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Piazza A, Corvino S, Colosso GQ, Campeggi A, Agosti E, Serioli S, Frati A, Santoro A. 3-Dimensional Printed Model of the Temporal Bone for Neurosurgical Training. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2024:01787389-990000000-01234. [PMID: 38967429 DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The development of neurosurgical skills stands out as a paramount objective for neurosurgery residents during their formative years. Mastery of intricate and complex procedures is a time-intensive process marked by a gradually ascending learning curve. Consequently, the study and simulation on surgical models assume significant importance. One of the most intricate neuroanatomical regions includes the petrous and mastoid portions of the temporal bone. These regions host critical, highly functional, and vital neurovascular structures, including the facial nerve, cochlea, semicircular canals, internal carotid artery, and middle ear. This fully open-source 3-dimensional (3D) model of the temporal bone, created for educational purposes, should be easily and economically reproducible using a 3D printer, offering all residents the opportunity to understand the spatial location, three-dimensional anatomical structures, and fundamental intricacies of mastoidectomy. METHODS A 3D model of the temporal bone was fabricated using a computed tomography (CT) scan derived from an actual human body. The CT scan of the model was meticulously juxtaposed with the reference sample CT scan. Neurosurgical residents were recruited as participants for this study. Each participant was tasked with executing a mastoidectomy on 2 separate occasions, with a 2-week interval between attempts. Throughout these sessions, various parameters, including the time taken for task completion, the volume of bone removal, and any potential complications, were systematically registered. RESULTS The mean volume of bone removed increased by 34.5%, and the mean task time and the mean number of complications decreased by 10.3% and 25%, respectively, during the training. CONCLUSION Engaging in training with cost-effective anatomical models constitutes a valuable tool for refining technical skills during residency. We posit that this type of model training should be incorporated as part of the trainee's curriculum during the residency program because of the myriad advantages evidenced by the findings of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Piazza
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Papa Giovanni XXIII University Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Sergio Corvino
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, "Università Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alice Campeggi
- Surgical and Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Agosti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Serioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Frithioff A, Frendø M, Weiss K, Foghsgaard S, Mikkelsen PT, Frederiksen TW, Pedersen DB, Sørensen MS, Andersen SAW. 3-D-Printed Models for Temporal Bone Training: A Validity Study. Otol Neurotol 2023; 44:e497-e503. [PMID: 37442608 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 3-D printing offers convenient and low-cost mastoidectomy training; nonetheless, training benefits using 3-D-printed temporal bones remain largely unexplored. In this study, we have collected validity evidence for a low-cost, 3-D-printed temporal bone for mastoidectomy training and established a credible pass/fail score for performance on the model. STUDY DESIGN A prospective educational study gathering validity evidence using Messick's validity framework. SETTING Seven Danish otorhinolaryngology training institutions. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen otorhinolaryngology residents (novices) and 11 experienced otosurgeons (experts). INTERVENTION Residents and experienced otosurgeons each performed two to three anatomical mastoidectomies on a low-cost, 3-D-printed temporal bone model produced in-house. After drilling, mastoidectomy performances were rated by three blinded experts using a 25-item modified Welling scale (WS). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Validity evidence using Messick's framework including reliability assessment applying both classical test theory and Generalizability theory. RESULTS Novices achieved a mean score of 13.9 points; experienced otosurgeons achieved 23.2 points. Using the contrasting groups method, we established a 21/25-point pass/fail level. The Generalizability coefficient was 0.91, and 75% of the score variance was attributable to participant performance, indicating a high level of assessment reliability. Subsequent D studies revealed that two raters rating one performance or one rater rating two performances were sufficiently reliable for high-stakes assessment. CONCLUSION Validity evidence supports using a low-cost, 3-D-printed model for mastoidectomy training. The model can be printed in-house using consumer-grade 3-D printers and serves as an additional training tool in the temporal bone curriculum. For competency-based training, we established a cut-off score of 21 of 25 WS points using the contrasting groups method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenneth Weiss
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby
| | - Søren Foghsgaard
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Trier Mikkelsen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - David Bue Pedersen
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby
| | - Mads Sølvsten Sørensen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Frithioff A, Weiss K, Frendø M, Senn P, Mikkelsen PT, Sieber D, Sørensen MS, Pedersen DB, Andersen SAW. 3D-printing a cost-effective model for mastoidectomy training. 3D Print Med 2023; 9:12. [PMID: 37062800 PMCID: PMC10108487 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-023-00174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3D-printed temporal bone models can potentially provide a cost-effective alternative to cadaver surgery that can be manufactured locally at the training department. The objective of this study was to create a cost-effective 3D-printed model suitable for mastoidectomy training using entry level and commercially available print technologies, enabling individuals, without prior experience on 3D-printing, to manufacture their own models for basic temporal bone training. METHODS Expert technical professionals and an experienced otosurgeon identified the best material for replicating the temporal bone and created a cost-effective printing routine for the model using entry-level print technologies. Eleven participants at a temporal bone dissection course evaluated the model using a questionnaire. RESULTS The 3D-printed temporal bone model was printed using a material extrusion 3D-printer with a heat resistant filament, reducing melting during drilling. After printing, a few simple post-processing steps were designed to replicate the dura, sigmoid sinus and facial nerve. Modifying the 3D-printer by installing a direct-drive and ruby nozzle resulted in more successful prints and less need for maintenance. Upon evaluation by otorhinolaryngology trainees, unanimous feedback was that the model provided a good introduction to the mastoidectomy procedure, and supplementing practice to cadaveric temporal bones. CONCLUSION In-house production of a cost-effective 3D-printed model for temporal bone training is feasible and enables training institutions to manufacture their own models. Further, this work demonstrates the feasibility of creating new temporal bone models with anatomical variation to provide ample training opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frithioff
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kenneth Weiss
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Frendø
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for HR & Education, Region H, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Herlev & Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pascal Senn
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Service of ORL & Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Trier Mikkelsen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sieber
- Department of Medical & Health Technologies, MCI | The Entrepreneurial School, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mads Sølvsten Sørensen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Bue Pedersen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steven Arild Wuyts Andersen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Frithioff A, Frendø M, Weiss K, Foghsgaard S, Pedersen DB, Sørensen MS, Wuyts Andersen SA. Effect of 3D-Printed Models on Cadaveric Dissection in Temporal Bone Training. OTO Open 2021; 5:2473974X211065012. [PMID: 34926973 PMCID: PMC8671684 DOI: 10.1177/2473974x211065012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mastoidectomy is a cornerstone in the surgical management of middle and inner ear diseases. Unfortunately, training is challenged by insufficient access to human cadavers. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of temporal bones could alleviate this problem, but evidence on their educational effectiveness is lacking. It is largely unknown whether training on 3D-printed temporal bones improves mastoidectomy performance, including on cadavers, and how this training compares with virtual reality (VR) simulation. To address this knowledge gap, this study investigated whether training on 3D-printed temporal bones improves cadaveric dissection performance, and it compared this training with the already-established VR simulation. Study Design Prospective cohort study of an educational intervention. Setting Tertiary university hospital, cadaver dissection laboratory, and simulation center in Copenhagen, Denmark. Methods Eighteen otorhinolaryngology residents (intervention) attending the national temporal bone dissection course received 3 hours of mastoidectomy training on 3D-printed temporal bones. Posttraining cadaver mastoidectomy performances were rated by 3 experts using a validated assessment tool and compared with those of 66 previous course participants (control) who had received time-equivalent VR training prior to dissection. Results The intervention cohort outperformed the controls during cadaver dissection by 29% (P < .001); their performances were largely similar across training modalities but remained at a modest level (~50% of the maximum score). Conclusion Mastoidectomy skills improved from training on 3D-printed temporal bone and seemingly more so than on time-equivalent VR simulation. Importantly, these skills transferred to cadaveric dissection. Training on 3D-printed temporal bones can effectively supplement cadaver training when learning mastoidectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frithioff
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Center for Human Resources and Education, Region H, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Frendø
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Center for Human Resources and Education, Region H, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Weiss
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Foghsgaard
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Bue Pedersen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads Sølvsten Sørensen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Arild Wuyts Andersen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Center for Human Resources and Education, Region H, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Aussedat C, Venail F, Marx M, Boullaud L, Bakhos D. Training in temporal bone drilling. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2021; 139:140-145. [PMID: 33722469 DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Acquiring surgical experience in the operating room is increasingly difficult. Simulation of temporal bone drilling is therefore essential, and more and more widely used. The aim of this review is to clarify the limitations of classical surgical training, and to describe the different types of simulation available for temporal bone drilling. Systematic Medline search used the terms: "temporal bone" and training and surgery; "temporal bone" and training and drilling. Seventy-one of the 467 articles identified were relevant for this review. Various temporal bone simulators have been created to get around the limitations (ethical, financial, cultural, working time) of temporal bone drilling. They can be classified as cadaver, animal, physical or virtual models. The main advantages of physical and virtual prototyping are their ease of access, the possibility of repeating gestures on a standardised model, and the absence of ethical issues. Validation is essential before these simulators can be included in the curriculum, to ensure efficacy and thus improve patient safety in the operating room.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aussedat
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervicofaciale, CHU de Tours, 2, boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France.
| | - F Venail
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervicofaciale, CHU de Montpellier, avenue du Doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - M Marx
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervicofaciale, CHU de Toulouse, place du Docteur-Baylac, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - L Boullaud
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervicofaciale, CHU de Tours, 2, boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France
| | - D Bakhos
- Service ORL et chirurgie cervicofaciale, CHU de Tours, 2, boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France
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Modeling Medical Education: The Impact of Three-Dimensional Printed Models on Medical Student Education in Plastic Surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31:1018-1021. [PMID: 32433138 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Trainee exposure to craniofacial pathology can be limited due to rare disease presentation, revealing a need for tools that assist in visualizing complex 3D pathologic anatomy. 3D-printed models show potential as a useful aid, allowing for physical manipulation and hands-on experience. This study investigates their educational value in teaching craniofacial pathology and surgical repair. METHODS Forty-four medical students randomly assigned to a control group or model group were given a PowerPoint presentation-based module on craniosynostosis and surgical repair. The model group was also provided with 3D-printed models of sagittal, metopic, and bicoronal synostosis, created using patient-specific preoperative computed tomography data. A survey using the Likert scale evaluated participants' learning experience. Pre- and postmodule scores on a 10-question multiple choice quiz were recorded. RESULTS The survey showed that students in the model group reported better understanding of the anatomy (4.86 ± 0.15 versus 4.26 ± 0.22; P = 0.0001) and visualization of the pathology (4.76 ± 0.23 versus 4.26 ± 0.25; P = 0.0064), gaining an improved understanding of surgical approach (4.38 ± 0.37 versus 3.83 ± 0.29; P = 0.0266), which was more effectively taught (4.24 ± 0.33 versus 3.30 ± 0.38; P = 0.0007) with the 3D-printed models. The mean pre- and post-module quiz scores between groups were similar. CONCLUSION 3D-printed models demonstrated an improved learning experience for medical students as shown by survey. These findings suggest a potential use for 3D-printed models in medical education of craniofacial pathology and surgery.
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Aussedat C, Robier M, Aoustin JM, Parietti-Winkler C, Lescanne E, Bonnard D, Marx M, Teissier N, Van Den Abbeele T, François M, Galvin J, Bakhos D. Using virtual reality in audiological training: Our experience in 22 otolaryngology residents. Clin Otolaryngol 2020; 45:643-648. [PMID: 32306528 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Aussedat
- Service ORL et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Faculté de Médecine de Tours, CHRU de Tours, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mathieu Robier
- Service ORL et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Lescanne
- Service ORL et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Faculté de Médecine de Tours, CHRU de Tours, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Damien Bonnard
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Skull Base Surgery, Pellegrin University Hospital, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Marx
- Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie, d'Oto-Neurologie et d'ORL Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Natacha Teissier
- Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Robert Debré University Hospital APHP, Paris 7 University, Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Van Den Abbeele
- Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Robert Debré University Hospital APHP, Paris 7 University, Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | - Martine François
- Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Robert Debré University Hospital APHP, Paris 7 University, Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - David Bakhos
- Service ORL et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Faculté de Médecine de Tours, CHRU de Tours, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM UMR 1253 I-brain, CHRU de Tours, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
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McMillan A, Kocharyan A, Dekker SE, Kikano EG, Garg A, Huang VW, Moon N, Cooke M, Mowry SE. Comparison of Materials Used for 3D-Printing Temporal Bone Models to Simulate Surgical Dissection. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2020; 129:1168-1173. [DOI: 10.1177/0003489420918273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To identify 3D-printed temporal bone (TB) models that most accurately recreate cortical mastoidectomy for use as a training tool by comparison of different materials and fabrication methods. Background: There are several different printers and materials available to create 3D-printed TB models for surgical planning and trainee education. Current reports using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic generated via fused deposition modeling (FDM) have validated the capacity for 3D-printed models to serve as accurate surgical simulators. Here, a head-to-head comparison of models produced using different materials and fabrication processes was performed to identify superior models for application in skull base surgical training. Methods: High-resolution CT scans of normal TBs were used to create stereolithography files with image conversion for application in 3D-printing. The 3D-printed models were constructed using five different materials and four printers, including ABS printed on a MakerBot 2x printer, photopolymerizable polymer (Photo) using the Objet 350 Connex3 Printer, polycarbonate (PC) using the FDM-Fortus 400 mc printer, and two types of photocrosslinkable acrylic resin, white and blue (FLW and FLB, respectively), using the Formlabs Form 2 stereolithography printer. Printed TBs were drilled to assess the haptic experience and recreation of TB anatomy with comparison to the current paradigm of ABS. Results: Surgical drilling demonstrated that FLW models created by FDM as well as PC and Photo models generated using photopolymerization more closely recreated cortical mastoidectomy compared to ABS models. ABS generated odor and did not represent the anatomy accurately. Blue resin performed poorly in simulation, likely due to its dark color and translucent appearance. Conclusions: PC, Photo, and FLW models best replicated surgical drilling and anatomy as compared to ABS and FLB models. These prototypes are reliable simulators for surgical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra McMillan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Armine Kocharyan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Simone E. Dekker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Elias George Kikano
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anisha Garg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Victoria W. Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Moon
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Malcolm Cooke
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA
| | - Sarah E. Mowry
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Haffner M, Quinn A, Hsieh TY, Strong EB, Steele T. Optimization of 3D Print Material for the Recreation of Patient-Specific Temporal Bone Models. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2018; 127:338-343. [DOI: 10.1177/0003489418764987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Identify the 3D printed material that most accurately recreates the visual, tactile, and kinesthetic properties of human temporal bone Subjects and Methods: Fifteen study participants with an average of 3.6 years of postgraduate training and 56.5 temporal bone (TB) procedures participated. Each participant performed a mastoidectomy on human cadaveric TB and five 3D printed TBs of different materials. After drilling each unique material, participants completed surveys to assess each model’s appearance and physical likeness on a Likert scale from 0 to 10 (0 = poorly representative, 10 = completely life-like). The 3D models were acquired by computed tomography (CT) imaging and segmented using 3D Slicer software. Results: Polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) had the highest average survey response for haptic feedback (HF) and appearance, scoring 8.3 (SD = 1.7) and 7.6 (SD = 1.5), respectively. The remaining plastics scored as follows for HF and appearance: polylactic acid (PLA) averaged 7.4 and 7.6, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 7.1 and 7.2, polycarbonate (PC) 7.4 and 3.9, and nylon 5.6 and 6.7. Conclusion: A PETG 3D printed temporal bone models performed the best for realistic appearance and HF as compared with PLA, ABS, PC, and nylon. The PLA and ABS were reliable alternatives that also performed well with both measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Haffner
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Austin Quinn
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Tsung-yen Hsieh
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - E. Bradley Strong
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Toby Steele
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Northern California Healthcare System, Sacramento, California, USA
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