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Pongeluppi RI, Coelho G, Ballestero MFM, Aragon DC, Colli BO, Santos de Oliveira R. Development and Evaluation of a Mixed Reality Model for Training the Retrosigmoid Approach. World Neurosurg 2024:S1878-8750(24)01042-8. [PMID: 38906470 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of simulation has the potential to accelerate the learning curves and increase the efficiency of surgeons. However, there is currently a scarcity in models dedicated to skull base surgical approaches. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a cost-effective mixed reality system consisting of an ultrarealistic physical model and augmented reality and evaluate its use in training surgeons on the retrosigmoid approach. METHODS The virtual models were developed from images of patients with vestibular schwannoma. The tumor was mirrored to allow bilateral approaches and the model has drawers for repositioning structures, allowing reuse of the material and cost reduction. Pre and posttest assessments were applied to 10 residents and young neurosurgeons, divided into control and test groups. Only the control group was exposed to the model. The difference in scores obtained by participants before and after exposure to the models was considered for analysis and participants in the control group answered self-satisfaction questionnaires. RESULTS The mean differences were 4.80 in the control group (95% credibility intervals=1.08-9.79) and 5.43 in the test group (95% credibility intervals=1.67-8.20). The average score of the self-satisfaction questionnaires was 24.0 (23-25). CONCLUSIONS The ultrarealistic model efficiently allowed retromastoid access to the cerebellopontine angle. A tendency toward greater gains in performance in the group exposed to the model was verified. Scores from the self-satisfaction questionnaires demonstrated that participants considered the model relevant for neurosurgical training and increased confidence among surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Inacio Pongeluppi
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Giselle Coelho
- Department of Surgery, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Davi Casale Aragon
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedicto Oscar Colli
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Santos de Oliveira
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Bolton L, Young K, Ray J, Chawdhary G. Virtual temporal bone simulators and their use in surgical training: a narrative review. J Laryngol Otol 2024; 138:356-360. [PMID: 37973532 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215123002025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Temporal bone dissection is a difficult skill to acquire, and the challenge has recently been further compounded by a reduction in conventional surgical training opportunities during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Consequently, there has been renewed interest in ear simulation as an adjunct to surgical training for trainees. We review the state-of-the-art virtual temporal bone simulators for surgical training. MATERIALS AND METHODS A narrative review of the current literature was performed following a Medline search using a pre-determined search strategy. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Sixty-one studies were included. There are five validated temporal bone simulators: Voxel-Man, CardinalSim, Ohio State University Simulator, Melbourne University's Virtual Reality Surgical Simulation and Visible Ear Simulator. The merits of each have been reviewed, alongside their role in surgical training. CONCLUSION Temporal bone simulators have been demonstrated to be useful adjuncts to conventional surgical training methods and are likely to play an increasing role in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bolton
- ENT Offices, York Hospital, York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, York UK
| | - Kenneth Young
- ENT, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull University Teaching Hospital, Hull, UK
| | - Jaydip Ray
- ENT, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gaurav Chawdhary
- ENT, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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Favier V, Ayad T, Blanc F, Fakhry N, Andersen SAW. Use of simulation-based training of surgical technical skills among ENTs: an international YO-IFOS survey. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 278:5043-5050. [PMID: 33914149 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the use of simulation-based technical skills training (SBTST) in the otolaryngology curriculum in different countries, and to explore the needs and opinions about the use of simulation among young otolaryngologists. METHODS An e-survey conducted among Young Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (Yo-IFOS) members. RESULTS 139 Yo-IFOS members from 51 countries completed the survey. During residency training, 82.7% of respondents have used SBTST on cadavers, 51.8% on physical simulators, and 43.8% on virtual reality simulators. High costs (65.5%), lack of availability (49.2%) and lack of time (25.5%) were the main barriers limiting the practice of SBTST. These barriers also limited teaching using simulation. Sinonasal surgery (72.7%), temporal bone surgery (67.6%), and head/neck surgery (44.6%) were significantly more frequently taught using SBTST than suspension microlaryngoscopy (25.9%) and pediatric surgery (22.3%) (p < 0.001). The procedures rated as the most important to learn through SBTST were tracheotomy (50.4%), emergency cricothyroidotomy (48.9%), and rigid bronchoscopy (47.5%). On an analogic visual scale (0-100) for the question "how important will simulation be for future ENTs in surgical training?", the mean score was 79.5/100 (± 23.3), highlighting the positive attitude toward the use of SBTST in otorhinolaryngology training. CONCLUSION SBTST is an attractive learning and teaching method in otorhinolaryngology, but associated costs, lack of access, and lack of time are the main barriers limiting its use. Emergency procedures are key technical skills to be learned using simulation but in some cases, lack relevant simulators for training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Favier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Montpellier, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34000, Montpellier, France.
- Montpellier Laboratory of Informatics, Robotics and Microelectonics (LIRMM), ICAR Team, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.
| | - Tareck Ayad
- Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Otorhinolaryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fabian Blanc
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Montpellier, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Fakhry
- Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Otorhinolaryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, APHM, Aix Marseille University, La Conception University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Steven Arild Wuyts Andersen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for HR & Education, RegionH, Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Aussedat C, Venail F, Marx M, Boullaud L, Bakhos D. Training in temporal bone drilling. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2021; 139:140-145. [PMID: 33722469 DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Acquiring surgical experience in the operating room is increasingly difficult. Simulation of temporal bone drilling is therefore essential, and more and more widely used. The aim of this review is to clarify the limitations of classical surgical training, and to describe the different types of simulation available for temporal bone drilling. Systematic Medline search used the terms: "temporal bone" and training and surgery; "temporal bone" and training and drilling. Seventy-one of the 467 articles identified were relevant for this review. Various temporal bone simulators have been created to get around the limitations (ethical, financial, cultural, working time) of temporal bone drilling. They can be classified as cadaver, animal, physical or virtual models. The main advantages of physical and virtual prototyping are their ease of access, the possibility of repeating gestures on a standardised model, and the absence of ethical issues. Validation is essential before these simulators can be included in the curriculum, to ensure efficacy and thus improve patient safety in the operating room.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aussedat
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervicofaciale, CHU de Tours, 2, boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France.
| | - F Venail
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervicofaciale, CHU de Montpellier, avenue du Doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - M Marx
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervicofaciale, CHU de Toulouse, place du Docteur-Baylac, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - L Boullaud
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervicofaciale, CHU de Tours, 2, boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France
| | - D Bakhos
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervicofaciale, CHU de Tours, 2, boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France
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Liu T, Tai Y, Zhao C, Wei L, Zhang J, Pan J, Shi J. Augmented reality in neurosurgical navigation: a survey. Int J Med Robot 2020; 16:e2160. [PMID: 32890440 DOI: 10.1002/rcs.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurosurgery has exceptionally high requirements for minimally invasive and safety. This survey attempts to analyze the practical application of AR in neurosurgical navigation. Also, this survey describes future trends in augmented reality neurosurgical navigation systems. METHODS In this survey, we searched related keywords "augmented reality", "virtual reality", "neurosurgery", "surgical simulation", "brain tumor surgery", "neurovascular surgery", "temporal bone surgery", and "spinal surgery" through Google Scholar, World Neurosurgery, PubMed and Science Direct. We collected 85 articles published over the past five years in areas related to this survey. RESULTS Detailed study has been conducted on the application of AR in neurosurgery and found that AR is constantly improving the overall efficiency of doctor training and treatment, which can help neurosurgeons learn and practice surgical procedures with zero risks. CONCLUSIONS Neurosurgical navigation is essential in neurosurgery. Despite certain technical limitations, it is still a necessary tool for the pursuit of maximum security and minimal intrusiveness. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Yunnan Key Lab of Opto-electronic Information Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yonghang Tai
- Yunnan Key Lab of Opto-electronic Information Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Chengming Zhao
- Yunnan Key Lab of Opto-electronic Information Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jun Zhang
- Yunnan Key Lab of Opto-electronic Information Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Junjun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Junsheng Shi
- Yunnan Key Lab of Opto-electronic Information Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
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Barber SR, Jain S, Mooney MA, Almefty KK, Lawton MT, Son YJ, Stevens SM. Combining Stereoscopic Video and Virtual Reality Simulation to Maximize Education in Lateral Skull Base Surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 162:922-925. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599820907866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mastery of lateral skull base (LSB) surgery requires thorough knowledge of complex, 3-dimensional (3D) microanatomy and techniques. While supervised operation under binocular microscopy remains the training gold standard, concerns over operative time and patient safety often limit novice surgeons’ stereoscopic exposure. Furthermore, most alternative educational resources cannot meet this need. Here we present proof of concept for a tool that combines 3D-operative video with an interactive, stereotactic teaching environment. Stereoscopic video was recorded with a microscope during translabyrinthine approaches for vestibular schwannoma. Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) temporal bone computed tomography images were segmented using 3D-Slicer. Files were rendered using a game engine software built for desktop virtual reality. The resulting simulation was an interactive immersion combining a 3D operative perspective from the lead surgeon’s chair with virtual reality temporal bone models capable of hands-on manipulation, label toggling, and transparency modification. This novel tool may alter LSB training paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R. Barber
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Saurabh Jain
- Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael A. Mooney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Kaith K. Almefty
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael T. Lawton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Young-Jun Son
- Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Shawn M. Stevens
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- The Arizona Ear Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Barber SR, Jain S, Son YJ, Almefty K, Lawton MT, Stevens SM. Integrating Stereoscopic Video with Modular 3D Anatomic Models for Lateral Skull Base Training. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2020; 82:e268-e270. [PMID: 34306948 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Current virtual reality (VR) technology allows the creation of instructional video formats that incorporate three-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic footage.Combined with 3D anatomic models, any surgical procedure or pathology could be represented virtually to supplement learning or surgical preoperative planning. We propose a standalone VR app that allows trainees to interact with modular 3D anatomic models corresponding to stereoscopic surgical videos. Methods Stereoscopic video was recorded using an OPMI Pentero 900 microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images segmented axial temporal bone computed tomography and each anatomic structure was exported separately. 3D models included semicircular canals, facial nerve, sigmoid sinus and jugular bulb, carotid artery, tegmen, canals within the temporal bone, cochlear and vestibular aqueducts, endolymphatic sac, and all branches for cranial nerves VII and VIII. Finished files were imported into the Unreal Engine. The resultant application was viewed using an Oculus Go. Results A VR environment facilitated viewing of stereoscopic video and interactive model manipulation using the VR controller. Interactive models allowed users to toggle transparency, enable highlighted segmentation, and activate labels for each anatomic structure. Based on 20 variable components, a value of 1.1 × 10 12 combinations of structures per DICOM series was possible for representing patient-specific anatomy in 3D. Conclusion This investigation provides proof of concept that a hybrid of stereoscopic video and VR simulation is possible, and that this tool may significantly aid lateral skull base trainees as they learn to navigate a complex 3D surgical environment. Future studies will validate methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Barber
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Saurabh Jain
- Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Young-Jun Son
- Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Kaith Almefty
- Division of Neurotology and Lateral Skull Base Surgery, Barrow Brain and Spine, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Michael T Lawton
- Division of Neurotology and Lateral Skull Base Surgery, Barrow Brain and Spine, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Shawn M Stevens
- Division of Neurotology and Lateral Skull Base Surgery, Barrow Brain and Spine, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States.,The Arizona Ear Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
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Al-Shahrestani F, Sørensen MS, Andersen SAW. Performance metrics in mastoidectomy training: a systematic review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 276:657-664. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-018-05265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Barber SR, Jain S, Son YJ, Chang EH. Virtual Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Simulation with 3D-Printed Models for Mixed-Reality Nasal Endoscopy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 159:933-937. [PMID: 30200812 DOI: 10.1177/0194599818797586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The surgeon's knowledge of a patient's individual anatomy is critical in skull base surgery. Trainees and experienced surgeons can benefit from surgical simulation; however, current models are expensive and impractical for widespread use. In this study, we report a next-generation mixed-reality surgical simulator. We segmented critical anatomic structures for 3-dimensional (3D) models to develop a modular teaching tool. We then developed a navigation tracking system utilizing a 3D-printed endoscope as a trackable virtual-reality (VR) controller and validated the accuracy on VR and 3D-printed skull models within 1 cm. We combined VR and augmented-reality visual cues with our 3D physical model to simulate sinus endoscopy and highlight segmented structures in real time. This report provides evidence that a mixed-reality simulator combining VR and 3D-printed models is feasible and may prove useful as an educational tool that is low cost and customizable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Barber
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Saurabh Jain
- 2 Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Young-Jun Son
- 2 Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Eugene H Chang
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Abstract
This article presents a summary of the current simulation training for otologic skills. There is a wide variety of educational approaches, assessment tools, and simulators in use, including simple low-cost task trainers to complex computer-based virtual reality systems. A systematic approach to otologic skills training using adult learning theory concepts, such as repeated and distributed practice, self-directed learning, and mastery learning, is necessary for these educational interventions to be effective. Future directions include development of measures of performance to assess efficacy of simulation training interventions and, for complex procedures, improvement in fidelity based on educational goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Wiet
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, 250 Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Mads Sølvsten Sørensen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Steven Arild Wuyts Andersen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark; Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, The Simulation Centre, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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Construct, Face, and Content Validation on Voxel-Man® Simulator for Otologic Surgical Training. Int J Otolaryngol 2017; 2017:2707690. [PMID: 28553354 PMCID: PMC5434268 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2707690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To assess the face, content, and construct validity of the Voxel-Man TempoSurg Virtual Reality simulator. Participants and Methods. 74 ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeons participated. They were assigned to one of two groups according to their level of expertise: the expert group (n = 16) and the novice group (n = 58). The participants performed four temporal bone dissection tasks on the simulator. Performances were assessed by a global score and then compared to assess the construct validity of the simulator. Finally, the expert group assessed the face and content validity by means of a five-point Likert-type scale. Results. experienced surgeons performed better (p < .01) and faster (p < .001) than the novices. However, the groups did not differ in terms of bone volume removed (p = .11) or number of injuries (p = .37). 93.7% of experienced surgeons stated they would recommend this simulator for anatomical learning. Most (87.5%) also thought that it could be integrated into surgical training. Conclusion. The Voxel-Man TempoSurg Virtual Reality simulator constitutes an interesting complementary tool to traditional teaching methods for training in otologic surgery.
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Evaluating the Effect of Virtual Reality Temporal Bone Simulation on Mastoidectomy Performance: A Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 156:1018-1024. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599817698440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The increasing prevalence of virtual reality simulation in temporal bone surgery warrants an investigation to assess training effectiveness. Objectives To determine if temporal bone simulator use improves mastoidectomy performance. Data Sources Ovid Medline, Embase, and PubMed databases were systematically searched per the PRISMA guidelines. Review Methods Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed publications that utilized quantitative data of mastoidectomy performance following the use of a temporal bone simulator. The search was restricted to human studies published in English. Studies were excluded if they were in non-peer-reviewed format, were descriptive in nature, or failed to provide surgical performance outcomes. Meta-analysis calculations were then performed. Results A meta-analysis based on the random-effects model revealed an improvement in overall mastoidectomy performance following training on the temporal bone simulator. A standardized mean difference of 0.87 (95% CI, 0.38-1.35) was generated in the setting of a heterogeneous study population ( I2 = 64.3%, P < .006). Conclusion In the context of a diverse population of virtual reality simulation temporal bone surgery studies, meta-analysis calculations demonstrate an improvement in trainee mastoidectomy performance with virtual simulation training.
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Musbahi O, Aydin A, Al Omran Y, Skilbeck CJ, Ahmed K. Current Status of Simulation in Otolaryngology: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2017; 74:203-215. [PMID: 27839694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Otolaryngology is a highly technical and demanding specialty and the requirements for surgical trainees to acquire proficiency remains challenging. Simulation has been purported to be an effective tool in assisting with this. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the available otolaryngology simulators, their status of validation, and evaluation the level of evidence behind each training model and thereby establish a level of recommendation. DESIGN PubMed, ERIC, and Google Scholar databases were searched for articles that described otolaryngology simulators or training models between 1980 and April 2016. Any validation studies for simulators were also retrieved. Titles and abstracts were screened for relevance using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Level of evidence (LoE) and Level of recommendation (LoR) was awarded to each study and model, respectively. RESULTS A total of 70 studies were identified describing 64 simulators. Out of these, at least 54 simulators had 1 validation study. Simulators for the ear and temporal bone surgery were the most common (n = 32), followed by laryngeal and throat (n = 20) and endoscopic sinus surgery (n = 12). Face validity was evaluated by 29 studies, 20 attempted to show construct, 20 assessed content, 20 transfer, and only 2 assessed concurrent validity. Of the validation assessments, 2 were classified as Level 1b, 10 Level 2a, and 48 Level 2b. No simulators received the highest LoR, but 8 simulators received a LoR of 2. CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of evidence in outcome studies and limited number of high-validity otolaryngology simulators, the role of simulation continues to grow across surgical specialties Hence, it is imperative that the simulators are of high validity and construct for trainees to practice and rehearse surgical skills to develop confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Musbahi
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullatif Aydin
- MRC Center for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yasser Al Omran
- Department of Oncology, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher James Skilbeck
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kamran Ahmed
- MRC Center for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Kerwin T, Hittle B, Chan S, Stredney D, Wiet G. Expert subjective comparison of haptic models for bone-drill interaction. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2017; 12:2039-2045. [PMID: 28233165 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-017-1541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A haptic algorithm to simulate the interaction between a surgical drill and bone using a constraint-based algorithm has been previously demonstrated. However, there has been no blinded study to determine whether this algorithm is preferred by professionals who commonly use this type of system METHODS: Fourteen otologic surgeons were presented with a spring-damper model and a constraint-based model of drill-bone interaction rendered on a low-cost haptic device with only linear feedback. The participants were blinded as to what algorithm they were using. They then answered survey questions about their opinions of the models. RESULTS The surgeons overwhelmingly preferred the constraint-based model. They generally preferred the constraint-based model in the individual questions as well. CONCLUSIONS Follow-up work can be done to fine-tune the parameters in the model, but this study shows that a sophisticated algorithm can make a significant difference even on a low-fidelity haptic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kerwin
- Ohio Supercomputer Center, 1224 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA.
| | - Brad Hittle
- Ohio Supercomputer Center, 1224 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - Sonny Chan
- University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Don Stredney
- Ohio Supercomputer Center, 1224 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - Gregory Wiet
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, 4000 Eye and Ear Institute, 915 Olentangry River Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
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Bhutta MF. A review of simulation platforms in surgery of the temporal bone. Clin Otolaryngol 2016; 41:539-45. [PMID: 26453455 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery of the temporal bone is a high-risk activity in an anatomically complex area. Simulation enables rehearsal of such surgery. The traditional simulation platform is the cadaveric temporal bone, but in recent years other simulation platforms have been created, including plastic and virtual reality platforms. OBJECTIVE OF REVIEW To undertake a review of simulation platforms for temporal bone surgery, specifically assessing their educational value in terms of validity and in enabling transition to surgery. TYPE OF REVIEW Systematic qualitative review. SEARCH STRATEGY Search of the Pubmed, CINAHL, BEI and ERIC databases. EVALUATION METHOD Assessment of reported outcomes in terms of educational value. RESULTS A total of 49 articles were included, covering cadaveric, animal, plastic and virtual simulation platforms. Cadaveric simulation is highly rated as an educational tool, but there may be a ceiling effect on educational outcomes after drilling 8-10 temporal bones. Animal models show significant anatomical variation from man. Plastic temporal bone models offer much potential, but at present lack sufficient anatomical or haptic validity. Similarly, virtual reality platforms lack sufficient anatomical or haptic validity, but with technological improvements they are advancing rapidly. CONCLUSIONS At present, cadaveric simulation remains the best platform for training in temporal bone surgery. Technological advances enabling improved materials or modelling mean that in the future plastic or virtual platforms may become comparable to cadaveric platforms, and also offer additional functionality including patient-specific simulation from CT data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Bhutta
- Specialist Registrar, Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, London, UK.
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Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The internal anatomy of a temporal bone could be inferred from external landmarks. BACKGROUND Mastoid surgery is an important skill that ENT surgeons need to acquire. Surgeons commonly use CT scans as a guide to understanding anatomical variations before surgery. Conversely, in cases where CT scans are not available, or in the temporal bone laboratory where residents are usually not provided with CT scans, it would be beneficial if the internal anatomy of a temporal bone could be inferred from external landmarks. METHODS We explored correlations between internal anatomical variations and metrics established to quantify the position of external landmarks that are commonly exposed in the operating room, or the temporal bone laboratory, before commencement of drilling. Mathematical models were developed to predict internal anatomy based on external structures. RESULTS From an operating room view, the distances between the following external landmarks were observed to have statistically significant correlations with the internal anatomy of a temporal bone: temporal line, external auditory canal, mastoid tip, occipitomastoid suture, and Henle's spine. These structures can be used to infer a low lying dura mater (p = 0.002), an anteriorly located sigmoid sinus (p = 0.006), and a more lateral course of the facial nerve (p < 0.001). In the temporal bone laboratory view, the mastoid tegmen and sigmoid sinus were also regarded as external landmarks. The distances between these two landmarks and the operating view external structures were able to further infer the laterality of the facial nerve (p < 0.001) and a sclerotic mastoid (p < 0.001). Two nonlinear models were developed that predicted the distances between the following internal structures with a high level of accuracy: the distance from the sigmoid sinus to the posterior external auditory canal (p < 0.001) and the diameter of the round window niche (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The prospect of encountering some of the more technically challenging anatomical variants encountered in temporal bone dissection can be inferred from the distance between external landmarks found on the temporal bone. These relationships could be used as a guideline to predict challenges during drilling and choosing appropriate temporal bones for dissection.
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