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Li X, Sun X, Pinpin J, Zhao Q, Sun Y. Multifunctional ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29691. [PMID: 38783788 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route and can cause acute hepatitis in humans. Since HEV was identified as a zoonotic pathogen, different species of HEV strains have been globally identified from various hosts, leading to an expanding range of hosts. The HEV genome consists of a 5' noncoding region, three open reading frames (ORFs), and a 3' noncoding region. The ORF3 protein is the smallest but has many functions in HEV release and pathogenesis. In this review, we systematically summarize recent progress in understanding the functions of the HEV ORF3 protein in virion release, biogenesis of quasi-enveloped viruses, antigenicity, and host environmental regulation. This review will help us to understand HEV replication and pathogenesis mechanisms better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuwen Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ji Pinpin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Zahmanova G, Takova K, Lukov GL, Andonov A. Hepatitis E Virus in Domestic Ruminants and Virus Excretion in Milk-A Potential Source of Zoonotic HEV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:684. [PMID: 38793568 PMCID: PMC11126035 DOI: 10.3390/v16050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus is a serious health concern worldwide, with 20 million cases each year. Growing numbers of autochthonous HEV infections in industrialized nations are brought on via the zoonotic transmission of HEV genotypes 3 and 4. Pigs and wild boars are the main animal reservoirs of HEV and play the primary role in HEV transmission. Consumption of raw or undercooked pork meat and close contact with infected animals are the most common causes of hepatitis E infection in industrialized countries. However, during the past few years, mounting data describing HEV distribution has led experts to believe that additional animals, particularly domestic ruminant species (cow, goat, sheep, deer, buffalo, and yak), may also play a role in the spreading of HEV. Up to now, there have not been enough studies focused on HEV infections associated with animal milk and the impact that they could have on the epidemiology of HEV. This critical analysis discusses the role of domestic ruminants in zoonotic HEV transmissions. More specifically, we focus on concerns related to milk safety, the role of mixed farming in cross-species HEV infections, and what potential consequences these may have on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Zahmanova
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Department of Technology Transfer and IP Management, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Katerina Takova
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi L. Lukov
- Faculty of Sciences, Brigham Young University–Hawaii, Laie, HI 96762, USA
| | - Anton Andonov
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
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Glitscher M, Spannaus IM, Behr F, Murra RO, Woytinek K, Bender D, Hildt E. The Protease Domain in HEV pORF1 Mediates the Replicase's Localization to Multivesicular Bodies and Its Exosomal Release. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17:589-605. [PMID: 38190941 PMCID: PMC10900777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A peculiar feature of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is its reliance on the exosomal route for viral release. Genomic replication is mediated via the viral polyprotein pORF1, yet little is known about its subcellular localization. METHODS Subcellular localization of pORF1 and its subdomains, generated and cloned based on a structural prediciton of the viral replicase, was analyzed via confocal laser scanning microscopy. Exosomes released from cells were isolated via ultracentrifugation and analyzed by isopycnic density gradient centrifugation. This was followed by fluorimetry or Western blot analyses or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to analyze separated particles in more detail. RESULTS We found pORF1 to be accumulating within the endosomal system, most dominantly to multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Expression of the polyprotein's 7 subdomains revealed that the papain-like cysteine-protease (PCP) is the only domain localizing like the full-length protein. A PCP-deficient pORF1 mutant lost its association to MVBs. Strikingly, both pORF1 and PCP can be released via exosomes. Similarly, genomic RNA still is released via exosomes in the absence of pORF2/3. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we found that pORF1 localizes to MVBs in a PCP-dependent manner, which is followed by exosomal release. This reveals new aspects of HEV life cycle, because replication and release could be coupled at the endosomal interface. In addition, this may mediate capsid-independent spread or may facilitate the spread of viral infection, because genomes entering the cell during de novo infection readily encounter exosomally transferred pORF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Glitscher
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Fabiane Behr
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniela Bender
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany.
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Orozco-Cordoba J, Mazas C, Du Pont G, Lamoyi E, Cárdenas G, Fierro NA. Viral Biology and Immune Privilege in the Development of Extrahepatic Manifestations During Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:627-641. [PMID: 38064537 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) exhibits tropism toward hepatocytes and thus affects the liver; however, HEV may also affect other tissues, including the heart, kidneys, intestines, testicles, and central nervous system. To date, the pathophysiological links between HEV infection and extrahepatic manifestations have not yet been established. Considering that HEV infects multiple types of cells, the direct effects of virus replication in peripheral tissues represent a plausible explanation for extrahepatic manifestations. In addition, since the immune response is crucial in the development of the disease, the immune characteristics of affected tissues should be revisited to identify commonalities explaining the effects of the virus. This review summarizes the most recent advances in understanding the virus biology and immune-privileged status of specific tissues as major elements for HEV replication in diverse organs. These discoveries may open avenues to explain the multiple extrahepatic manifestations associated with HEV infection and ultimately to design effective strategies for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Orozco-Cordoba
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Camila Mazas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gisela Du Pont
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edmundo Lamoyi
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Cárdenas
- Departamento de Neuroinfectología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nora A Fierro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and Cargo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810862. [PMID: 36142773 PMCID: PMC9505460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of smart immune evasion mechanisms is crucial for the establishment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis is a major health problem worldwide arising from different causes, such as pathogens, metabolic disorders, and xenotoxins, with the five hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV) representing the majority of the cases. Most of the hepatitis viruses are considered enveloped. Recently, it was reported that the non-enveloped HAV and HEV are, in reality, quasi-enveloped viruses exploiting exosomal-like biogenesis mechanisms for budding. Regardless, all hepatitis viruses use exosomes to egress, regulate, and eventually escape from the host immune system, revealing another key function of exosomes apart from their recognised role in intercellular communication. This review will discuss how the hepatitis viruses exploit exosome biogenesis and transport capacity to establish successful infection and spread. Then, we will outline the contribution of exosomes in viral persistence and liver disease progression.
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Krijnse Locker J. Tips and tricks of viruses; unconventional egress. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1291-1292. [PMID: 35749309 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacomine Krijnse Locker
- Electron Microscopy of Pathogens, Paul Ehrilich Institute, Langen, Germany.,Neglected Infectious Diseases with Focus on Imaging, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Metzger K, Bentaleb C, Hervouet K, Alexandre V, Montpellier C, Saliou JM, Ferrié M, Camuzet C, Rouillé Y, Lecoeur C, Dubuisson J, Cocquerel L, Aliouat-Denis CM. Processing and Subcellular Localization of the Hepatitis E Virus Replicase: Identification of Candidate Viral Factories. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:828636. [PMID: 35283856 PMCID: PMC8908324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. HEV is a positive-sense RNA virus expressing three open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes the ORF1 non–structural polyprotein, the viral replicase which transcribes the full-length genome and a subgenomic RNA that encodes the structural ORF2 and ORF3 proteins. The present study is focused on the replication step with the aim to determine whether the ORF1 polyprotein is processed during the HEV lifecycle and to identify where the replication takes place inside the host cell. As no commercial antibody recognizes ORF1 in HEV-replicating cells, we aimed at inserting epitope tags within the ORF1 protein without impacting the virus replication efficacy. Two insertion sites located in the hypervariable region were thus selected to tolerate the V5 epitope while preserving HEV replication efficacy. Once integrated into the infectious full-length Kernow C-1 p6 strain, the V5 epitopes did neither impact the replication of genomic nor the production of subgenomic RNA. Also, the V5-tagged viral particles remained as infectious as the wildtype particles to Huh-7.5 cells. Next, the expression pattern of the V5-tagged ORF1 was compared in heterologous expression and replicative HEV systems. A high molecular weight protein (180 kDa) that was expressed in all three systems and that likely corresponds to the unprocessed form of ORF1 was detected up to 25 days after electroporation in the p6 cell culture system. Additionally, less abundant products of lower molecular weights were detected in both in cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. Concurrently, the V5-tagged ORF1 was localized by confocal microscopy inside the cell nucleus but also as compact perinuclear substructures in which ORF2 and ORF3 proteins were detected. Importantly, using in situ hybridization (RNAScope ®), positive and negative-strand HEV RNAs were localized in the perinuclear substructures of HEV-producing cells. Finally, by simultaneous detection of HEV genomic RNAs and viral proteins in these substructures, we identified candidate HEV factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Metzger
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cyrine Bentaleb
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Kévin Hervouet
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Virginie Alexandre
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Claire Montpellier
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Saliou
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR2014 – US41 – Plateformes Lilloises de Biologie and Santé (PLBS), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Martin Ferrié
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Charline Camuzet
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Yves Rouillé
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cécile Lecoeur
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cécile-Marie Aliouat-Denis
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Cécile-Marie Aliouat-Denis,
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Bender D, Glitscher M, Hildt E. [Viral hepatitis A to E: prevalence, pathogen characteristics, and pathogenesis]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2021; 65:139-148. [PMID: 34932130 PMCID: PMC8813840 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-021-03472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bei der viralen Hepatitis handelt es sich um eine akute oder chronische Entzündung der Leber, die durch verschiedene Viren verursacht wird. Weltweit leiden derzeit ca. 325 Mio. Menschen an der chronischen Form. Jährlich versterben insgesamt ca. 1,6 Mio. an den Folgen einer viralen Hepatitis. Die Hepatitisviren werden in 5 Erregergruppen unterteilt, die mit den Buchstaben A bis E bezeichnet werden (HAV–HEV). Diese unterscheiden sich in Phylogenie, Übertragung, Epidemiologie, Wirtsspezifität, Lebenszyklus, Struktur und in speziellen Aspekten der Pathogenese. Das strikt humanpathogene HAV, Teil der Familie Picornaviridae, induziert meist nur akute Hepatitiden und ist primär in Entwicklungsländern verbreitet. Das den Hepeviridae zugeordnete HEV beschreibt eine ähnliche Epidemiologie, ist jedoch durch sein zoonotisches Potenzial auch in Industrienationen weitverbreitet und kann zusätzlich eine chronische Erkrankung induzieren. Eine Chronifizierung tritt ebenso bei dem weltweit verbreiteten HBV (Hepadnaviridae) auf, dessen Satellitenvirus HDV (Kolmioviridae) das vorhandene kanzerogene Potenzial noch einmal erhöht. Das ebenfalls weltweit verbreitete HCV (Flaviviridae) birgt ein äußerst hohes Risiko der Chronifizierung und somit ebenfalls ein stark erhöhtes, kanzerogenes Potenzial. Die Erreger der viralen Hepatitis unterscheiden sich in ihren Eigenschaften und Lebenszyklen. Eine differenzierte Betrachtung im Hinblick auf Epidemiologie, Nachweismethoden und Prävention ist daher angezeigt. Obwohl robuste Therapien, und im Falle einzelner Erreger auch Vakzine, vorhanden sind, muss die Forschung insbesondere in Hinblick auf die armutsassoziierten Erreger erheblich vorangetrieben werden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bender
- Abteilung Virologie, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut - Bundesinstitut für Impfstoffe und biomedizinische Arzneimittel, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Deutschland
| | - Mirco Glitscher
- Abteilung Virologie, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut - Bundesinstitut für Impfstoffe und biomedizinische Arzneimittel, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Deutschland
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Abteilung Virologie, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut - Bundesinstitut für Impfstoffe und biomedizinische Arzneimittel, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Deutschland.
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Lhomme S, Abravanel F, Cintas P, Izopet J. Hepatitis E Virus Infection: Neurological Manifestations and Pathophysiology. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121582. [PMID: 34959537 PMCID: PMC8705630 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the first cause of viral hepatitis in the world. While the water-borne HEV genotypes 1 and 2 are found in developing countries, HEV genotypes 3 and 4 are endemic in developed countries due to the existence of animal reservoirs, especially swine. An HEV infection produces many extra-hepatic manifestations in addition to liver symptoms, especially neurological disorders. The most common are neuralgic amyotrophy or Parsonage–Turner syndrome, Guillain–Barré syndrome, myelitis, and encephalitis. The pathophysiology of the neurological injuries due to HEV remains uncertain. The immune response to the virus probably plays a role, but direct virus neurotropism could also contribute to the pathophysiology. This review describes the main neurological manifestations and their possible pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lhomme
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (F.A.); (J.I.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-5-67-69-04-24
| | - Florence Abravanel
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (F.A.); (J.I.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Cintas
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France;
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (F.A.); (J.I.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
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Cellular Organelles Involved in Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091206. [PMID: 34578238 PMCID: PMC8469867 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, infects approximately 20 million individuals annually. HEV can infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species, and cause frequent zoonotic spillover, increasingly raising public health concerns. To establish a successful infection, HEV needs to usurp host machineries to accomplish its life cycle from initial attachment to egress. However, relatively little is known about the HEV life cycle, especially the functional role(s) of cellular organelles and their associated proteins at different stages of HEV infection. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the relation of HEV with the different cell organelles during HEV infection. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms by which HEV infection is precisely regulated in infected cells and the modification of host cell organelles and their associated proteins upon HEV infection.
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