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Anwar MU, Sergeeva OA, Abrami L, Mesquita FS, Lukonin I, Amen T, Chuat A, Capolupo L, Liberali P, D'Angelo G, van der Goot FG. ER-Golgi-localized proteins TMED2 and TMED10 control the formation of plasma membrane lipid nanodomains. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2334-2346.e8. [PMID: 36174556 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To promote infections, pathogens exploit host cell machineries such as structural elements of the plasma membrane. Studying these interactions and identifying molecular players are ideal for gaining insights into the fundamental biology of the host cell. Here, we used the anthrax toxin to screen a library of 1,500 regulatory, cell-surface, and membrane trafficking genes for their involvement in the intoxication process. We found that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi-localized proteins TMED2 and TMED10 are required for toxin oligomerization at the plasma membrane of human cells, an essential step dependent on localization to cholesterol-rich lipid nanodomains. Biochemical, morphological, and mechanistic analyses showed that TMED2 and TMED10 are essential components of a supercomplex that operates the exchange of both cholesterol and ceramides at ER-Golgi membrane contact sites. Overall, this study of anthrax intoxication led to the discovery that lipid compositional remodeling at ER-Golgi interfaces fully controls the formation of functional membrane nanodomains at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad U Anwar
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oksana A Sergeeva
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francisco S Mesquita
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilya Lukonin
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Triana Amen
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Chuat
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Capolupo
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni D'Angelo
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Pajuelo D, Tak U, Zhang L, Danilchanka O, Tischler AD, Niederweis M. Toxin secretion and trafficking by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6592. [PMID: 34782620 PMCID: PMC8593097 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) is the major cytotoxicity factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in macrophages. TNT is the C-terminal domain of the outer membrane protein CpnT and gains access to the cytosol to kill macrophages infected with Mtb. However, molecular mechanisms of TNT secretion and trafficking are largely unknown. A comprehensive analysis of the five type VII secretion systems of Mtb revealed that the ESX-4 system is required for export of CpnT and surface accessibility of TNT. Furthermore, the ESX-2 and ESX-4 systems are required for permeabilization of the phagosomal membrane in addition to the ESX-1 system. Thus, these three ESX systems need to act in concert to enable trafficking of TNT into the cytosol of Mtb-infected macrophages. These discoveries establish new molecular roles for the two previously uncharacterized type VII secretion systems ESX-2 and ESX-4 and reveal an intricate link between toxin secretion and phagosomal permeabilization by Mtb. The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) is the major cytotoxicity factor of M. tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb possesses five type VII secretion systems (ESX). Pajuelo et al. show that the ESX-4 system is required for TNT secretion and that ESX-2 and ESX-4 systems work in concert with ESX-1 to permeabilize the phagosomal membrane and enable trafficking of TNT into the cytoplasm of macrophages infected with Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pajuelo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Uday Tak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,University of Colorado Boulder, Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology Building B255, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Olga Danilchanka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Anna D Tischler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Mesquita FS, van der Goot FG, Sergeeva OA. Mammalian membrane trafficking as seen through the lens of bacterial toxins. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13167. [PMID: 32185902 PMCID: PMC7154709 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question of eukaryotic cell biology is how membrane organelles are organised and interact with each other. Cell biologists address these questions by characterising the structural features of membrane compartments and the mechanisms that coordinate their exchange. To do so, they must rely on variety of cargo molecules and treatments that enable targeted perturbation, localisation, and labelling of specific compartments. In this context, bacterial toxins emerged in cell biology as paradigm shifting molecules that enabled scientists to not only study them from the side of bacterial infection but also from the side of the mammalian host. Their selectivity, potency, and versatility made them exquisite tools for uncovering much of our current understanding of membrane trafficking mechanisms. Here, we will follow the steps that lead toxins until their intracellular targets, highlighting how specific events helped us comprehend membrane trafficking and establish the fundamentals of various cellular organelles and processes. Bacterial toxins will continue to guide us in answering crucial questions in cellular biology while also acting as probes for new technologies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oksana A Sergeeva
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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