1
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Nemati S, Haghani Dogahe M, Saberi A, Ramezani N, Kiani P, Yaghubi Kalurazi T, Kazemnejad Leili E, Seddighi S, Monsef A. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings of brain olfactory areas in patients with COVID-19-related anosmia: A preliminary comparative study. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 10:105-112. [PMID: 38855283 PMCID: PMC11156679 DOI: 10.1002/wjo2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection is commonly associated with olfactory dysfunctions, but the basic pathogenesis of these complications remains controversial. This study seeks to evaluate the value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in determining the molecular neurometabolite alterations within the main brain olfactory areas in patients with COVID-19-related anosmia. Methods In a cross-sectional study, seven patients with persistent COVID-19-related anosmia (mean age: 29.57 years) and seven healthy volunteers (mean age: 27.28 years) underwent MRS in which N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and their ratios were measured in the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insular cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Data were analyzed using TARQUIN software (version 4.3.10), and the results were compared with an independent sample t-test and nonparametric Mann-Whitney test based on the normality of the MRS data distribution. Results The mean duration of anosmia before imaging was 8.5 months in COVID-19-related anosmia group. MRS analysis elucidated a significant association between MRS findings within OFC and COVID-19-related anosmia (P disease < 0.01), and NAA was among the most important neurometabolites (P interaction = 0.006). Reduced levels of NAA (P < 0.001), Cr (P < 0.001) and NAA/Cho ratio (P = 0.007) within OFC characterize COVID-19-related anosmia. Conclusions This study emphasizes that MRS can be illuminating in COVID-19-related anosmia and indicates a possible association between central nervous system impairment and persistent COVID-19-related anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadman Nemati
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgerySchool of Medicine, Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Mohammad Haghani Dogahe
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgerySchool of Medicine, Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
- Guilan Road Trauma Research CenterGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtGuilanIran
| | - Alia Saberi
- Department of NeurologyNeuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Naghi Ramezani
- Department of RadiologyPars International HospitalGuilan ProvinceIran
| | - Pejman Kiani
- Department of RadiologyPars International HospitalGuilan ProvinceIran
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction StudiesSchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineTehranIran
| | - Tofigh Yaghubi Kalurazi
- Department of Infectious DiseasesRazi Clinical Research Development Unit, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | | | - Sara Seddighi
- Guilan Road Trauma Research CenterGuilan University of Medical SciencesRashtGuilanIran
| | - Abbas Monsef
- Center of Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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2
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Liu S, Zhao Y, Feng X, Xu H. SARS-CoV-2 infection threatening intestinal health: A review of potential mechanisms and treatment strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12578-12596. [PMID: 35894645 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought great problems to mankind, including economic recession and poor health. COVID-19 patients are frequently reported with gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting in clinical diagnosis. Maintaining intestinal health is the key guarantee to maintain the normal function of multiple organs, otherwise it will be a disaster. Therefore, the purpose of this review was deeply understanded the potential mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection threatening intestinal health and put forward reasonable treatment strategies. Combined with the existing researches, we summarized the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection threatening intestinal health, including intestinal microbiome disruption, intestinal barrier dysfunction, intestinal oxidative stress and intestinal cytokine storm. These adverse intestinal events may affect other organs through the circulatory system or aggravate the course of the disease. Typically, intestinal disadvantage may promote the progression of SARS-CoV-2 through the gut-lung axis and increase the disease degree of COVID-19 patients. In view of the lack of specific drugs to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, the current review described new strategies of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics and nutrients to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and maintain intestinal health. To provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms and pneumonia in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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3
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Smail SW, Babaei E, Amin K. Ct, IL-18 polymorphism, and laboratory biomarkers for predicting chemosensory dysfunctions and mortality in COVID-19. Future Sci OA 2023; 9:FSO838. [PMID: 36999046 PMCID: PMC10005086 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2022-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Patients with COVID-19 often experience chemosensory dysfunction. This research intends to uncover the association of RT-PCR Ct value with chemosensory dysfunctions and SpO2. This study also aims to investigate Ct, SpO2, CRP, D-dimer, and -607 IL-18 T/G polymorphism in order to find out predictors of chemosensory dysfunctions and mortality. Materials & methods This study included 120 COVID-19 patients, of which 54 were mild, 40 were severe and 26 were critical. CRP, D-dimer, RT-PCR, and IL-18 polymorphism were evaluated. Results & conclusion: Low Ct was associated with SpO2 dropping and chemosensory dysfunctions. IL-18 T/G polymorphism did not show an association with COVID-19 mortality; conversely, age, BMI, D-dimer and Ct values did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukur Wasman Smail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraq
| | - Esmaeil Babaei
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Kawa Amin
- College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
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4
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Hannum ME, Koch RJ, Ramirez VA, Marks SS, Toskala AK, Herriman RD, Lin C, Joseph PV, Reed DR. Taste loss as a distinct symptom of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad043. [PMID: 38100383 PMCID: PMC11320609 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory scientists have been skeptical that reports of COVID-19 taste loss are genuine, in part because before COVID-19 taste loss was rare and often confused with smell loss. Therefore, to establish the predicted prevalence rate of taste loss in COVID-19 patients, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 376 papers published in 2020-2021, with 235 meeting all inclusion criteria. Drawing on previous studies and guided by early meta-analyses, we explored how methodological differences (direct vs. self-report measures) may affect these estimates. We hypothesized that direct measures of taste are at least as sensitive as those obtained by self-report and that the preponderance of evidence confirms taste loss is a symptom of COVID-19. The meta-analysis showed that, among 138,015 COVID-19-positive patients, 36.62% reported taste dysfunction (95% confidence interval: 33.02%-40.39%), and the prevalence estimates were slightly but not significantly higher from studies using direct (n = 15) versus self-report (n = 220) methodologies (Q = 1.73, df = 1, P = 0.1889). Generally, males reported lower rates of taste loss than did females, and taste loss was highest among middle-aged adults. Thus, taste loss is likely a bona fide symptom of COVID-19, meriting further research into the most appropriate direct methods to measure it and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E Hannum
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Riley J Koch
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Vicente A Ramirez
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of California Merced,
Merced, CA 95348, USA
| | - Sarah S Marks
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Aurora K Toskala
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Riley D Herriman
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Paule V Joseph
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
MD, USA
| | - Danielle R Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St,
Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
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5
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Hafez W, Abdelshakor M, Gador M, Abdelli I, Ahmed S. The Prevalence and Implications of Olfactory/Gustatory Dysfunctions among Adult COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Multiethnic Populations Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7070115. [PMID: 35878127 PMCID: PMC9320986 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7070115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions (OGDs) was found in COVID-19 patients. Only a few studies looked into the prevalence of OGDs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence OGDs among multiethnic COVID-19 patients in the UAE, and its association to patients’ characteristics and disease outcomes; (2) Methods: There were 1785 COVID-19 patients included in our cohort; (3) Results: Males made up most of the study participants (86.3%). A total of 11.7% of the participants reported OGDs. Female gender and ethnicity had significantly higher symptom prevalence (p < 0.001). COVID-19 severity had a strong inverse association with OGDs (p = 0.007). Other illness outcomes, such as ICU admission, pneumonia development, and mortality, showed no correlation. Males, Asians, and patients with comorbidities all had statistically significantly lower prevalence odds. On the other hand, Emirati, Arab, and Iranian patients had a higher prevalence. COVID-19 patients with OGDs had a considerably shorter time until viral clearance than those without the symptom; (4) Conclusions: in nonsevere COVID-19, olfactory/gustatory dysfunction is common. As a result, it could be applied as a predictive sign for early disease diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Hafez
- NMC Royal Hospital, 16th Street, Khalifa City P.O. Box 35233, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.G.); (I.A.); (S.A.)
- The Medical Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The National Research Center, El Buhouth Street, Ad Doqi, Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Mahmoud Abdelshakor
- NMC Royal Hospital, 16th Street, Khalifa City P.O. Box 35233, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.G.); (I.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Muneir Gador
- NMC Royal Hospital, 16th Street, Khalifa City P.O. Box 35233, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.G.); (I.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Ikram Abdelli
- NMC Royal Hospital, 16th Street, Khalifa City P.O. Box 35233, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.G.); (I.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Shougyat Ahmed
- NMC Royal Hospital, 16th Street, Khalifa City P.O. Box 35233, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.G.); (I.A.); (S.A.)
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6
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Hannum ME, Koch RJ, Ramirez VA, Marks SS, Toskala AK, Herriman RD, Lin C, Joseph PV, Reed DR. Taste loss as a distinct symptom of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chem Senses 2022; 47:bjac001. [PMID: 35171979 PMCID: PMC8849313 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory scientists have been skeptical that reports of COVID-19 taste loss are genuine, in part because before COVID-19 taste loss was rare and often confused with smell loss. Therefore, to establish the predicted prevalence rate of taste loss in COVID-19 patients, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 376 papers published in 2020-2021, with 241 meeting all inclusion criteria. Drawing on previous studies and guided by early meta-analyses, we explored how methodological differences (direct vs. self-report measures) may affect these estimates. We hypothesized that direct measures of taste are at least as sensitive as those obtained by self-report and that the preponderance of evidence confirms taste loss is a symptom of COVID-19. The meta-analysis showed that, among 138,897 COVID-19-positive patients, 39.2% reported taste dysfunction (95% confidence interval: 35.34%-43.12%), and the prevalence estimates were slightly but not significantly higher from studies using direct (n = 18) versus self-report (n = 223) methodologies (Q = 0.57, df = 1, P = 0.45). Generally, males reported lower rates of taste loss than did females, and taste loss was highest among middle-aged adults. Thus, taste loss is likely a bona fide symptom of COVID-19, meriting further research into the most appropriate direct methods to measure it and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E Hannum
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Riley J Koch
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Vicente A Ramirez
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95348, USA
| | - Sarah S Marks
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Aurora K Toskala
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Riley D Herriman
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Paule V Joseph
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle R Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
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7
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Zhang MM, Chen LN, Qian JM. Gastrointestinal manifestations and possible mechanisms of COVID-19 in different periods. J Dig Dis 2021; 22:683-694. [PMID: 34738727 PMCID: PMC8652439 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has become a pandemic worldwide. Although COVID-19 mainly affects the respiratory system, gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations have been frequently reported in such cases, even as initial symptoms. There have been several studies on different GI manifestations in patients with mild and severe disease or in remission. In this review article we summarized different GI manifestations of COVID-19 at various disease stages and the possible mechanisms based on published literatures, as well as the significance of GI manifestations in systemic inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Meng Zhang
- Department of GastroenterologyPeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Lu Ni Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstituteSolnaSweden
| | - Jia Ming Qian
- Department of GastroenterologyPeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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8
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Kow CS, Ramachandram DS, Hasan SS. Physiological plausibility of lower viral load in patients with COVID-19 and olfactory/gustatory dysfunction. Clin Otolaryngol 2021; 47:397-398. [PMID: 34773392 PMCID: PMC8652829 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia Siang Kow
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Syed Shahzad Hasan
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.,School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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9
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Hannum ME, Koch RJ, Ramirez VA, Marks SS, Toskala AK, Herriman RD, Lin C, Joseph PV, Reed DR. Taste loss as a distinct symptom of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.10.09.21264771. [PMID: 34671775 PMCID: PMC8528083 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.09.21264771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemosensory scientists have been skeptical that reports of COVID-19 taste loss are genuine, in part because before COVID-19, taste loss was rare and often confused with smell loss. Therefore, to establish the predicted prevalence rate of taste loss in COVID-19 patients, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 376 papers published in 2020-2021, with 241 meeting all inclusion criteria. Additionally, we explored how methodological differences (direct vs. self-report measures) may affect these estimates. We hypothesized that direct prevalence measures of taste loss would be the most valid because they avoid the taste/smell confusion of self-report. The meta-analysis showed that, among 138,897 COVID-19-positive patients, 39.2% reported taste dysfunction (95% CI: 35.34-43.12%), and the prevalence estimates were slightly but not significantly higher from studies using direct (n = 18) versus self-report (n = 223) methodologies (Q = 0.57, df = 1, p = 0.45). Generally, males reported lower rates of taste loss than did females and taste loss was highest in middle-aged groups. Thus, taste loss is a bona fide symptom COVID-19, meriting further research into the most appropriate direct methods to measure it and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riley J Koch
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Vicente A Ramirez
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
- Department of Public Health, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95348
| | - Sarah S Marks
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Aurora K Toskala
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Riley D Herriman
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Paule V Joseph
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle R Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia PA 19104
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