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Wang X, Wen D, Xia F, Fang M, Zheng J, You C, Ma L. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Revealed White Matter Repair Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01265-6. [PMID: 38861152 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Existing research indicates the potential for white matter injury repair during the subacute phase following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, elucidating the role of brain cell subpopulations in the acute and subacute phases of SAH pathogenesis remains challenging due to the cellular heterogeneity of the central nervous system. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing was conducted on SAH model mice to delineate distinct cell populations. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed to identify involved pathways, and cellular interactions were explored using the CellChat package in R software. Validation of the findings involved a comprehensive approach, including magnetic resonance imaging, immunofluorescence double staining, and Western blot analyses. This study identified ten major brain clusters with cell type-specific gene expression patterns. Notably, we observed infiltration and clonal expansion of reparative microglia in white matter-enriched regions during the subacute stage after SAH. Additionally, microglia-associated pleiotrophin (PTN) was identified as having a role in mediating the regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in SAH model mice, implicating the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. These findings emphasize the vital role of microglia-OPC interactions might occur via the PTN pathway, potentially contributing to white matter repair during the subacute phase after SAH. Our analysis revealed precise transcriptional changes in the acute and subacute phases after SAH, offering insights into the mechanism of SAH and for the development of drugs that target-specific cell subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dingke Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- West China Brain Research Centre, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Ma W, Geng Y, Liu Y, Pan H, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wang L. The mechanisms of white matter injury and immune system crosstalk in promoting the progression of Parkinson's disease: a narrative review. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1345918. [PMID: 38863783 PMCID: PMC11165104 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1345918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is neurodegenerative disease in middle-aged and elderly people with some pathological mechanisms including immune disorder, neuroinflammation, white matter injury and abnormal aggregation of alpha-synuclein, etc. New research suggests that white matter injury may be important in the development of PD, but how inflammation, the immune system, and white matter damage interact to harm dopamine neurons is not yet understood. Therefore, it is particularly important to delve into the crosstalk between immune cells in the central and peripheral nervous system based on the study of white matter damage in PD. This crosstalk could not only exacerbate the pathological process of PD but may also reveal new therapeutic targets. By understanding how immune cells penetrate through the blood-brain barrier and activate inflammatory responses within the central nervous system, we can better grasp the impact of structural destruction of white matter in PD and explore how this process can be modulated to mitigate or combat disease progression. Microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and peripheral immune cells (especially T cells) play a central role in its pathological process where these immune cells produce and respond to pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interleukin-6(IL-6), and white matter injury causes microglia to become pro-inflammatory and release inflammatory mediators, which attract more immune cells to the damaged area, increasing the inflammatory response. Moreover, white matter damage also causes dysfunction of blood-brain barrier, allows peripheral immune cells and inflammatory factors to invade the brain further, and enhances microglia activation forming a vicious circle that intensifies neuroinflammation. And these factors collectively promote the neuroinflammatory environment and neurodegeneration changes of PD. Overall, these findings not only deepen our understanding of the complexity of PD, but also provide new targets for the development of therapeutic strategies focused on inflammation and immune regulation mechanisms. In summary, this review provided the theoretical basis for clarifying the pathogenesis of PD, summarized the association between white matter damage and the immune cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and then emphasized their potential specific mechanisms of achieving crosstalk with further aggravating the pathological process of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ma
- Graduate School of Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yifan Geng
- Xuzhou Clinical School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youhan Liu
- Graduate School of Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huixin Pan
- Graduate School of Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qinglu Wang
- Graduate School of Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yaohua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering & Technology of Shandong High School, Qilu Medical University, Zibo, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Graduate School of Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Pan S, Hale AT, Lemieux ME, Raval DK, Garton TP, Sadler B, Mahaney KB, Strahle JM. Iron homeostasis and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a review. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1287559. [PMID: 38283681 PMCID: PMC10811254 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1287559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron physiology is regulated by a complex interplay of extracellular transport systems, coordinated transcriptional responses, and iron efflux mechanisms. Dysregulation of iron metabolism can result in defects in myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis, and neuronal maturation. In neonates, germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) causes iron overload as a result of blood breakdown in the ventricles and brain parenchyma which can lead to post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). However, the precise mechanisms by which GMH-IVH results in PHH remain elusive. Understanding the molecular determinants of iron homeostasis in the developing brain may lead to improved therapies. This manuscript reviews the various roles iron has in brain development, characterizes our understanding of iron transport in the developing brain, and describes potential mechanisms by which iron overload may cause PHH and brain injury. We also review novel preclinical treatments for IVH that specifically target iron. Understanding iron handling within the brain and central nervous system may provide a basis for preventative, targeted treatments for iron-mediated pathogenesis of GMH-IVH and PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew T. Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mackenzie E. Lemieux
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dhvanii K. Raval
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P. Garton
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brooke Sadler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kelly B. Mahaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Wang Y, Jiang A, Yan J, Wen D, Gu N, Li Z, Sun X, Wu Y, Guo Z. Inhibition of GPR17/ID2 Axis Improve Remyelination and Cognitive Recovery after SAH by Mediating OPC Differentiation in Rat Model. Transl Stroke Res 2023:10.1007/s12975-023-01201-0. [PMID: 37935878 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Myelin sheath injury contributes to cognitive deficits following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17), a membrane receptor, negatively regulates oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation in both developmental and pathological contexts. Nonetheless, GPR17's role in modulating OPC differentiation, facilitating remyelination post SAH, and its interaction with downstream molecules remain elusive. In a rat SAH model induced by arterial puncture, OPCs expressing GPR17 proliferated prominently by day 14 post-onset, coinciding with compromised myelin sheath integrity and cognitive deficits. Selective Gpr17 knockdown in oligodendrocytes (OLs) via adeno-associated virus (AAV) administration revealed that reduced GPR17 levels promoted OPC differentiation, restored myelin sheath integrity, and improved cognitive deficits by day 14 post-SAH. Moreover, GPR17 knockdown attenuated the elevated expression of the inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (ID2) post-SAH, suggesting a GPR17-ID2 regulatory axis. Bi-directional modulation of ID2 expression in OLs using AAV unveiled that elevated ID2 counteracted the restorative effects of GPR17 knockdown. This resulted in hindered differentiation, exacerbated myelin sheath impairment, and worsened cognitive deficits. These findings highlight the pivotal roles of GPR17 and ID2 in governing OPC differentiation and axonal remyelination post-SAH. This study positions GPR17 as a potential therapeutic target for SAH intervention. The interplay between GPR17 and ID2 introduces a novel avenue for ameliorating cognitive deficits post-SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Anan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Daochen Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanhan County People's Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Nina Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.
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Chen Y, Zheng D, Wang H, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Ke X, Chen G. Lipocalin 2 in the Paraventricular Thalamic Nucleus Contributes to DSS-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1263-1277. [PMID: 36920644 PMCID: PMC10387009 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence rate of anxiety and depression is significantly higher in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) than in the general population. The mechanisms underlying dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced depressive-like behaviors are still unclear. We clarified that IBD mice induced by repeated administration of DSS presented depressive-like behaviors. The paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) was regarded as the activated brain region by the number of c-fos-labeled neurons. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) was upregulated in the PVT of mice with DSS-induced depressive behaviors. Upregulating Lcn2 from neuronal activity induced dendritic spine loss and the secreted protein induced chemokine expression and subsequently contributed to microglial activation leading to blood-brain barrier permeability. Moreover, Lcn2 silencing in the PVT alleviated the DSS-induced depressive-like behaviors. The present study demonstrated that elevated Lcn2 in the PVT is a critical factor for DSS-induced depressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeru Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Du Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Youfa Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xinlong Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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Li J, Xu P, Hong Y, Xie Y, Peng M, Sun R, Guo H, Zhang X, Zhu W, Wang J, Liu X. Lipocalin-2-mediated astrocyte pyroptosis promotes neuroinflammatory injury via NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:148. [PMID: 37353794 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is a vital pathophysiological process during ischemic stroke. Activated astrocytes play a major role in inflammation. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), secreted by activated astrocytes, promotes neuroinflammation. Pyroptosis is a pro-inflammatory form of programmed cell death that has emerged as a new area of research in stroke. Nevertheless, the potential role of LCN2 in astrocyte pyroptosis remains unclear. METHODS An ischemic stroke model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in vivo. In this study, in vitro, oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (O/R) were applied to cultured astrocytes. 24p3R (the LCN2 receptor) was inhibited by astrocyte-specific adeno-associated virus (AAV-GFAP-24p3Ri). MCC950 and Nigericin sodium salt (Nig) were used to inhibit or promote the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome pharmacologically, respectively. Histological and biochemical analyses were performed to assess astrocyte and neuron death. Additionally, the neurological deficits of mice were evaluated. RESULTS LCN2 expression was significantly induced in astrocytes 24 h after stroke onset in the mouse MCAO model. Lcn2 knockout (Lcn2-/-) mice exhibited reduced infarct volume and improved neurological and cognitive functions after MCAO. LCN2 and its receptor 24p3R were colocalized in astrocytes. Mechanistically, suppression of 24p3R by AAV-GFAP-24p3Ri alleviated pyroptosis-related pore formation and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines via LCN2, which was then reversed by Nig-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Astrocyte pyroptosis was exacerbated in Lcn2-/- mice by intracerebroventricular administration of recombinant LCN2 (rLCN2), while this aggravation was restricted by blocking 24p3R or inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation with MCC950. CONCLUSION LCN2/24p3R mediates astrocyte pyroptosis via NLRP3 inflammasome activation following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanji Li
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Ye Hong
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengna Peng
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hongquan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305# East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
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Chen M, Guo P, Ru X, Chen Y, Zuo S, Feng H. Myelin sheath injury and repairment after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1145605. [PMID: 37077816 PMCID: PMC10106687 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1145605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can lead to damage to the myelin sheath in white matter. Through classification and analysis of relevant research results, the discussion in this paper provides a deeper understanding of the spatiotemporal change characteristics, pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment strategies of myelin sheath injury after SAH. The research progress for this condition was also systematically reviewed and compared related to myelin sheath in other fields. Serious deficiencies were identified in the research on myelin sheath injury and treatment after SAH. It is necessary to focus on the overall situation and actively explore different treatment methods based on the spatiotemporal changes in the characteristics of the myelin sheath, as well as the initiation, intersection and common action point of the pathophysiological mechanism, to finally achieve accurate treatment. We hope that this article can help researchers in this field to further clarify the challenges and opportunities in the current research on myelin sheath injury and treatment after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Peiwen Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xufang Ru
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yujie Chen, ; Shilun Zuo,
| | - Shilun Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yujie Chen, ; Shilun Zuo,
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Zhao RY, Wei PJ, Sun X, Zhang DH, He QY, Liu J, Chang JL, Yang Y, Guo ZN. Role of lipocalin 2 in stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106044. [PMID: 36804285 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide; however, the treatment choices available to neurologists are limited in clinical practice. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted protein, belonging to the lipocalin superfamily, with multiple biological functions in mediating innate immune response, inflammatory response, iron-homeostasis, cell migration and differentiation, energy metabolism, and other processes in the body. LCN2 is expressed at low levels in the brain under normal physiological conditions, but its expression is significantly up-regulated in multiple acute stimulations and chronic pathologies. An up-regulation of LCN2 has been found in the blood/cerebrospinal fluid of patients with ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke, and could serve as a potential biomarker for the prediction of the severity of acute stroke. LCN2 activates reactive astrocytes and microglia, promotes neutrophil infiltration, amplifies post-stroke inflammation, promotes blood-brain barrier disruption, white matter injury, and neuronal death. Moreover, LCN2 is involved in brain injury induced by thrombin and erythrocyte lysates, as well as microvascular thrombosis after hemorrhage. In this paper, we review the role of LCN2 in the pathological processes of ischemic stroke; intracerebral hemorrhage; subarachnoid hemorrhage; and stroke-related brain diseases, such as vascular dementia and post-stroke depression, and their underlying mechanisms. We hope that this review will help elucidate the value of LCN2 as a therapeutic target in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yu Zhao
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Peng-Ju Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Dian-Hui Zhang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Qian-Yan He
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Jun-Lei Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China; Neuroscience Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China.
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China; Neuroscience Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China.
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White Matter Injury: An Emerging Potential Target for Treatment after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:3842493. [PMID: 36798684 PMCID: PMC9928519 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3842493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) refers to vascular brain injury mainly from a ruptured aneurysm, which has a high lifetime risk and imposes a substantial burden on patients, families, and society. Previous studies on SAH mainly focused on neurons in gray matter (GM). However, according to literature reports in recent years, in-depth research on the mechanism of white matter (WM) is of great significance to injury and recovery after SAH. In terms of functional recovery after SAH, all kinds of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) should be protected. In other words, it is necessary to protect not only GM but also WM, not only neurons but also glial cells and axons, and not only for the lesion itself but also for the prevention and treatment of remote damage. Clarifying the mechanism of white matter injury (WMI) and repair after SAH is of great importance. Therefore, this present review systematically summarizes the current research on WMI after SAH, which might provide therapeutic targets for treatment after SAH.
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Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhang H, Li S, Li J, Liu H, Cheng Q. The role of lipocalin 2 in brain injury and recovery after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:930526. [PMID: 36187347 PMCID: PMC9520288 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.930526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (including intracerebral hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage) is the dominating cause of disability and death worldwide. Neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neuronal death are the main pathological progress, which eventually causes brain injury. Increasing evidence indicated that lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a 25k-Da acute phase protein from the lipocalin superfamily, significantly increased immediately after the stroke and played a vital role in these events. Meanwhile, there exists a close relationship between LCN2 levels and the worse clinical outcome of patients with stroke. Further research revealed that LCN2 elimination is associated with reduced immune infiltrates, infarct volume, brain edema, BBB leakage, neuronal death, and neurological deficits. However, some studies revealed that LCN2 might also act as a beneficial factor in ischemic stroke. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism of LCN2 and its primary receptors (24p3R and megalin) involving in brain injury remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the mechanism of LCN2 induced brain damage after stroke. This review focuses on the role of LCN2 and its receptors in brain injury and aiming to find out possible therapeutic targets to reduce brain damage following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Shuwang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Hongwei Liu,
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Clinical Diagnosis and Therapy Center for Glioma of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Cheng,
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11
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Zhao Y, Wu J, Li D, Liu J, Chen W, Hou Z, Liu K, Jiang L, Chen X, Wang L, Hu B, Zong F, Wang Y, Wang Y. Human ESC-derived immunity- and matrix- regulatory cells ameliorated white matter damage and vascular cognitive impairment in rats subjected to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13223. [PMID: 35437845 PMCID: PMC9136497 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study investigated the ability of immunity‐ and matrix‐ regulatory cells (IMRCs) to improve cognitive function in a rat model of vascular cognitive impairment. Materials and Methods A chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) model was established in rats via permanent bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries (two‐vessel occlusion, 2VO). The rats then received intravenous injections of IMRCs or saline. A single injection of different doses of IMRCs (1 × 106 cells/rat, 2 × 106 cells/rat, or 4 × 106 cells/rat) was administered via tail vein 72 h after establishment of the model. To evaluate functional recovery, the rats were subjected to behavioural tests after 30 days of CCH. Imaging, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and quantitative real‐time PCR were used to analyse neuroinflammation and white matter injury after 14 and 40 days of CCH. RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) was used to profile gene expression changes in copine 1 (CPNE1) in response to IMRCs treatment. Results Intravenous injection of 4 × 106 IMRCs alleviated white matter damage and ameliorated cognitive deficits in rats subjected to CCH. Immunofluorescence staining suggested that activation of microglia and astrocytes was reduced, and RNA sequencing showed that CPNE1 expression was significantly elevated following treatment with IMRCs. Conclusions Intravenous injection of IMRCs protected against CCH‐induced white matter injury and cognitive impairment inhibition of microglial activation and regulation of microglia polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Zongren Hou
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kailun Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangrong Zong
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
| | - Yukai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yilong Wang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
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12
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Luo C, Zhou S, Yin S, Jian L, Luo P, Dong J, Liu E. Lipocalin-2 and Cerebral Stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:850849. [PMID: 35493318 PMCID: PMC9039332 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.850849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common and devastating disease with an escalating prevalence worldwide. The known secondary injuries after stroke include cell death, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, iron dysregulation, and neurovascular unit dysfunction. Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) is a neutrophil gelatinase-associated protein that influences diverse cellular processes during a stroke. The role of LCN-2 has been widely recognized in the peripheral system; however, recent findings have revealed that there are links between LCN-2 and secondary injury and diseases in the central nervous system. Novel roles of LCN-2 in neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells have also been demonstrated. Here, we review the evidence on the regulatory roles of LCN-2 in secondary injuries following a stroke from various perspectives and the pathological mechanisms involved in the modulation of stroke. Overall, our review suggests that LCN-2 is a promising target to promote a better understanding of the neuropathology of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Shi Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lipeng Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Pengren Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jigeng Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Erheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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13
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Solár P, Zamani A, Lakatosová K, Joukal M. The blood-brain barrier and the neurovascular unit in subarachnoid hemorrhage: molecular events and potential treatments. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:29. [PMID: 35410231 PMCID: PMC8996682 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following a stroke, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), has been studied extensively. The main components of this reaction are endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes that affect microglia, neurons, and vascular smooth muscle cells. SAH induces alterations in individual BBB cells, leading to brain homeostasis disruption. Recent experiments have uncovered many pathophysiological cascades affecting the BBB following SAH. Targeting some of these pathways is important for restoring brain function following SAH. BBB injury occurs immediately after SAH and has long-lasting consequences, but most changes in the pathophysiological cascades occur in the first few days following SAH. These changes determine the development of early brain injury as well as delayed cerebral ischemia. SAH-induced neuroprotection also plays an important role and weakens the negative impact of SAH. Supporting some of these beneficial cascades while attenuating the major pathophysiological pathways might be decisive in inhibiting the negative impact of bleeding in the subarachnoid space. In this review, we attempt a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the molecular and cellular changes in the BBB following SAH and their possible modulation by various drugs and substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Solár
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alemeh Zamani
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudia Lakatosová
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Joukal
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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14
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Wan T, Zhu W, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Ye R, Zuo M, Xu P, Huang Z, Zhang C, Xie Y, Liu X. Astrocytic phagocytosis contributes to demyelination after focal cortical ischemia in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1134. [PMID: 35241660 PMCID: PMC8894352 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke can cause secondary myelin damage in the white matter distal to the primary injury site. The contribution of astrocytes during secondary demyelination and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, using a mouse of distal middle cerebral artery occlusion, we show that lipocalin-2 (LCN2), enriched in reactive astrocytes, expression increases in nonischemic areas of the corpus callosum upon injury. LCN2-expressing astrocytes acquire a phagocytic phenotype and are able to uptake myelin. Myelin removal is impaired in Lcn2−/− astrocytes. Inducing re-expression of truncated LCN2(Δ2–20) in astrocytes restores phagocytosis and leads to progressive demyelination in Lcn2−/− mice. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that LCN2 binds to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in astrocytes. Knockdown of Lrp1 reduces LCN2-induced myelin engulfment by astrocytes and reduces demyelination. Altogether, our findings suggest that LCN2/LRP1 regulates astrocyte-mediated myelin phagocytosis in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke can cause secondary demyelination. Whether phagocytic astrocytes can contribute to such demyelination is unclear. Here, the authors show that lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) expression increased in astrocytes upon injury. LCN-2 expressing astrocytes acquire a phagocytic phenotype and contribute to secondary demyelination in a mouse model of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Xiaohao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Meng Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Zhenqian Huang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Chunni Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China.
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China.
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China. .,Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
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15
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Yang R, Chen M, Zheng J, Li X, Zhang X. The Role of Heparin and Glycocalyx in Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2022; 12:754141. [PMID: 34992593 PMCID: PMC8724024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions as a dynamic boundary that protects the central nervous system from blood and plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the brain. Dysfunction of the BBB is a pathophysiological characteristic of multiple neurologic diseases. Glycocalyx covers the luminal side of vascular endothelial cells(ECs). Damage of glycocalyx leads to disruption of the BBB, while inhibiting glycocalyx degradation maintains BBB integrity. Heparin has been recognized as an anticoagulant and it protects endothelial glycocalyx from destruction. In this review, we summarize the role of glycocalyx in BBB formation and the therapeutic potency of heparin to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of neurological diseases related to BBB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingming Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiayin Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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16
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Peng K, Koduri S, Ye F, Yang J, Keep RF, Xi G, Hua Y. A timeline of oligodendrocyte death and proliferation following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:842-850. [PMID: 35150055 PMCID: PMC9062564 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS White matter (WM) injury is a critical factor associated with worse outcomes following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, the detailed pathological changes are not completely understood. This study investigates temporal changes in the corpus callosum (CC), including WM edema and oligodendrocyte death after SAH, and the role of lipocalin-2 (LCN2) in those changes. METHODS Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced in adult wild-type or LCN2 knockout mice via endovascular perforation. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed 4 hours, 1 day, and 8 days after SAH, and T2 hyperintensity changes within the CC were quantified to represent WM edema. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate oligodendrocyte death and proliferation. RESULTS Subarachnoid hemorrhage induced significant CC T2 hyperintensity at 4 hours and 1 day that diminished significantly by 8 days post-procedure. Comparing changes between the 4 hours and 1 day, each individual mouse had an increase in CC T2 hyperintensity volume. Oligodendrocyte death was observed at 4 hours, 1 day, and 8 days after SAH induction, and there was progressive loss of mature oligodendrocytes, while immature oligodendrocytes/oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) proliferated back to baseline by Day 8 after SAH. Moreover, LCN2 knockout attenuated WM edema and oligodendrocyte death at 24 hours after SAH. CONCLUSIONS Subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to T2 hyperintensity change within the CC, which indicates WM edema. Oligodendrocyte death was observed in the CC within 1 day of SAH, with a partial recovery by Day 8. SAH-induced WM injury was alleviated in an LCN2 knockout mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Peng
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA,Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Sravanthi Koduri
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Fenghui Ye
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Jinting Yang
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Richard F. Keep
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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17
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Loss of monocarboxylate transporter 1 aggravates white matter injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Front Med 2021; 15:887-902. [PMID: 34874512 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monocarboxylic acid transporter 1 (MCT1) maintains axonal function by transferring lactic acid from oligodendrocytes to axons. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) induces white matter injury, but the involvement of MCT1 is unclear. In this study, the SAH model of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was used to explore the role of MCT1 in white matter injury after SAH. At 48 h after SAH, oligodendrocyte MCT1 was significantly reduced, and the exogenous overexpression of MCT1 significantly improved white matter integrity and long-term cognitive function. Motor training after SAH significantly increased the number of ITPR2+SOX10+ oligodendrocytes and upregulated the level of MCT1, which was positively correlated with the behavioral ability of rats. In addition, miR-29b and miR-124 levels were significantly increased in SAH rats compared with non-SAH rats. Further intervention experiments showed that miR-29b and miR-124 could negatively regulate the level of MCT1. This study confirmed that the loss of MCT1 may be one of the mechanisms of white matter damage after SAH and may be caused by the negative regulation of miR-29b and miR-124. MCT1 may be involved in the neurological improvement of rehabilitation training after SAH.
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18
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Croci DM, Wanderer S, Strange F, Grüter BE, Sivanrupan S, Andereggen L, Casoni D, von Gunten M, Widmer HR, Di Santo S, Fandino J, Mariani L, Marbacher S. Tocilizumab Reduces Vasospasms, Neuronal Cell Death, and Microclot Formation in a Rabbit Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:894-904. [PMID: 33409731 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI), delayed cerebral vasospasm (DCVS), and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) are common complications of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Inflammatory processes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are one of the causes for such complications. Our aim to study the effects of an IL-6 receptor antagonist (Tocilizumab) examines the occurrence of DCVS, neuronal cell death, and microclot formation in an acute SAH rabbit model. Twenty-nine New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into one of three groups as the SAH, SAH + Tocilizumab, and sham groups. In SAH groups, hemorrhage was induced by extracranial-intracranial arterial blood shunting from the subclavian artery into the cisterna magna under intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. In the second group, Tocilizumab was given once intravenously 1 h after SAH induction. Digital subtraction angiography was performed, and CSF and blood were sampled before and after (day 3) SAH induction. IL-6 plasma and CSF levels were measured. TUNEL, FJB, NeuN, and caspase-3 immunostaining were used to assess cell apoptosis, neurodegeneration, and neuronal cell death, respectively. Microclot formation was detected by fibrinogen immunostaining. Between baseline and follow-up, there was a significant reduction of angiographic DCVS (p < 0.0001) in the Tocilizumab compared with the SAH group. Tocilizumab treatment resulted in decreased neuronal cell death in the hippocampus (p = 0.006), basal cortex (p = 0.001), and decreased microclot formation (p = 0.02). Tocilizumab reduced DCVS, neuronal cell death, and microclot formation in a rabbit SAH model, and could be a potential treatment to prevent DCVS and DCI in SAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide M Croci
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland.
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Wanderer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Strange
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Basil E Grüter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sivani Sivanrupan
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Andereggen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Casoni
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Hans Rudolf Widmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Di Santo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Javier Fandino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Mariani
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Marbacher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Dekens DW, Eisel ULM, Gouweleeuw L, Schoemaker RG, De Deyn PP, Naudé PJW. Lipocalin 2 as a link between ageing, risk factor conditions and age-related brain diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101414. [PMID: 34325073 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic (neuro)inflammation plays an important role in many age-related central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and vascular dementia. Inflammation also characterizes many conditions that form a risk factor for these CNS disorders, such as physical inactivity, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an inflammatory protein shown to be involved in different age-related CNS diseases, as well as risk factor conditions thereof. Lcn2 expression is increased in the periphery and the brain in different age-related CNS diseases and also their risk factor conditions. Experimental studies indicate that Lcn2 contributes to various neuropathophysiological processes of age-related CNS diseases, including exacerbated neuroinflammation, cell death and iron dysregulation, which may negatively impact cognitive function. We hypothesize that increased Lcn2 levels as a result of age-related risk factor conditions may sensitize the brain and increase the risk to develop age-related CNS diseases. In this review we first provide a comprehensive overview of the known functions of Lcn2, and its effects in the CNS. Subsequently, this review explores Lcn2 as a potential (neuro)inflammatory link between different risk factor conditions and the development of age-related CNS disorders. Altogether, evidence convincingly indicates Lcn2 as a key constituent in ageing and age-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doortje W Dekens
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie Gouweleeuw
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Regien G Schoemaker
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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20
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Zhang A, Zhang Z, Zhang WB, Wang X, Lenahan C, Fang Y, Luo Y, Liu Y, Mei S, Chen S, Zhang J. Development of a nomogram for predicting clinical outcome in patients with angiogram-negative subarachnoid hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1339-1347. [PMID: 34320688 PMCID: PMC8504520 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest clinical retrospective study in AN‐SAH patients, and is the first time to establish accurate predictive models paired with bleeding pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yibo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuhao Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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21
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Ru X, Gao L, Zhou J, Li Q, Zuo S, Chen Y, Liu Z, Feng H. Secondary White Matter Injury and Therapeutic Targets After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2021; 12:659740. [PMID: 34335439 PMCID: PMC8319471 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.659740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the special stroke subtypes with high mortality and mobility. Although the mortality of SAH has decreased by 50% over the past two decades due to advances in neurosurgery and management of neurocritical care, more than 70% of survivors suffer from varying degrees of neurological deficits and cognitive impairments, leaving a heavy burden on individuals, families, and the society. Recent studies have shown that white matter is vulnerable to SAH, and white matter injuries may be one of the causes of long-term neurological deficits caused by SAH. Attention has recently focused on the pivotal role of white matter injury in the pathophysiological processes after SAH, mainly related to mechanical damage caused by increased intracerebral pressure and the metabolic damage induced by blood degradation and hypoxia. In the present review, we sought to summarize the pathophysiology processes and mechanisms of white matter injury after SAH, with a view to providing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of long-term cognitive dysfunction after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufang Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of General Practice, Audio-Visual Education Center, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiru Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shilun Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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22
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Ru X, Qu J, Li Q, Zhou J, Huang S, Li W, Zuo S, Chen Y, Liu Z, Feng H. MiR-706 alleviates white matter injury via downregulating PKCα/MST1/NF-κB pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113688. [PMID: 33713655 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) who recover from surgery and intensive care management still live with cognitive impairment after discharge, indicating the importance of white matter injury at the acute stage of SAH. In the present study, standard endovascular perforation was employed to establish an SAH mouse model, and a microRNA (miRNA) chip was used to analyze the changes in gene expression in white matter tissue after SAH. The data indicate that 17 miRNAs were downregulated, including miR-706, miR-669a-5p, miR-669p-5p, miR-7116-5p and miR-195a-3p, while 13 miRNAs were upregulated, including miR-6907-5p, miR-5135, miR-6982-5p, miR-668-5p, miR-8119. Strikingly, miR-706 was significantly downregulated with the highest fold change. Further experiments confirmed that miR-706 could alleviate white matter injury and improve neurological behavior, at least partially by inhibiting the PKCα/MST1/NF-κB pathway and the release of inflammatory cytokines. These results might provide a deeper understanding of the pathophysiological processes in white matter after SAH, as well as potential therapeutic strategies for the translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufang Ru
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jie Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Emergency, The Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiru Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Suna Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shilun Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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23
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Wang Z, Chen J, Toyota Y, Keep RF, Xi G, Hua Y. Ultra-Early Cerebral Thrombosis Formation After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Detected on T2* Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Stroke 2021; 52:1033-1042. [PMID: 33535782 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The mechanisms of brain damage during ultra-early subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have not been well studied. The current study examined the SAH-induced hyperacute brain damage at 4 hours using magnetic resonance imaging and brain histology in a mouse model. METHODS SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in adult mice. First, adult male wild-type mice underwent magnetic resonance imaging T2 and T2* 4 hours after an endovascular perforation or a sham operation and were euthanized to assess brain histology. Second, male and female adult lipocalin-2 knockout mice had SAH. All animals underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 4 hours, and the brains were harvested for brain histology. RESULTS T2* hypointensity vessels were observed in the brain 4 hours after SAH in male wild-type mice. The numbers of T2*-positive vessels were significantly higher in SAH brains than in sham-operated mice. Brain histology showed thrombosis and erythrocyte plugs in the T2*-positive cerebral vessels which may be venules. The number of T2*-positive vessels correlated with SAH grade and the presence of T2 lesions. Brain thrombosis was also accompanied by albumin leakage and neuronal injury. LCN2 deficient male mice had lower numbers of T2*-positive vessels after SAH compared with wild-type male mice. CONCLUSIONS SAH causes ultra-early brain vessel thrombosis that can be detected by T2* gradient-echo sequence at 4 hours after SAH. LCN2 deficiency decreased the number of T2*-positive vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhepei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Z.W., J.C., Y.T., R.F.K., G.X., Y.H.).,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (Z.W.)
| | - Jingyin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Z.W., J.C., Y.T., R.F.K., G.X., Y.H.)
| | - Yasunori Toyota
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Z.W., J.C., Y.T., R.F.K., G.X., Y.H.)
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Z.W., J.C., Y.T., R.F.K., G.X., Y.H.)
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Z.W., J.C., Y.T., R.F.K., G.X., Y.H.)
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Z.W., J.C., Y.T., R.F.K., G.X., Y.H.)
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24
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Zhao F, Zhong L, Luo Y. Endothelial glycocalyx as an important factor in composition of blood-brain barrier. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:26-35. [PMID: 33377610 PMCID: PMC7804892 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood‐brain barrier is a dynamic and complex neurovascular unit that protects neurons from somatic circulatory factors as well as regulates the internal environmental stability of the central nervous system. Endothelial glycocalyx is a critical component of an extended neurovascular unit that influences the structure of the blood‐brain barrier and plays various physiological functions, including an important role in maintaining normal neuronal homeostasis. Specifically, glycocalyx acts in physical and charge barriers, mechanical transduction, regulation of vascular permeability, modulation of inflammatory response, and anticoagulation. Since intact glycocalyx is necessary to maintain the stability and integrity of the internal environment of the blood‐brain barrier, damage to glycocalyx can lead to the dysfunction of the blood‐brain barrier. This review discusses the role of glycocalyx in the context of the substantial literature regarding the blood‐brain barrier research, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases as well as point to new breakthroughs and innovations in glycocalyx‐dependent blood‐brain barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Zhong
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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25
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Chen S, Xu P, Fang Y, Lenahan C. The Updated Role of the Blood Brain Barrier in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: From Basic and Clinical Studies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1266-1278. [PMID: 32928088 PMCID: PMC7770644 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200914161231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of hemorrhagic stroke associated with high mortality and morbidity. The blood-brain-barrier (BBB) is a structure consisting primarily of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, end feet of astrocytes, extracellular matrix, and pericytes. Post-SAH pathophysiology included early brain injury and delayed cerebral ischemia. BBB disruption was a critical mechanism of early brain injury and was associated with other pathophysiological events. These pathophysiological events may propel the development of secondary brain injury, known as delayed cerebral ischemia. Imaging advancements to measure BBB after SAH primarily focused on exploring innovative methods to predict clinical outcome, delayed cerebral ischemia, and delayed infarction related to delayed cerebral ischemia in acute periods. These predictions are based on detecting abnormal changes in BBB permeability. The parameters of BBB permeability are described by changes in computed tomography (CT) perfusion and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Kep seems to be a stable and sensitive indicator in CT perfusion, whereas Ktrans is a reliable parameter for dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Future prediction models that utilize both the volume of BBB disruption and stable parameters of BBB may be a promising direction to develop practical clinical tools. These tools could provide greater accuracy in predicting clinical outcome and risk of deterioration. Therapeutic interventional exploration targeting BBB disruption is also promising, considering the extended duration of post-SAH BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
Zhejiang Province, China
| | - PengLei Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
Zhejiang Province, China
| | - YuanJian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA,Center for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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26
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Li Y, Wu P, Bihl JC, Shi H. Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Molecular Targets in Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1168-1179. [PMID: 31903882 PMCID: PMC7770641 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200106154203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke with significant morbidity and mortality. Aneurysmal bleeding causes elevated intracranial pressure, decreased cerebral blood flow, global cerebral ischemia, brain edema, blood component extravasation, and accumulation of breakdown products. These post-SAH injuries can disrupt the integrity and function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and brain tissues are directly exposed to the neurotoxic blood contents and immune cells, which leads to secondary brain injuries including inflammation and oxidative stress, and other cascades. Though the exact mechanisms are not fully clarified, multiple interconnected and/or independent signaling pathways have been reported to be involved in BBB disruption after SAH. In addition, alleviation of BBB disruption through various pathways or chemicals has a neuroprotective effect on SAH. Hence, BBB permeability plays an important role in the pathological course and outcomes of SAH. This review discusses the recent understandings of the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in BBB disruption after SAH, emphasizing the dysfunction of tight junctions and endothelial cells in the development of BBB disruption. The emerging molecular targets, including toll-like receptor 4, netrin-1, lipocalin-2, tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B, and receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB4, are also summarized in detail. Finally, we discussed the emerging treatments for BBB disruption after SAH and put forward our perspectives on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ji C. Bihl
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, 45435, USA; Tel: 011-01-9377755243; Fax: 011-01-9377757221; E-mail: and Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Tel: +86-15545107889; E-mail:
| | - Huaizhang Shi
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, 45435, USA; Tel: 011-01-9377755243; Fax: 011-01-9377757221; E-mail: and Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Tel: +86-15545107889; E-mail:
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27
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Toyota Y, Wei J, Xi G, Keep RF, Hua Y. White matter T2 hyperintensities and blood-brain barrier disruption in the hyperacute stage of subarachnoid hemorrhage in male mice: The role of lipocalin-2. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1207-1214. [PMID: 31568658 PMCID: PMC6776746 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The current study examined whether white matter injury occurs in the hyperacute (4 hours) phase after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and the potential role of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and an acute phase protein, lipocalin 2 (LCN2), in that injury. METHODS Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced by endovascular perforation in adult mice. First, wild-type (WT) mice underwent MRI 4 hours after SAH to detect white matter T2 hyperintensities. Second, changes in LCN2 expression and BBB disruption associated with the MRI findings were examined. Third, SAH-induced white matter injury at 4 hours was compared in WT and LCN2 knockout (LCN2 KO) mice. RESULTS At 4 hours, most animals had uni- or bilateral white matter T2 hyperintensities after SAH in WT mice that were associated with BBB disruption and LCN2 upregulation. However, some disruption and LCN2 upregulation was also found in mice with no T2-hyperintensity lesion. In contrast, there were no white matter T2 hyperintensities in LCN2 KO mice after SAH. LCN2 deficiency also attenuated BBB disruption, myelin damage, and oligodendrocyte loss. CONCLUSIONS Subarachnoid hemorrhage causes very early BBB disruption and LCN2 expression in white matter that is associated with and may precede T2 hyperintensities. LCN2 deletion attenuates MRI changes and pathological changes in white matter after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Toyota
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Jialiang Wei
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Richard F. Keep
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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