbling) of live mammalian cells and phagocytosis of dead cells. In trogocytosis and phagcytosis, these two LTPs displayed distinct patterns of recruitment: e.g., EhLTP1 was associated at the ligand attachment site at the initiation of trogocytosis, followed by the recruitment of EhLTP3 onto the “trogocytic tunnel” at the intermediate stage of trogocytosis before the closure of the trogosome. Such tempo-spatially coordinated involvement of LTPs in the course of trogo- and phagocytosis has never been demonstrated in unicellular eukaryotes. Neither has LTP been shown to be involved in both endocytosis and exocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Das
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saito-Nakano Y, Wahyuni R, Nakada-Tsukui K, Tomii K, Nozaki T. Rab7D small GTPase is involved in phago-, trogocytosis and cytoskeletal reorganization in the enteric protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Cell Microbiol 2020; 23:e13267. [PMID: 32975360 PMCID: PMC7757265 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rab small GTPases regulate membrane traffic between distinct cellular compartments of all eukaryotes in a tempo‐spatially specific fashion. Rab small GTPases are also involved in the regulation of cytoskeleton and signalling. Membrane traffic and cytoskeletal regulation play pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica, which is a protozoan parasite responsible for human amebiasis. E. histolytica is unique in that its genome encodes over 100 Rab proteins, containing multiple isotypes of conserved members (e.g., Rab7) and Entamoeba‐specific subgroups (e.g., RabA, B, and X). Among them, E. histolytica Rab7 is the most diversified group consisting of nine isotypes. While it was previously demonstrated that EhRab7A and EhRab7B are involved in lysosome and phagosome biogenesis, the individual roles of other Rab7 members and their coordination remain elusive. In this study, we characterised the third member of Rab7, Rab7D, to better understand the significance of the multiplicity of Rab7 isotypes in E. histolytica. Overexpression of EhRab7D caused reduction in phagocytosis of erythrocytes, trogocytosis (meaning nibbling or chewing of a portion) of live mammalian cells, and phagosome acidification and maturation. Conversely, transcriptional gene silencing of EhRab7D gene caused opposite phenotypes in phago/trogocytosis and phagosome maturation. Furthermore, EhRab7D gene silencing caused reduction in the attachment to and the motility on the collagen‐coated surface. Image analysis showed that EhRab7D was occasionally associated with lysosomes and prephagosomal vacuoles, but not with mature phagosomes and trogosomes. Finally, in silico prediction of structural organisation of EhRab7 isotypes identified unique amino acid changes on the effector binding surface of EhRab7D. Taken together, our data suggest that EhRab7D plays coordinated counteracting roles: a inhibitory role in phago/trogocytosis and lyso/phago/trogosome biogenesis, and an stimulatory role in adherence and motility, presumably via interaction with unique effectors. Finally, we propose the model in which three EhRab7 isotypes are sequentially involved in phago/trogocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ratna Wahyuni
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tomii
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC) and Real World Big-Data Computation Open Innovation Laboratory (RWBC-OIL), National Institute of Advance Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nakada-Tsukui K, Watanabe N, Maehama T, Nozaki T. Phosphatidylinositol Kinases and Phosphatases in Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:150. [PMID: 31245297 PMCID: PMC6563779 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) metabolism is indispensable in eukaryotes. Phosphoinositides (PIs) are phosphorylated derivatives of PtdIns and consist of seven species generated by reversible phosphorylation of the inositol moieties at the positions 3, 4, and 5. Each of the seven PIs has a unique subcellular and membrane domain distribution. In the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, it has been previously shown that the PIs phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P), PtdIns(4,5)P2, and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 are localized to phagosomes/phagocytic cups, plasma membrane, and phagocytic cups, respectively. The localization of these PIs in E. histolytica is similar to that in mammalian cells, suggesting that PIs have orthologous functions in E. histolytica. In contrast, the conservation of the enzymes that metabolize PIs in this organism has not been well-documented. In this review, we summarized the full repertoire of the PI kinases and PI phosphatases found in E. histolytica via a genome-wide survey of the current genomic information. E. histolytica appears to have 10 PI kinases and 23 PI phosphatases. It has a panel of evolutionarily conserved enzymes that generate all the seven PI species. However, class II PI 3-kinases, type II PI 4-kinases, type III PI 5-phosphatases, and PI 4P-specific phosphatases are not present. Additionally, regulatory subunits of class I PI 3-kinases and type III PI 4-kinases have not been identified. Instead, homologs of class I PI 3-kinases and PTEN, a PI 3-phosphatase, exist as multiple isoforms, which likely reflects that elaborate signaling cascades mediated by PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 are present in this organism. There are several enzymes that have the nuclear localization signal: one phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) kinase, two PI 3-phosphatases, and one PI 5-phosphatase; this suggests that PI metabolism also has conserved roles related to nuclear functions in E. histolytica, as it does in model organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maehama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Agarwal S, Anand G, Sharma S, Parimita Rath P, Gourinath S, Bhattacharya A. EhP3, a homolog of 14-3-3 family of protein participates in actin reorganization and phagocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007789. [PMID: 31095644 PMCID: PMC6541287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved proteins of the 14-3-3 family are universal adaptors known to regulate an enormous range of cellular processes in eukaryotes. However, their biological functions remain largely uncharacterized in pathogenic protists comprising of several 14-3-3 protein isoforms. In this study, we report the role of 14-3-3 in coordinating cytoskeletal dynamics during phagocytosis in a professional phagocytic protist Entamoeba histolytica, the etiological agent of human amebiasis. There are three isoforms of 14-3-3 protein in amoeba and here we have investigated Eh14-3-3 Protein 3 (EhP3). Live and fixed cell imaging studies revealed the presence of this protein throughout the parasite phagocytosis process, with high rate of accumulation at the phagocytic cups and closed phagosomes. Conditional suppression of EhP3 expression caused significant defects in phagocytosis accompanied by extensive diminution of F-actin at the site of cup formation. Downregulated cells also exhibited defective recruitment of an F-actin stabilizing protein, EhCoactosin at the phagocytic cups. In addition, mass spectrometry based analysis further revealed a large group of EhP3-associated proteins, many of these proteins are known to regulate cytoskeletal architecture in E histolytica. The dynamics of these proteins may also be controlled by EhP3. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that EhP3 is a novel and a key regulatory element of actin dynamics and phagocytosis in E. histolytica. Phagocytosis of host cells is central to pathogenesis of protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica, the etiological agent of human amebiasis. It is a complex and multistep process that requires dynamic remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton by a large number of scaffolding, signaling and actin-binding proteins (ABPs). Although several parasite ligands such as EhC2PK, EhCaBP1, EhCaBP3, EhAK1, Arp2/3 complex and EhCoactosin that participate in the phagocytic machinery have been identified, the mechanistic insights to their regulation process remain largely elusive. We have in this study identified and characterized the important role of scaffolding protein EhP3 in modulating cytoskeletal dynamics and regulating phagocytosis in E. histolytica. Expression knockdown, imaging and interaction studies suggest that EhP3 function as an adaptor molecule that controls the localization of an F-actin stabilizing protein EhCoactosin and thus the dynamics of F-actin rearrangement during phagocytosis. EhP3 also interact with other actin dynamics regulating proteins that may in coordination regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and thereby phagocytosis in Entamoeba.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Agarwal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Gaurav Anand
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Alok Bhattacharya
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Ashoka University, P.O. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Singh SS, Naiyer S, Bharadwaj R, Kumar A, Singh YP, Ray AK, Subbarao N, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Stress-induced nuclear depletion of Entamoeba histolytica 3'-5' exoribonuclease EhRrp6 and its role in growth and erythrophagocytosis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16242-16260. [PMID: 30171071 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3'-5' exoribonuclease Rrp6 is a key enzyme in RNA homeostasis involved in processing and degradation of many stable RNA precursors, aberrant transcripts, and noncoding RNAs. We previously have shown that in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, the 5'-external transcribed spacer fragment of pre-rRNA accumulates under serum starvation-induced growth stress. This fragment is a known target of degradation by Rrp6. Here, we computationally and biochemically characterized EhRrp6 and found that it contains the catalytically important EXO and HRDC domains and exhibits exoribonuclease activity with both unstructured and structured RNA substrates, which required the conserved DEDD-Y catalytic-site residues. It lacked the N-terminal PMC2NT domain for binding of the cofactor Rrp47, but could functionally complement the growth defect of a yeast rrp6 mutant. Of note, no Rrp47 homologue was detected in E. histolytica Immunolocalization studies revealed that EhRrp6 is present both in the nucleus and cytosol of normal E. histolytica cells. However, growth stress induced its complete loss from the nuclei, reversed by proteasome inhibitors. EhRrp6-depleted E. histolytica cells were severely growth restricted, and EhRrp6 overexpression protected the cells against stress, suggesting that EhRrp6 functions as a stress sensor. Importantly EhRrp6 depletion reduced erythrophagocytosis, an important virulence determinant of E. histolytica This reduction was due to a specific decrease in transcript levels of some phagocytosis-related genes (Ehcabp3 and Ehrho1), whereas expression of other genes (Ehcabp1, Ehcabp6, Ehc2pk, and Eharp2/3) was unaffected. This is the first report of the role of Rrp6 in cell growth and stress responses in a protozoan parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ravi Bharadwaj
- the School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Amarjeet Kumar
- the School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, and
| | | | | | - Naidu Subbarao
- the School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, and
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- the School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bharadwaj R, Sharma S, Arya R, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya A. EhRho1 regulates phagocytosis by modulating actin dynamics through EhFormin1 and EhProfilin1 inEntamoeba histolytica. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12851. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bharadwaj
- School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Ranjana Arya
- School of Biotechnology; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the microbial agent of amoebiasis - an infection that is endemic worldwide and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. As the disease develops, virulent E. histolytica deplete the mucus layer, interact with the intestinal epithelium, and then degrade the colonic mucosa and disrupt the extracellular matrix (ECM). Our research demonstrated that virulent parasites with an invasive phenotype display rapid, highly specific changes in their transcriptome (notably for essential factors involved in carbohydrate metabolism and the processing of glycosylated residues). Moreover, combined activation of parasite and host lytic enzymes leads to the destruction of the intestinal parenchyma. Together, these enzymes degrade the mucus layer and the ECM, and trigger the inflammatory response essential to the development of amoebiasis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Boquet-Pujadas A, Lecomte T, Manich M, Thibeaux R, Labruyère E, Guillén N, Olivo-Marin JC, Dufour AC. BioFlow: a non-invasive, image-based method to measure speed, pressure and forces inside living cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9178. [PMID: 28835648 PMCID: PMC5569094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is governed by a complex molecular machinery that converts physico-chemical cues into whole-cell movement. Understanding the underlying biophysical mechanisms requires the ability to measure physical quantities inside the cell in a simple, reproducible and preferably non-invasive manner. To this end, we developed BioFlow, a computational mechano-imaging method and associated software able to extract intracellular measurements including pressure, forces and velocity everywhere inside freely moving cells in two and three dimensions with high spatial resolution in a non-invasive manner. This is achieved by extracting the motion of intracellular material observed using fluorescence microscopy, while simultaneously inferring the parameters of a given theoretical model of the cell interior. We illustrate the power of BioFlow in the context of amoeboid cell migration, by modelling the intracellular actin bulk flow of the parasite Entamoeba histolytica using fluid dynamics, and report unique experimental measures that complement and extend both theoretical estimations and invasive experimental measures. Thanks to its flexibility, BioFlow is easily adaptable to other theoretical models of the cell, and alleviates the need for complex or invasive experimental conditions, thus constituting a powerful tool-kit for mechano-biology studies. BioFlow is open-source and freely available via the Icy software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Boquet-Pujadas
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Lecomte
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Maria Manich
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Roman Thibeaux
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Paris, France.,INSERM U786, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Leptospirosis Research Unit, New Caledonia
| | - Elisabeth Labruyère
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Nancy Guillén
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Paris, France.,INSERM U786, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandre C Dufour
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|