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Gajski D, Wolff JO, Melcher A, Weber S, Prost S, Krehenwinkel H, Kennedy SR. Facilitating taxonomy and phylogenetics: An informative and cost-effective protocol integrating long amplicon PCRs and third-generation sequencing. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 192:107988. [PMID: 38072140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic inference has become a standard technique in integrative taxonomy and systematics, as well as in biogeography and ecology. DNA barcodes are often used for phylogenetic inference, despite being strongly limited due to their low number of informative sites. Also, because current DNA barcodes are based on a fraction of a single, fast-evolving gene, they are highly unsuitable for resolving deeper phylogenetic relationships due to saturation. In recent years, methods that analyse hundreds and thousands of loci at once have improved the resolution of the Tree of Life, but these methods require resources, experience and molecular laboratories that most taxonomists do not have. This paper introduces a PCR-based protocol that produces long amplicons of both slow- and fast-evolving unlinked mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions, which can be sequenced by the affordable and portable ONT MinION platform with low infrastructure or funding requirements. As a proof of concept, we inferred a phylogeny of a sample of 63 spider species from 20 families using our proposed protocol. The results were overall consistent with the results from approaches based on hundreds and thousands of loci, while requiring just a fraction of the cost and labour of such approaches, making our protocol accessible to taxonomists worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Gajski
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Spatial and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, Trier 54296, Germany; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Jonas O Wolff
- Evolutionary Biomechanics, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, Greifswald 17489, Germany; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anja Melcher
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Spatial and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, Trier 54296, Germany
| | - Sven Weber
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Spatial and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, Trier 54296, Germany
| | - Stefan Prost
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, Linnanmaa, Finland
| | - Henrik Krehenwinkel
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Spatial and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, Trier 54296, Germany
| | - Susan R Kennedy
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Spatial and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, Trier 54296, Germany.
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2
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Agudelo AA, Gomes JP, Rafael JA. Mantodea (Insecta) in the Invertebrate Collection of Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil. Zootaxa 2024; 5399:141-154. [PMID: 38221168 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5399.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Increasingly, scientific collections play a fundamental role in the conservation and analysis of biodiversity as a witness and repository of ecosystem organisms at risk of losing their species. The Invertebrate Collection of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA) safeguards biological information, mainly from the Amazon biome, one of the most diverse and threatened ecosystems on the planet. Mantodea specimens deposited dry in the INPA Collection were reviewed. A total of 2,721 specimens were found deposited until the year 2019. A total of 194 species and 81 genera were found with representatives of all the neotropical and several "Old-World" families. Families such as Mantidae, Photinaidae, and Thespidae represented the highest percentages of specimens collected within the sample, with 30%, 11%, and 9%, respectively. Four genera and fourteen species are recorded for the first time for Brazil, bringing the number of species to 247. This officially makes Brazil the most diverse country in terms of Mantodea fauna on the planet. The Collection stands out for being the most diverse reported in Latin America, even with several species yet to be described. Presently it has seven primary type specimens and 26 secondary type specimens. The excellent state of conservation of the specimens, the number of specimens, and the diversity represented have made the INPA Collection an international benchmark for Amazonian and Neotropical studies on Mantodea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio A Agudelo
- Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos de Caldas; Facultad de Ciencias y Educacin.
| | - Joo P Gomes
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia; Coordenao de Biodiversidade; Manaus; Brazil.
| | - Jos A Rafael
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia; Coordenao de Biodiversidade; Manaus; Brazil.
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3
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Sandall EL, Maureaud AA, Guralnick R, McGeoch MA, Sica YV, Rogan MS, Booher DB, Edwards R, Franz N, Ingenloff K, Lucas M, Marsh CJ, McGowan J, Pinkert S, Ranipeta A, Uetz P, Wieczorek J, Jetz W. A globally integrated structure of taxonomy to support biodiversity science and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:1143-1153. [PMID: 37684131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
All aspects of biodiversity research, from taxonomy to conservation, rely on data associated with species names. Effective integration of names across multiple fields is paramount and depends on the coordination and organization of taxonomic data. We assess current efforts and find that even key applications for well-studied taxa still lack commonality in taxonomic information required for integration. We identify essential taxonomic elements from our interoperability assessment to support improved access and integration of taxonomic data. A stronger focus on these elements has the potential to involve taxonomic communities in biodiversity science and overcome broken linkages currently limiting research capacity. We encourage a community effort to democratize taxonomic expertise and language in order to facilitate maximum interoperability and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Sandall
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Aurore A Maureaud
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Robert Guralnick
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Melodie A McGeoch
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Department of Environment and Genetics, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yanina V Sica
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew S Rogan
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Douglas B Booher
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Robert Edwards
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nico Franz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kate Ingenloff
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Maisha Lucas
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Charles J Marsh
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jennifer McGowan
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Stefan Pinkert
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Conservation Ecology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ajay Ranipeta
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peter Uetz
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - John Wieczorek
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation, Durham, NC, USA
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4
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Hartebrodt L, Wilson S, Costello MJ. Progress in the discovery of isopods (Crustacea: Peracarida)-is the description rate slowing down? PeerJ 2023; 11:e15984. [PMID: 37692117 PMCID: PMC10484202 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxonomic species are the best standardised metric of biodiversity. Therefore, there is broad scientific and public interest in how many species have already been named and how many more may exist. Crustaceans comprise about 6% of all named animal species and isopods about 15% of all crustaceans. Here, we review progress in the naming of isopods in relation to the number of people describing new species and estimate how many more species may yet be named by 2050 and 2100, respectively. In over two and a half centuries of discovery, 10,687 isopod species in 1,557 genera and 141 families have been described by 755 first authors. The number of authors has increased over time, especially since the 1950s, indicating increasing effort in the description of new species. Despite that the average number of species described per first author has declined since the 1910s, and the description rate has slowed down over the recent decades. Authors' publication lifetimes did not change considerably over time, and there was a distinct shift towards multi-authored publications in recent decades. Estimates from a non-homogeneous renewal process model predict that an additional 660 isopod species will be described by 2100, assuming that the rate of description continues at its current pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hartebrodt
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Wilson
- School of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Sharifian S, Mortazavi MS, Nozar SLM. Predicting present spatial distribution and habitat preferences of commercial fishes using a maximum entropy approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27467-3. [PMID: 37219769 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the geographical distribution and habitat preferences of marine species is the key to protecting marine ecosystems. Modeling the distribution of marine species through environmental variables is an essential step to understanding and reducing climate change effects on marine biodiversity and related human populations. In this study, the present distributions of commercial fishes including Acanthopagrus latus, Planiliza klunzingeri, and Pomadasys kaakan were modeled using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) modeling technique and a set of 22 environmental variables. In total, 1531 geographical records belonging to three species were extracted from online databases Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS, 829 records, 54%), Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, 17 records, 1%), and literature (685 records, 45%) during September to December 2022. The findings showed the values of area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) above 0.99 for all species indicating the high performance of this technique to reflect the actual distribution of species. Environmental factors such as depth (19.68%), sea surface temperature (SST) (19.40%), and wave height (20.71%) were the strongest environmental predictors determining the present distribution and habitat preferences of the three commercial fish species. The Persian Gulf, Iranian coasts of the Sea of Oman, North Arabian Sea, North-East areas of the Indian Ocean, and North coasts of Australia are among the areas with ideal environmental conditions for the species. For all species, the percentage of habitats with high suitability (13.35%) was higher compared to habitats with low suitability (6.56%). However, a high percentage of species occurrence habitats had unsuitable conditions (68.58%) showing the vulnerability of these commercial fishes. Significant management strategies are needed to protect preferred habitats to minimize the effect of fishery and climate change on the population stocks of these commercial fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Sharifian
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Seddiq Mortazavi
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Laili Mohebbi Nozar
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
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6
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Suter S, Barrett B, Welden N. Do biodiversity monitoring citizen science surveys meet the core principles of open science practices? ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:295. [PMID: 36633699 PMCID: PMC9836331 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Citizen science (CS), as an enabler of open science (OS) practices, is a low-cost and accessible method for data collection in biodiversity monitoring, which can empower and educate the public both on scientific research priorities and on environmental change. Where OS increases research transparency and scientific democratisation; if properly implemented, CS should do the same. Here, we present the findings of a systematic review exploring "openness" of CS in biodiversity monitoring. CS projects were scored between - 1 (closed) and 1 (open) on their adherence to defined OS principles: accessible data, code, software, publication, data management plans, and preregistrations. Openness scores per principle were compared to see where OS is more frequently utilised across the research process. The relationship between interest in CS and openness within the practice was also tested. Overall, CS projects had an average open score of 0.14. There was a significant difference in open scores between OS principles (p = < 0.0001), where "open data" was the most adhered to practice compared to the lowest scores found in relation to preregistrations. The apparent level of interest in CS was not shown to correspond to a significant increase in openness within CS (p = 0.8464). These results reveal CS is not generally "open" despite being an OS approach, with implications for how the public can interact with the research that they play an active role in contributing to. The development of systematic recommendations on where and how OS can be implemented across the research process in citizen science projects is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Suter
- School of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Brian Barrett
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Natalie Welden
- School of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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7
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Falconi N, Finn JT, Fuller TK, DeStefano S, Organ JF. Do unpublished data help to redraw distributions? The case of the spectacled bear in Peru. MAMMAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-022-00664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Gao J, Su Q. A multi‐level exploration of the relationship between temperature and species diversity: Two cases of marine phytoplankton. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9584. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Gao
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences (CEPS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) Beijing China
| | - Qiang Su
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences (CEPS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) Beijing China
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9
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The Central Arizona Conservation Alliance Programs: Use of Social Media and App-Supported Community Science for Landscape-Scale Habitat Restoration, Governance Support, and Community Resilience-Building. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Land managers are currently faced with a nexus of challenges, both ecological and social, when trying to govern natural open spaces. While social media has led to many challenges for effective land management and governance, the technology has the potential to support key activities related to habitat restoration, awareness-raising for policy changes, and increased community resilience as the impacts of increased use and climate change become more apparent. Through the use of a case study examining the work of the Central Arizona Conservation Alliance’s social media ambassadorship and its app-supported community science projects, we examine the potential and realized positive impact that technology such as social media and smartphone apps can create for land managers and surrounding communities.
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10
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Tomikawa K, Kimura N. On the brink of extinction: a new freshwater amphipod Jesogammarusacalceolus (Anisogammaridae) from Japan. Zookeys 2021; 1065:81-100. [PMID: 34759714 PMCID: PMC8563707 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1065.71687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater habitats, especially cold springs, are environments in which the risk of extinction faced by organisms remains high due to human activities. To conserve endangered species, it is important to describe and name them. Here, a new, endangered freshwater anisogammarid amphipod species, Jesogammarus (Jesogammarus) acalceolussp. nov., found in a spring in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, is described which is potentially the sole remaining habitat of this species. Both morphological and molecular phylogenetic results strongly support the nesting of the new species within Jesogammarus. Jesogammarus (J.) acalceolussp. nov. is the first species of genus Jesogammarus that was found to lack a calceolus, a sensory organ located on male antenna 2. Thus, the diagnostic criteria for this genus required amendment. A reconstruction of ancestral calceoli, based on a molecular phylogenetic tree, revealed that the common ancestor of Jesogammarus possessed calceoli, which were secondarily lost in J. (J.) acalceolussp. nov. Our results indicate that this new species, which is key to clarifying the evolution of the calceolus, is of high conservation significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Tomikawa
- Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1-1-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8524, Japan Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Naoya Kimura
- Tokiwazaka 1-7-18, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8263, Japan unaffiliated Hirosaki Japan
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11
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Global warming is causing a more pronounced dip in marine species richness around the equator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015094118. [PMID: 33876750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015094118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The latitudinal gradient in species richness, with more species in the tropics and richness declining with latitude, is widely known and has been assumed to be stable over recent centuries. We analyzed data on 48,661 marine animal species since 1955, accounting for sampling variation, to assess whether the global latitudinal gradient in species richness is being impacted by climate change. We confirm recent studies that show a slight dip in species richness at the equator. Moreover, richness across latitudinal bands was sensitive to temperature, reaching a plateau or declining above a mean annual sea surface temperature of 20 °C for most taxa. In response, since the 1970s, species richness has declined at the equator relative to an increase at midlatitudes and has shifted north in the northern hemisphere, particularly among pelagic species. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that climate change is impacting the latitudinal gradient in marine biodiversity at a global scale. The intensification of the dip in species richness at the equator, especially for pelagic species, suggests that it is already too warm there for some species to survive.
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12
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Heinicke S, Ordaz-Németh I, Junker J, Bachmann ME, Marrocoli S, Wessling EG, Byler D, Cheyne SM, Desmond J, Dowd D, Fitzgerald M, Fourrier M, Goedmakers A, Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Hillers A, Hockings KJ, Jones S, Kaiser M, Koops K, Lapuente JM, Maisels F, Riedel J, Terrade E, Tweh CG, Vergnes V, Vogt T, Williamson EA, Kühl HS. Open-access platform to synthesize knowledge of ape conservation across sites. Am J Primatol 2020; 83:e23213. [PMID: 33169878 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the large body of literature on ape conservation, much of the data needed for evidence-based conservation decision-making is still not readily accessible and standardized, rendering cross-site comparison difficult. To support knowledge synthesis and to complement the IUCN SSC Ape Populations, Environments and Surveys database, we created the A.P.E.S. Wiki (https://apeswiki.eva.mpg.de), an open-access platform providing site-level information on ape conservation status and context. The aim of this Wiki is to provide information and data about geographical ape locations, to curate information on individuals and organizations active in ape research and conservation, and to act as a tool to support collaboration between conservation practitioners, scientists, and other stakeholders. To illustrate the process and benefits of knowledge synthesis, we used the momentum of the update of the conservation action plan for western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and began with this critically endangered taxon. First, we gathered information on 59 sites in West Africa from scientific publications, reports, and online sources. Information was compiled in a standardized format and can thus be summarized using a web scraping approach. We then asked experts working at those sites to review and complement the information (20 sites have been reviewed to date). We demonstrate the utility of the information available through the Wiki, for example, for studying species distribution. Importantly, as an open-access platform and based on the well-known wiki layout, the A.P.E.S. Wiki can contribute to direct and interactive information sharing and promote the efforts invested by the ape research and conservation community. The Section on Great Apes and the Section on Small Apes of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group will guide and support the expansion of the platform to all small and great ape taxa. Similar collaborative efforts can contribute to extending knowledge synthesis to all nonhuman primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Heinicke
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany.,Transformation Pathways, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Isabel Ordaz-Németh
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jessica Junker
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mona E Bachmann
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Geography, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Erin G Wessling
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dirck Byler
- Section on Great Apes, IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Susan M Cheyne
- Section on Small Apes, IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Oxford, UK.,Borneo Nature Foundation, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.,Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenny Desmond
- Liberia Chimpanzee Rescue & Protection, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Dervla Dowd
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (West Africa Representation), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | | | - R Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal
| | | | - Kimberley J Hockings
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Sorrel Jones
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Michael Kaiser
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathelijne Koops
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juan M Lapuente
- Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project, Comoé National Park, Kakpin, Ivory Coast
| | - Fiona Maisels
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Julia Riedel
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (West Africa Representation), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Emilien Terrade
- Mongolian Bankhar Dog Project, Hustai National Park, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Clement G Tweh
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Monrovia, Liberia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Virginie Vergnes
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (West Africa Representation), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Tina Vogt
- Elephant Research and Conservation, Saal/Donau, Germany
| | | | - Hjalmar S Kühl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Falconi N, Fuller TK, DeStefano S, Organ JF. An open-access occurrence database for Andean bears in Peru. URSUS 2020. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-19-00012.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nereyda Falconi
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Todd K. Fuller
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Stephen DeStefano
- U.S. Geological Survey, Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - John F. Organ
- U.S. Geological Survey, Cooperative Research Units Program, Reston, VA 20192, USA
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14
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O'Connell DP, Kelly DJ, Analuddin K, Karya A, Marples NM, Martin TE. Adapt taxonomy to conservation goals. Science 2020; 369:1172. [PMID: 32883855 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd7717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren P O'Connell
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK. darren.o'.,Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 CX56, Ireland
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 CX56, Ireland
| | - Kangkuso Analuddin
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Universitas Halu Oleo, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Adi Karya
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Universitas Halu Oleo, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Nicola M Marples
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 CX56, Ireland
| | - Thomas E Martin
- Operation Wallacea Ltd, Wallace House, Old Bolingbroke, Spilsby, Lincolnshire, PE23 4EX, UK
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15
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Santos MTT, Magalhães RF, Ferreira RB, Vittorazzi SE, Dias IR, Leite FSF, Lourenço LB, Santos FR, Haddad CFB, Garcia PCA. Systematic Revision of the Rare Bromeligenous Genus Crossodactylodes Cochran 1938 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Paratelmatobiinae). HERPETOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 2020. [DOI: 10.1655/herpmonographs-d-19-00008.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Thadeu T. Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael F. Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B. Ferreira
- Projeto Bromeligenous, Instituto Marcos Daniel, 29090-160, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Stenio E. Vittorazzi
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, 78300-000, Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil
| | - Iuri R. Dias
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Felipe S. F. Leite
- Sagarana Lab, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Florestal, 35690-000, Florestal, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana B. Lourenço
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-863, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabrício R. Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Célio F. B. Haddad
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo C. A. Garcia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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16
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Kusumoto B, Costello MJ, Kubota Y, Shiono T, Wei C, Yasuhara M, Chao A. Global distribution of coral diversity: Biodiversity knowledge gradients related to spatial resolution. Ecol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Buntarou Kusumoto
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
- Faculty of Science University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan
- Okinawa Prefecture Environment Science Center Okinawa Japan
| | - Mark J. Costello
- School of Environment The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Yasuhiro Kubota
- Faculty of Science University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan
- Marine and Terrestrial Field Ecology, Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan
| | | | - Chi‐Lin Wei
- Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Moriaki Yasuhara
- School of Biological Sciences and Swire Institute of Marine Science The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Anne Chao
- Institute of Statistics National Tsing Hua University Hsin‐Chu Taiwan
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17
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18
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Fukushima C, Mendoza JI, West RC, Longhorn SJ, Rivera E, Cooper EWT, Hénaut Y, Henriques S, Cardoso P. Species conservation profiles of tarantula spiders (Araneae, Theraphosidae) listed on CITES. Biodivers Data J 2019; 7:e39342. [PMID: 31749657 PMCID: PMC6858399 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.7.e39342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CITES is an international agreement between governments to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Regarding spiders, all species listed in CITES are tarantulas. They are included in Appendix II, meaning that they are species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that they may become so unless trade is closely controlled.Many tarantulas are legally and illegally traded in the pet market and they are one of the most traded invertebrate groups. Originally, the CITES list published in 1995 included all the current species of the genus Brachypelma Simon, 1891 plus Aphonopelma pallidum (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897) and the so-called Aphonopelma albiceps (Pocock, 1903). After that, some taxonomic changes were done, as well as descriptions of new species in the genus Brachypelma. The objective of this paper is to assess the 21 taxonomically valid spider species listed on CITES according to the IUCN criteria, study the general patterns and trends and advise on possible future conservation actions critical for the survival of endangered species. NEW INFORMATION Amongst all 21 species assessed, 16 had sufficient data on their distribution, ecology and threats to properly understand their current status and suggest possible conservation measures. A decline in the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) was inferred to almost all species, caused mostly by human activities (urbanisation, roads, agricultural and touristic activities), which often lead to the complete loss of subpopulations across their range. Hurricanes and frequent rising water, which are increasing in frequency due to climate change, can cause decline in habitat quality and consequent change in EOO and AOO of some species and should also be considered when planning conservation actions. Severe fragmentation was detected in 13 species and is therefore one of the most relevant threats to the most endangered Brachypelma species and should be made a priority aspect to deal with when proposing conservation actions for the group. Regarding the loss of individuals in wild populations, the main cause seems to be the overharvesting to meet the illegal trade.The most important conservation actions identified across species include preserving their natural habitat through protected areas, establishing management plans for both the species and their habitats and undertaking systematic monitoring to provide information about population recovery and species re-introduction programmes. In general, we propose to prioritise and support research on the population trends and distribution, as well as on the impact of land use and habitat degradation. Special attention regarding conservation actions and research plans has to be given to the central Pacific coastal area of Mexico, particularly around Guerrero State where five species of Brachypelma occur. Critically, for some of the most endangered species, such as B. baumgarteni and B. hamorii, there is no official protected area in their range of occurrence. It would therefore be highly recommended to establish at least one conservation unit which focuses on protecting each of these species in situ. In some cases, basic taxonomic research is needed before development of any appropriate conservation action can be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fukushima
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandLaboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jorge Ivan Mendoza
- Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, MexicoInstitute of Biology, National Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Rick C. West
- Independent Researcher, Sooke, BC, CanadaIndependent ResearcherSooke, BCCanada
- IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, FinlandIUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist GroupHelsinkiFinland
| | - Stuart John Longhorn
- Arachnology Research Association, Oxford, United KingdomArachnology Research AssociationOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Rivera
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico City, MexicoComisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO)Mexico CityMexico
| | - Ernest W. T. Cooper
- IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, FinlandIUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist GroupHelsinkiFinland
- E. Cooper Environmental Consulting, Delta, CanadaE. Cooper Environmental ConsultingDeltaCanada
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, CanadaSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyCanada
| | - Yann Hénaut
- Ecosur - El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, MexicoEcosur - El Colegio de la Frontera SurChetumal, Quintana RooMexico
| | - Sergio Henriques
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandLaboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Helsinki, FinlandIUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist GroupHelsinkiFinland
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, London, United KingdomInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RYLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, London, United KingdomCentre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BTLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandLaboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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19
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Saeedi H, Reimer JD, Brandt MI, Dumais PO, Jażdżewska AM, Jeffery NW, Thielen PM, Costello MJ. Global marine biodiversity in the context of achieving the Aichi Targets: ways forward and addressing data gaps. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7221. [PMID: 31681508 PMCID: PMC6824330 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2010, the Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity agreed on the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As this plan approaches its end, we discussed whether marine biodiversity and prediction studies were nearing the Aichi Targets during the 4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity held in Montreal, Canada in June 2018. This article summarises the outcome of a five-day group discussion on how global marine biodiversity studies should be focused further to better understand the patterns of biodiversity. We discussed and reviewed seven fundamental biodiversity priorities related to nine Aichi Targets focusing on global biodiversity discovery and predictions to improve and enhance biodiversity data standards (quantity and quality), tools and techniques, spatial and temporal scale framing, and stewardship and dissemination. We discuss how identifying biodiversity knowledge gaps and promoting efforts have and will reduce such gaps, including via the use of new databases, tools and technology, and how these resources could be improved in the future. The group recognised significant progress toward Target 19 in relation to scientific knowledge, but negligible progress with regard to Targets 6 to 13 which aimed to safeguard and reduce human impacts on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Saeedi
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,FB 15 Biological Sciences Institute for Ecology, Diversity and Evolution Biologicum, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, OBIS Data Manager, Deep-sea Node, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - James Davis Reimer
- Marine Invertebrate Systematics & Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Anna Maria Jażdżewska
- Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Nicholas W Jeffery
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Peter M Thielen
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark John Costello
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Matthews EF, Abrams KM, Cooper SJB, Huey JA, Hillyer MJ, Humphreys WF, Austin AD, Guzik MT. Scratching the surface of subterranean biodiversity: Molecular analysis reveals a diverse and previously unknown fauna of Parabathynellidae (Crustacea: Bathynellacea) from the Pilbara, Western Australia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 142:106643. [PMID: 31622741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Like other crustacean families, the Parabathynellidae is a poorly studied subterranean and aquatic (stygobiontic) group in Australia, with many regions of available habitat having not yet been surveyed. Here we used a combined approach of molecular species delimitation methods, applied to mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data, to identify putative new species from material obtained from remote subterranean habitats in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Based on collections from these new localities, we delineated a minimum of eight and up to 24 putative new species using a consensus from a range of molecular delineation methods and additional evidence. When we placed our new putative species into the broader phylogenetic framework of Australian Parabathynellidae, they grouped with two known genera and also within one new and distinct Pilbara-only clade. These new species significantly expand the known diversity of Parabathynellidae in that they represent a 22% increase to the 109 currently recognised species globally. Our investigations showed that sampling at new localities can yield extraordinary levels of new species diversity, with the majority of species showing likely restricted endemic geographical ranges. These findings represent only a small sample from a region comprising less than 2.5% of the Australian continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Matthews
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Kym M Abrams
- Terrestrial Zoology and Molecular Systematics Unit, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA 6111, Australia; School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Steven J B Cooper
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Joel A Huey
- Terrestrial Zoology and Molecular Systematics Unit, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA 6111, Australia; School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Mia J Hillyer
- Terrestrial Zoology and Molecular Systematics Unit, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA 6111, Australia.
| | - William F Humphreys
- School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Western Australian Museum, Welshpool DC, Western Australia, 6986, Australia
| | - Andrew D Austin
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Michelle T Guzik
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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21
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Conservation importance of previously undescribed abundance trends: increase in loggerhead turtle numbers nesting on an Atlantic island. ORYX 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605318001497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFor many species abundance data from across their entire range are incomplete, and therefore it is difficult to accurately assess their conservation status. Even for species that are large, charismatic and relatively easy to study, conservation assessments are often hampered by lack of data. Here we report a marked, previously undescribed, increase in numbers at a breeding colony of the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta, a species that is Critically Endangered in several parts of its range, and place this report in the global context for this species. We present a 10-year (2008–2017) dataset of nesting activities for this species on the island of Sal, one of the Cape Verde islands in the Atlantic Ocean. Foot patrols recorded 21,938 nests during the study period. We estimate that the annual number of nests on Sal increased from 506 in 2008 to 7,771 in 2017. Taking into account that there are only two known loggerhead turtle rookeries (on Masirah Island, Oman, and in Florida, USA) with > 50,000 nests reported annually, and few with > 1,000 nests per year, our results suggest that Sal is one of the 10 largest loggerhead turtle rookeries globally. Our work highlights the conservation significance of reporting trends in abundance at breeding sites for marine turtles and other taxa.
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22
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Turvey ST, Marr MM, Barnes I, Brace S, Tapley B, Murphy RW, Zhao E, Cunningham AA. Historical museum collections clarify the evolutionary history of cryptic species radiation in the world's largest amphibians. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10070-10084. [PMID: 31624538 PMCID: PMC6787787 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inaccurate taxonomic assessment of threatened populations can hinder conservation prioritization and management, with human-mediated population movements obscuring biogeographic patterns and confounding reconstructions of evolutionary history. Giant salamanders were formerly distributed widely across China, and are interpreted as a single species, Andrias davidianus. Previous phylogenetic studies have identified distinct Chinese giant salamander lineages but were unable to associate these consistently with different landscapes, probably because population structure has been modified by human-mediated translocations for recent commercial farming. We investigated the evolutionary history and relationships of allopatric Chinese giant salamander populations with Next-Generation Sequencing methods, using historical museum specimens and late 20th-century samples, and retrieved partial or near-complete mitogenomes for 17 individuals. Samples from populations unlikely to have been affected by translocations form three clades from separate regions of China, spatially congruent with isolation by either major river drainages or mountain ranges. Pliocene-Pleistocene divergences for these clades are consistent with topographic modification of southern China associated with uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. General Mixed Yule Coalescent model analysis indicates that these clades represent separate species: Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871) (northern Yangtze/Sichuan), Andrias sligoi (Boulenger, 1924) (Pearl/Nanling), and an undescribed species (Huangshan). Andrias sligoi is possibly the world's largest amphibian. Inclusion of additional reportedly wild samples from areas of known giant salamander exploitation and movement leads to increasing loss of biogeographic signal. Wild Chinese giant salamander populations are now critically depleted or extirpated, and conservation actions should be updated to recognize the existence of multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Barnes
- Earth Sciences DepartmentNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - Selina Brace
- Earth Sciences DepartmentNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | | | - Robert W. Murphy
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation BiologyRoyal Ontario MuseumTorontoOntarioCanada
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Ermi Zhao
- Chengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
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23
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Sampaio Í, Carreiro-Silva M, Freiwald A, Menezes G, Grasshoff M. Natural history collections as a basis for sound biodiversity assessments: Plexauridae (Octocorallia, Holaxonia) of the Naturalis CANCAP and Tyro Mauritania II expeditions. Zookeys 2019; 870:1-32. [PMID: 31417333 PMCID: PMC6692302 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.870.35285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping biodiversity is the marathon of the 21st Century as an answer to the present extinction crisis. A century in which science is also characterised by large scientific datasets collected through new technologies aiming to fill gaps in our knowledge of species distributions. However, most species records rely on observations that are not linked to specimens, which does not allow verification of species hypotheses by other scientists. Natural history museums form a verifiable source of biodiversity records which were made by taxonomists. Nonetheless, these museums seem to be forgotten by biologists in scientific fields other than taxonomy or systematics. Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) in Leiden is care keeper of large collections of marine organisms, which were sampled in the Northeast Atlantic during the CANCAP and Tyro Mauritania II expeditions (1976–1988). Many octocorals were sampled and deposited in the NBC collection, where they became available for study and were partially identified by the senior author (M.G.) in the 1980s. Nonetheless, no checklist or taxonomic revision was published so far with the complete results. In 2016 the first author visited NBC to examine NE Atlantic Plexauridae octocorals. Plexauridae octocoral-vouchered records were listed and mapped to reveal high standard primary biodiversity records unreported so far for the NE Atlantic Ocean. Twenty-four Plexauridae species with ~ six putative new species to science were discovered and eleven new biogeographical records were made from distinct Macaronesian archipelagos. Finally, new depth range records were found for three species at sea basin level and for eight species at a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íris Sampaio
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the Institute of Marine Research, Rua Prof. Dr. Frederico Machado 9901-862 Horta, Açores, Portugal.,IMAR - University of the Azores, Rua Prof. Dr. Frederico Machado 9901-862 Horta, Açores, Portugal.,Senckenberg am Meer, Abteilung Meeresforschung, Südstrand 40, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Marina Carreiro-Silva
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the Institute of Marine Research, Rua Prof. Dr. Frederico Machado 9901-862 Horta, Açores, Portugal.,IMAR - University of the Azores, Rua Prof. Dr. Frederico Machado 9901-862 Horta, Açores, Portugal.,OKEANOS Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9901-862 Horta, Açores, Portugal
| | - André Freiwald
- Senckenberg am Meer, Abteilung Meeresforschung, Südstrand 40, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Gui Menezes
- University of the Azores, Rua Prof. Dr. Frederico Machado 9901-862, Horta, Açores, Portugal
| | - Manfred Grasshoff
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Cook
- Biology Department and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jessica E Light
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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25
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Field KA, Paquet PC, Artelle K, Proulx G, Brook RK, Darimont CT. Publication reform to safeguard wildlife from researcher harm. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000193. [PMID: 30973871 PMCID: PMC6459470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite abundant focus on responsible care of laboratory animals, we argue that inattention to the maltreatment of wildlife constitutes an ethical blind spot in contemporary animal research. We begin by reviewing significant shortcomings in legal and institutional oversight, arguing for the relatively rapid and transformational potential of editorial oversight at journals in preventing harm to vertebrates studied in the field and outside the direct supervision of institutions. Straightforward changes to animal care policies in journals, which our analysis of 206 journals suggests are either absent (34%), weak, incoherent, or neglected by researchers, could provide a practical, effective, and rapidly imposed safeguard against unnecessary suffering. The Animals in Research: Reporting On Wildlife (ARROW) guidelines we propose here, coupled with strong enforcement, could result in significant changes to how animals involved in wildlife research are treated. The research process would also benefit. Sound science requires animal subjects to be physically, physiologically, and behaviorally unharmed. Accordingly, publication of methods that contravenes animal welfare principles risks perpetuating inhumane approaches and bad science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A. Field
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul C. Paquet
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyle Artelle
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gilbert Proulx
- Alpha Wildlife Research and Management, Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryan K. Brook
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science and the Indigenous Land Management Institute, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chris T. Darimont
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
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26
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Conix S. Taxonomy and conservation science: interdependent and value-laden. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 41:15. [PMID: 30937631 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-019-0252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The relation between conservation science and taxonomy is typically seen as a simple dependency of the former on the latter. This dependency is assumed to be strictly one-way to avoid normative concerns from conservation science inappropriately affecting the descriptive discipline of taxonomy. In this paper, I argue against this widely assumed standard view on the relation between these two disciplines by highlighting two important roles for conservation scientists in scientific decisions that are part of the internal stages of taxonomy. I show that these roles imply that the two disciplines should be interdependent and that value-judgments should play a substantial role in both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Conix
- Institute of Philosophy, KU Leuven, Vesaliusstraat 2, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.
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27
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Costello MJ, Tsai P, Cheung AKL, Basher Z, Chaudhary C. Reply to 'Dissimilarity measures affected by richness differences yield biased delimitations of biogeographic realms'. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5085. [PMID: 30504796 PMCID: PMC6269425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we classified the oceans into 30 biogeographic realms based on species' endemicity. Castro-Insua et al. criticize the choices of dissimilarity coefficients and clustering approaches used in our paper, and reanalyse the data using alternative techniques. Here, we explain how the approaches used in our original paper yield results in line with existing biogeographical knowledge and are robust to alternative methods of analysis. We also repeat the analysis using several similarity coefficients and clustering algorithms, and a neural network theory method. Although each combination of methods produces outputs differing in detail, the overall pattern of realms is similar. The coarse nature of the present boundaries of the realms reflects the limited field data but may be improved with additional data and mapping to environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Costello
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
- Bioinformatics Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Peter Tsai
- Bioinformatics Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Zeenatul Basher
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Chhaya Chaudhary
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Costello MJ, Basher Z, Sayre R, Breyer S, Wright DJ. Stratifying ocean sampling globally and with depth to account for environmental variability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11259. [PMID: 30050102 PMCID: PMC6062513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing depth, the ocean is less sampled for physical, chemical and biological variables. Using the Global Marine Environmental Datasets (GMED) and Ecological Marine Units (EMUs), we show that spatial variation in environmental variables decreases with depth. This is also the case over temporal scales because seasonal change, surface weather conditions, and biological activity are highest in shallow depths. A stratified sampling approach to ocean sampling is therefore proposed whereby deeper environments, both pelagic and benthic, would be sampled with relatively lower spatial and temporal resolutions. Sampling should combine measurements of physical and chemical parameters with biological species distributions, even though species identification is difficult to automate. Species distribution data are essential to infer ecosystem structure and function from environmental data. We conclude that a globally comprehensive, stratification-based ocean sampling program would be both scientifically justifiable and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark John Costello
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, P. Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | | | - Roger Sayre
- United States Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, USA
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Muller-Karger FE, Miloslavich P, Bax NJ, Simmons S, Costello MJ, Sousa Pinto I, Canonico G, Turner W, Gill M, Montes E, Best BD, Pearlman J, Halpin P, Dunn D, Benson A, Martin CS, Weatherdon LV, Appeltans W, Provoost P, Klein E, Kelble CR, Miller RJ, Chavez FP, Iken K, Chiba S, Obura D, Navarro LM, Pereira HM, Allain V, Batten S, Benedetti-Checchi L, Duffy JE, Kudela RM, Rebelo LM, Shin Y, Geller G. Advancing Marine Biological Observations and Data Requirements of the Complementary Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) and Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) Frameworks. FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE 2018; 5. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Abstract
Marine biogeographic realms have been inferred from small groups of species in particular environments (e.g., coastal, pelagic), without a global map of realms based on statistical analysis of species across all higher taxa. Here we analyze the distribution of 65,000 species of marine animals and plants, and distinguish 30 distinct marine realms, a similar proportion per area as found for land. On average, 42% of species are unique to the realms. We reveal 18 continental-shelf and 12 offshore deep-sea realms, reflecting the wider ranges of species in the pelagic and deep-sea compared to coastal areas. The most widespread species are pelagic microscopic plankton and megafauna. Analysis of pelagic species recognizes five realms within which other realms are nested. These maps integrate the biogeography of coastal and deep-sea, pelagic and benthic environments, and show how land-barriers, salinity, depth, and environmental heterogeneity relate to the evolution of biota. The realms have applications for marine reserves, biodiversity assessments, and as an evolution relevant context for climate change studies.
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Costello MJ, Chaudhary C. Marine Biodiversity, Biogeography, Deep-Sea Gradients, and Conservation. Curr Biol 2017; 27:R511-R527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chaudhary C, Saeedi H, Costello MJ. Marine Species Richness Is Bimodal with Latitude: A Reply to Fernandez and Marques. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:234-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Treurnicht M, Colville JF, Joppa LN, Huyser O, Manning J. Counting complete? Finalising the plant inventory of a global biodiversity hotspot. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2984. [PMID: 28243528 PMCID: PMC5322757 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cape Floristic Region-the world's smallest and third richest botanical hotspot-has benefited from sustained levels of taxonomic effort and exploration for almost three centuries, but how close is this to resulting in a near-complete plant species inventory? We analyse a core component of this flora over a 250-year period for trends in taxonomic effort and species discovery linked to ecological and conservation attributes. We show that >40% of the current total of species was described within the first 100 years of exploration, followed by a continued steady rate of description. We propose that <1% of the flora is still to be described. We document a relatively constant cohort of taxonomists, working over 250 years at what we interpret to be their 'taxonomic maximum.' Rates of description of new species were independent of plant growth-form but narrow-range taxa have constituted a significantly greater proportion of species discoveries since 1950. This suggests that the fraction of undiscovered species predominantly comprises localised endemics that are thus of high conservation concern. Our analysis provides important real-world insights for other hotspots in the context of global strategic plans for biodiversity in informing considerations of the likely effort required in attaining set targets of comprehensive plant inventories. In a time of unprecedented biodiversity loss, we argue for a focused research agenda across disciplines to increase the rate of species descriptions in global biodiversity hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Treurnicht
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa; Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; South African Environmental Observation Network Fynbos Node, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Jonathan F Colville
- Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Lucas N Joppa
- Microsoft Research , Redmond , WA , United States of America
| | - Onno Huyser
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, Table Mountain Fund (WWF-SA) , Cape Town , Western Cape , South Africa
| | - John Manning
- Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Chaudhary C, Saeedi H, Costello MJ. Bimodality of Latitudinal Gradients in Marine Species Richness. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:670-676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jestrow B, Peguero B, Jiménez F, Cinea W, Hass M, Reeve A, Meerow AW, Griffith MP, Maunder M, Francisco-Ortega J. Genetic diversity and differentiation of the Critically Endangered Hispaniolan palm Coccothrinax jimenezii M.M. Mejía & R.G. García based on novel SSR markers. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
How many species are there and how many have we lost? New estimates shed light on this question in the marine realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Costello
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, P. Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Costello MJ, Claus S, Dekeyzer S, Vandepitte L, Tuama ÉÓ, Lear D, Tyler-Walters H. Biological and ecological traits of marine species. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1201. [PMID: 26312188 PMCID: PMC4548538 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the utility and availability of biological and ecological traits for marine species so as to prioritise the development of a world database on marine species traits. In addition, the 'status' of species for conservation, that is, whether they are introduced or invasive, of fishery or aquaculture interest, harmful, or used as an ecological indicator, were reviewed because these attributes are of particular interest to society. Whereas traits are an enduring characteristic of a species and/or population, a species status may vary geographically and over time. Criteria for selecting traits were that they could be applied to most taxa, were easily available, and their inclusion would result in new research and/or management applications. Numerical traits were favoured over categorical. Habitat was excluded as it can be derived from a selection of these traits. Ten traits were prioritized for inclusion in the most comprehensive open access database on marine species (World Register of Marine Species), namely taxonomic classification, environment, geography, depth, substratum, mobility, skeleton, diet, body size and reproduction. These traits and statuses are being added to the database and new use cases may further subdivide and expand upon them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Claus
- Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, VLIZ–InnovOcean site, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Dekeyzer
- Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, VLIZ–InnovOcean site, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Leen Vandepitte
- Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, VLIZ–InnovOcean site, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Éamonn Ó Tuama
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Lear
- Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, Devon, UK
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Costello MJ, Lane M, Wilson S, Houlding B. Factors influencing when species are first named and estimating global species richness. Glob Ecol Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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