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McMoneagle E, Zhou J, Zhang S, Huang W, Josiah SS, Ding K, Wang Y, Zhang J. Neuronal K +-Cl - cotransporter KCC2 as a promising drug target for epilepsy treatment. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1-22. [PMID: 37704745 PMCID: PMC10770335 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder characterized by unprovoked seizures. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) serves as the primary fast inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and GABA binding to the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) regulates Cl- and bicarbonate (HCO3-) influx or efflux through the channel pore, leading to GABAergic inhibition or excitation, respectively. The neuron-specific K+-Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2) is essential for maintaining a low intracellular Cl- concentration, ensuring GABAAR-mediated inhibition. Impaired KCC2 function results in GABAergic excitation associated with epileptic activity. Loss-of-function mutations and altered expression of KCC2 lead to elevated [Cl-]i and compromised synaptic inhibition, contributing to epilepsy pathogenesis in human patients. KCC2 antagonism studies demonstrate the necessity of limiting neuronal hyperexcitability within the brain, as reduced KCC2 functioning leads to seizure activity. Strategies focusing on direct (enhancing KCC2 activation) and indirect KCC2 modulation (altering KCC2 phosphorylation and transcription) have proven effective in attenuating seizure severity and exhibiting anti-convulsant properties. These findings highlight KCC2 as a promising therapeutic target for treating epilepsy. Recent advances in understanding KCC2 regulatory mechanisms, particularly via signaling pathways such as WNK, PKC, BDNF, and its receptor TrkB, have led to the discovery of novel small molecules that modulate KCC2. Inhibiting WNK kinase or utilizing newly discovered KCC2 agonists has demonstrated KCC2 activation and seizure attenuation in animal models. This review discusses the role of KCC2 in epilepsy and evaluates its potential as a drug target for epilepsy treatment by exploring various strategies to regulate KCC2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin McMoneagle
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Streatham Campus, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shiyao Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Weixue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sunday Solomon Josiah
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Streatham Campus, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Streatham Campus, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Zhang W, Wang X, Yu M, Li JA, Meng H. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway in epilepsy: activation, regulation, and therapeutics. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 38:492-498. [PMID: 31038026 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1590410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy affects approximately 50-70 million people worldwide and 30-40% of patients do not benefit from medication. Therefore, it is necessary to identify novel targets for epileptic treatments. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family that activates diverse substrates, such as transcriptional factors, adaptor proteins, and signaling proteins, and has a wide variety of functions in both physiological and pathological conditions. The excessive activation of JNK is found not only in the acute phase of epilepsy, but also in the chronic phase, which potentiates it as a promising target in epilepsy control. In this review, we discuss the activation of the JNK pathway in epilepsy and its role in neuronal death, astrocyte activation, and mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) based on recent updates. Finally, we briefly introduce the current agents that target JNK signaling to control epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuqiong Zhang
- a Department of Neurology and Neuroscience center , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- a Department of Neurology and Neuroscience center , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Yu
- a Department of Neurology and Neuroscience center , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Jia-Ai Li
- a Department of Neurology and Neuroscience center , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Meng
- a Department of Neurology and Neuroscience center , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
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Jin M, Sheng W, Han L, He Q, Ji X, Liu K. Activation of BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway-regulated brain inflammation in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in zebrafish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:26-36. [PMID: 30195910 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seizures are sustained neuronal hyperexcitability in brain that result in loss of consciousness and injury. Understanding how the brain responds to seizures is critical to help developing new therapeutic strategies for epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent and unprovoked seizures. However, the mechanisms underlying seizure-dependent alterations of biological properties are poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed gene expression profiles of the zebrafish heads that were undergoing seizures and identified 1776 differentially expressed genes. Gene-regulatory network analysis revealed that BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway positively regulated brain inflammation in zebrafish during seizures. Using K252a, a TrkB inhibitor to block BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway, attenuated pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures, which also confirmed BDNF-TrkB mediated inflammatory responses including regulation of il1β and nfκb, and neutrophil and macrophage infiltration of brain. Our results have provided novel insights into seizure-induced brain inflammation in zebrafish and anti-inflammatory related therapy for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Wenlong Sheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Liwen Han
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qiuxia He
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xiuna Ji
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Potentiation of Synaptic GluN2B NMDAR Currents by Fyn Kinase Is Gated through BDNF-Mediated Disinhibition in Spinal Pain Processing. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2753-2765. [PMID: 27926876 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic pain states, the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transforms the output of lamina I spinal neurons by decreasing synaptic inhibition. Pain hypersensitivity also depends on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and Src-family kinases, but the locus of NMDAR dysregulation remains unknown. Here, we show that NMDAR-mediated currents at lamina I synapses are potentiated in a peripheral nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. We find that BDNF mediates NMDAR potentiation through activation of TrkB and phosphorylation of the GluN2B subunit by the Src-family kinase Fyn. Surprisingly, we find that Cl--dependent disinhibition is necessary and sufficient to prime potentiation of synaptic NMDARs by BDNF. Thus, we propose that spinal pain amplification is mediated by a feedforward mechanism whereby loss of inhibition gates the increase in synaptic excitation within individual lamina I neurons. Given that neither disinhibition alone nor BDNF-TrkB signaling is sufficient to potentiate NMDARs, we have discovered a form of molecular coincidence detection in lamina I neurons.
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Lu H, Li Y, Zhang T, Liu M, Chi Y, Liu S, Shi Y. Salidroside Reduces High-Glucose-Induced Podocyte Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress via Upregulating Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) Expression. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:4067-4076. [PMID: 28831032 PMCID: PMC5580518 DOI: 10.12659/msm.902806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperglycemia is one of the most dangerous factors causing diabetic nephropathy. Salidroside is considered to have the effects of reducing oxidative stress damage and improving cell viability. This study was performed to investigate whether and how salidroside reduces high-glucose (HG)-induced apoptosis in mouse podocytes. Material/Methods We examined whether salidroside could decrease HG-induced podocyte oxidative stress and podocyte apoptosis in vitro. The potential signaling pathways were also investigated. Podocytes (immortalized mouse epithelial cells) were treated with normal glucose (5.5 mM) as control or HG (30 mM), and then exposed to salidroside treatment. Results HG enhanced the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in podocytes. Salidroside reduced HG-induced apoptosis-related consequences via promoting HO-1 expression. Salidroside increased the expression level of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and phosphorylated ILK (p-ILK), p-JNK, and p-ERK and localization of Nrf-2. JNK inhibitor and ILK inhibitor decreased HO-1 expression to different degrees. Moreover, specific siRNAs of ILK, Nrf-2, and HO-1, and inhibitors of HO-1 and ILK significantly increased ROS generation and Caspase9/3 expression in the presence of salidroside and HG. Conclusions The results suggest that salidroside reduces HG-induced ROS generation and apoptosis and improves podocytes viability by upregulating HO-1 expression. ILK/Akt, JNK, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and Nrf-2 are involved in salidroside-decreased podocyte apoptosis in HG condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- Department of Nephrology, The 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nephrology, The 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Maodong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yanqing Chi
- Department of Nephrology, The 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Shuxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland).,Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland).,Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
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Régis J, Lagmari M, Carron R, Hayashi M, McGonigal A, Daquin G, Villeneuve N, Laguitton V, Bartolomei F, Chauvel P. Safety and efficacy of Gamma Knife radiosurgery in hypothalamic hamartomas with severe epilepsies: A prospective trial in 48 patients and review of the literature. Epilepsia 2017; 58 Suppl 2:60-71. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Régis
- Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery Service and Gamma Knife Unit; INSERM, UMR 1106 and Timone University Hospital; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | - Medhi Lagmari
- Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery Service and Gamma Knife Unit; INSERM, UMR 1106 and Timone University Hospital; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | - Romain Carron
- Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery Service and Gamma Knife Unit; INSERM, UMR 1106 and Timone University Hospital; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | - Motohiro Hayashi
- Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery Service and Gamma Knife Unit; INSERM, UMR 1106 and Timone University Hospital; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | - Aileen McGonigal
- Clinical Physiology Department; INSERM, UMR 1106 and Timone University Hospital; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | - Géraldine Daquin
- Clinical Physiology Department; INSERM, UMR 1106 and Timone University Hospital; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | - Nathalie Villeneuve
- Clinical Physiology Department; INSERM, UMR 1106 and Timone University Hospital; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | - Virginie Laguitton
- Clinical Physiology Department; INSERM, UMR 1106 and Timone University Hospital; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | - Fabrice Bartolomei
- Clinical Physiology Department; INSERM, UMR 1106 and Timone University Hospital; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | - Patrick Chauvel
- Clinical Physiology Department; INSERM, UMR 1106 and Timone University Hospital; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
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7
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Kerrigan JF, Parsons A, Tsang C, Simeone K, Coons S, Wu J. Hypothalamic hamartoma: Neuropathology and epileptogenesis. Epilepsia 2017; 58 Suppl 2:22-31. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John F. Kerrigan
- Hypothalamic Hamartoma Program and Pediatric Neurology Division; Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital; Phoenix Children's Hospital; Phoenix Arizona U.S.A
- Hypothalamic Hamartoma Tissue Research Laboratory; Barrow Neurological Institute; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix Arizona U.S.A
| | - Angela Parsons
- Hypothalamic Hamartoma Tissue Research Laboratory; Barrow Neurological Institute; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix Arizona U.S.A
| | - Candy Tsang
- Hypothalamic Hamartoma Tissue Research Laboratory; Barrow Neurological Institute; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix Arizona U.S.A
| | - Kristina Simeone
- Department of Pharmacology; Creighton University School of Medicine; Omaha Nebraska U.S.A
| | - Stephen Coons
- Division of Neuropathology; Barrow Neurological Institute; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix Arizona U.S.A
| | - Jie Wu
- Hypothalamic Hamartoma Program and Division of Neurology; Barrow Neurological Institute; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix Arizona U.S.A
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Kelley MR, Deeb TZ, Brandon NJ, Dunlop J, Davies PA, Moss SJ. Compromising KCC2 transporter activity enhances the development of continuous seizure activity. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:103-10. [PMID: 27108931 PMCID: PMC5337122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Impaired neuronal inhibition has long been associated with the increased probability of seizure occurrence and heightened seizure severity. Fast synaptic inhibition in the brain is primarily mediated by the type A γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAARs), ligand-gated ion channels that can mediate Cl(-) influx resulting in membrane hyperpolarization and the restriction of neuronal firing. In most adult brain neurons, the K(+)/Cl(-) co-transporter-2 (KCC2) establishes hyperpolarizing GABAergic inhibition by maintaining low [Cl(-)]i. In this study, we sought to understand how decreased KCC2 transport function affects seizure event severity. We impaired KCC2 transport in the 0-Mg(2+) ACSF and 4-aminopyridine in vitro models of epileptiform activity in acute mouse brain slices. Experiments with the selective KCC2 inhibitor VU0463271 demonstrated that reduced KCC2 transport increased the duration of SLEs, resulting in non-terminating discharges of clonic-like activity. We also investigated slices obtained from the KCC2-Ser940Ala (S940A) point-mutant mouse, which has a mutation at a known functional phosphorylation site causing behavioral and cellular deficits under hyperexcitable conditions. We recorded from the entorhinal cortex of S940A mouse brain slices in both 0-Mg(2+) ACSF and 4-aminopyridine, and demonstrated that loss of the S940 residue increased the susceptibility of continuous clonic-like discharges, an in vitro form of status epilepticus. Our experiments revealed KCC2 transport activity is a critical factor in seizure event duration and mechanisms of termination. Our results highlight the need for therapeutic strategies that potentiate KCC2 transport function in order to decrease seizure event severity and prevent the development of status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Kelley
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Tarek Z Deeb
- AstraZeneca Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Nicholas J Brandon
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, 141, Portland St, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Dunlop
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, 141, Portland St, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul A Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Stephen J Moss
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; AstraZeneca Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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9
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Lv J, Ou W, Zou XH, Yao Y, Wu JL. Effect of dexmedetomidine on hippocampal neuron development and BDNF-TrkB signal expression in neonatal rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:3153-3159. [PMID: 28003751 PMCID: PMC5158139 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s120078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to explore the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on hippocampal neuron development process and on molecular expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) signaling pathway in neonatal rats. The hippocampal neuron cells were isolated from newborn neonatal rats and cultured in vitro. One control group and three treated groups with 1, 10, and 100 μmol/L DEX were used for the study. Cell activity and apoptosis were detected by the MTT and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated uridine triphosphate (UTP) nick end labeling assays. The synaptophysin (SYN) and postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. There was no difference in the viability of neuron cells among the different dose groups of DEX and the control group during days 2-10 (P>0.05). Compared to the control group, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the expressions of SYN and PSD95 in the groups treated with 1 and 10 μmol/L DEX, whereas significant difference in the expression was observed in the group treated with 100 μmol/L DEX (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the expression of BDNF was significantly upregulated (P<0.05) in the group treated with 100 μmol/L DEX. There were no significant differences in TrkB expression among the four groups. The expression of p-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor increased with an increase in the concentration of DEX; however, only the high dose revealed a significant upregulation compared with the control group. The neuroprotective effect of DEX may be achieved by upregulating the expression of BDNF and phosphorylation level of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lv
- Department of Anesthesia, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ou
- Department of Anesthesia, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zou
- Department of Anesthesia, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Yao
- Department of Anesthesia, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Li Wu
- Department of Anesthesia, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Globally, greater than 30 million individuals are afflicted with disorders of the nervous system accompanied by tens of thousands of new cases annually with limited, if any, treatment options. Erythropoietin (EPO) offers an exciting and novel therapeutic strategy to address both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. EPO governs a number of critical protective and regenerative mechanisms that can impact apoptotic and autophagic programmed cell death pathways through protein kinase B (Akt), sirtuins, mammalian forkhead transcription factors, and wingless signaling. Translation of the cytoprotective pathways of EPO into clinically effective treatments for some neurodegenerative disorders has been promising, but additional work is necessary. In particular, development of new treatments with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents such as EPO brings several important challenges that involve detrimental vascular outcomes and tumorigenesis. Future work that can effectively and safely harness the complexity of the signaling pathways of EPO will be vital for the fruitful treatment of disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey 07101
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11
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Kang SK, Johnston MV, Kadam SD. Acute TrkB inhibition rescues phenobarbital-resistant seizures in a mouse model of neonatal ischemia. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2792-804. [PMID: 26452067 PMCID: PMC4715496 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal seizures are commonly associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Phenobarbital (PB) resistance is common and poses a serious challenge in clinical management. Using a newly characterized neonatal mouse model of ischemic seizures, this study investigated a novel strategy for rescuing PB resistance. A small-molecule TrkB antagonist, ANA12, used to selectively and transiently block post-ischemic BDNF-TrkB signaling in vivo, determined whether rescuing TrkB-mediated post-ischemic degradation of the K(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter (KCC2) rescued PB-resistant seizures. The anti-seizure efficacy of ANA12 + PB was quantified by (i) electrographic seizure burden using acute continuous video-electroencephalograms and (ii) post-treatment expression levels of KCC2 and NKCC1 using Western blot analysis in postnatal day (P)7 and P10 CD1 pups with unilateral carotid ligation. ANA12 significantly rescued PB-resistant seizures at P7 and improved PB efficacy at P10. A single dose of ANA12 + PB prevented the post-ischemic degradation of KCC2 for up to 24 h. As anticipated, ANA12 by itself had no anti-seizure properties and was unable to prevent KCC2 degradation at 24 h without follow-on PB. This indicates that unsubdued seizures can independently lead to KCC2 degradation via non-TrkB-dependent pathways. This study, for the first time as a proof-of-concept, reports the potential therapeutic value of KCC2 modulation for the management of PB-resistant seizures in neonates. Future investigations are required to establish the mechanistic link between ANA12 and the prevention of KCC2 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kang
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 716 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - M V Johnston
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 716 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S D Kadam
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 716 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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12
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Du X, Hill R. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone as a pro-neurotrophic treatment for neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurochem Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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