1
|
Palma E, Mata L, Cohen K, Evans D, Gandy B, Gaskell N, Hatchman H, Mezzetti A, Neumann D, O'Keefe J, Shaw A, Wells M, Williams L, Hahs AK. The city nature challenge: A global citizen science phenomenon contributing to biodiversity knowledge and informing local government practices. Bioscience 2024; 74:290-299. [PMID: 38720910 PMCID: PMC11075648 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The bioblitz phenomenon has recently branched into cities, presenting exciting opportunities for local governments to channel participants' efforts toward local issues. The City Nature Challenge (CNC) is one such initiative that has been quickly taken up by hundreds of municipalities worldwide. Despite high levels of participation, we still lack a framework for evaluating how the CNC contributes to local biodiversity knowledge and to inform local government practices. In the present article, we develop such a tool and present a case study that illustrates its applicability. We demonstrate that the collected records contributed to a better understanding of contemporary, local biodiversity patterns and provide a more realistic representation of understudied groups such as insects and fungi. Importantly, we show that the CNC presented local governments with a cost-effective tool to make informed, evidence-based management and policy decisions, improve education and engagement programs, foster cross-council collaborations, and support a stronger sense of environmental stewardship within the local community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Mata
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie Cohen
- Knox City Council, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Doug Evans
- Maroondah City Council, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernard Gandy
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Hiliary Hatchman
- Whitehorse City Council, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Environment and Science, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Amy Shaw
- Boroondara City Council, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Millie Wells
- Whitehorse City Council, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Darebin City Council, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurence Williams
- State commissioner for the environment, Scouts Victoria, Australia
- Manningham City Council, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy K Hahs
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mollashahi H, Urbaniak J, Szymura TH, Szymura M. Genetic structure of Trifolium pratense populations in a cityscape. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15927. [PMID: 37692122 PMCID: PMC10487591 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban grasslands provide numerous ecosystem services, and their maintenance should be based on naturally regenerating plant populations. However, the urban environment is challenging for preserving viable populations, mostly because of their high fragmentation and small size, which can lead to genetic drift. We examined red clover (Trifolium pratense) in a medium-size city in Central Europe to test the cityscape effect on within- and among-population genetic diversity. We used eight inter-simple sequence repeat markers to examine the genetic structure of 16 populations, each represented by eight individuals. The isolation by resistance was analysed using a least cost patch approach, focusing on gene flow via pollinators. We found great variation among T. pratense populations, with no discernible geographic pattern in genetic diversity. We linked the diversity to the long history of the city and high stochasticity of land use changes that occurred with city development. In particular, we did not find that the Odra River (ca. 100 m wide) was a strong barrier to gene transfer. However, notable isolation was present due to resistance and distance, indicating that the populations are threatened by genetic drift. Therefore, gene movement between populations should be increased by appropriate management of urban green areas. We also found that small urban grassland (UG) patches with small populations can still hold rare alleles which significantly contribute to the overall genetic variation of T. pratense in the city.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassanali Mollashahi
- Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Urbaniak
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Szymura
- Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang S, Zhao J, Yao M. Urban landscape-level biodiversity assessments of aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates by environmental DNA metabarcoding. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 340:117971. [PMID: 37119629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Globally, expansive urbanization profoundly alters natural habitats and the associated biota. Monitoring biodiversity in cities can provide essential information for conservation management, but the complexity of urban landscapes poses serious challenges to conventional observational and capture-based surveys. Here we assessed pan-vertebrate biodiversity, including both aquatic and terrestrial taxa, using environmental DNA (eDNA) sampled from 109 water sites across Beijing, China. Using eDNA metabarcoding with a single primer set (Tele02), we detected 126 vertebrate species, including 73 fish, 39 birds, 11 mammals, and 3 reptiles belonging to 91 genera, 46 families, and 22 orders. The probability of detection from eDNA varied substantially among species and was related to their lifestyle, as shown by the greater detectability of fish compared to that of terrestrial and arboreal (birds and mammals) groups, as well as the greater detectability of water birds compared to that of forest birds (Wilcoxon rank-sum test p = 0.007). Furthermore, the eDNA detection probabilities across all vertebrates (Wilcoxon rank-sum test p = 0.009), as well as for birds (p < 0.001), were higher at lentic sites in comparison with lotic sites. Also, the detected biodiversity was positively correlated with lentic waterbody size for fish (Spearman p = 0.012), but not for other groups. Our results demonstrate the capacity of eDNA metabarcoding to efficiently surveil diverse vertebrate communities across an extensive spatial scale in heterogenous urban landscapes. With further methodological development and optimization, the eDNA approach has great potential for non-invasive, efficient, economic, and timely assessments of biodiversity responses to urbanization, thus guiding city ecosystem conservation management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jindong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Meng Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hahs AK, Fournier B, Aronson MFJ, Nilon CH, Herrera-Montes A, Salisbury AB, Threlfall CG, Rega-Brodsky CC, Lepczyk CA, La Sorte FA, MacGregor-Fors I, Scott MacIvor J, Jung K, Piana MR, Williams NSG, Knapp S, Vergnes A, Acevedo AA, Gainsbury AM, Rainho A, Hamer AJ, Shwartz A, Voigt CC, Lewanzik D, Lowenstein DM, O'Brien D, Tommasi D, Pineda E, Carpenter ES, Belskaya E, Lövei GL, Makinson JC, Coleman JL, Sadler JP, Shroyer J, Shapiro JT, Baldock KCR, Ksiazek-Mikenas K, Matteson KC, Barrett K, Siles L, Aguirre LF, Armesto LO, Zalewski M, Herrera-Montes MI, Obrist MK, Tonietto RK, Gagné SA, Hinners SJ, Latty T, Surasinghe TD, Sattler T, Magura T, Ulrich W, Elek Z, Castañeda-Oviedo J, Torrado R, Kotze DJ, Moretti M. Urbanisation generates multiple trait syndromes for terrestrial animal taxa worldwide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4751. [PMID: 37550318 PMCID: PMC10406945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cities can host significant biological diversity. Yet, urbanisation leads to the loss of habitats, species, and functional groups. Understanding how multiple taxa respond to urbanisation globally is essential to promote and conserve biodiversity in cities. Using a dataset encompassing six terrestrial faunal taxa (amphibians, bats, bees, birds, carabid beetles and reptiles) across 379 cities on 6 continents, we show that urbanisation produces taxon-specific changes in trait composition, with traits related to reproductive strategy showing the strongest response. Our findings suggest that urbanisation results in four trait syndromes (mobile generalists, site specialists, central place foragers, and mobile specialists), with resources associated with reproduction and diet likely driving patterns in traits associated with mobility and body size. Functional diversity measures showed varied responses, leading to shifts in trait space likely driven by critical resource distribution and abundance, and taxon-specific trait syndromes. Maximising opportunities to support taxa with different urban trait syndromes should be pivotal in conservation and management programmes within and among cities. This will reduce the likelihood of biotic homogenisation and helps ensure that urban environments have the capacity to respond to future challenges. These actions are critical to reframe the role of cities in global biodiversity loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Hahs
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Burnley Campus 500 Yarra Blvd, Richmond, 3121 VIC, Australia.
| | - Bertrand Fournier
- Institute of Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Myla F J Aronson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08816, USA
| | - Charles H Nilon
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Adriana Herrera-Montes
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Caragh G Threlfall
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | | | - Christopher A Lepczyk
- School of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Frank A La Sorte
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Ian MacGregor-Fors
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - J Scott MacIvor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Max R Piana
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Nicholas S G Williams
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Burnley Campus 500 Yarra Blvd, Richmond, 3121 VIC, Australia
| | - Sonja Knapp
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Plant Ecology, Rothenburgstraße 12, 12165, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alan Vergnes
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Aldemar A Acevedo
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alison M Gainsbury
- University of South Florida, St. Petersburg Campus, Department of Integrative Biology, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Ana Rainho
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes at the Dept. of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Univ. of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andrew J Hamer
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina u. 29, 1113, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Assaf Shwartz
- Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Christian C Voigt
- Dept. of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Lewanzik
- Dept. of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - David M Lowenstein
- Michigan State University Extension, Macomb County, 21885 Dunham Rd - Suite 12, Clinton Twp, MI, 48036, USA
| | - David O'Brien
- Scottish Natural Heritage (NatureScot), Great Glen House, Inverness, IV3 8NW, UK
| | - Desiree Tommasi
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Eduardo Pineda
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados. Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Xalapa, 91073, Mexico
| | - Ela Sita Carpenter
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD, 21401, USA
| | - Elena Belskaya
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Eighth March Street 202, Yekaterinburg, 620144, Russia
| | - Gábor L Lövei
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg Research Centre, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
- ELKH-DE Anthropocene Ecology Research Group, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Egyetem square 1, Hungary
| | - James C Makinson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Joanna L Coleman
- Queens College at the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Jon P Sadler
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jordan Shroyer
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Julie Teresa Shapiro
- University of Lyon, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Lyon, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Katherine C R Baldock
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Kevin C Matteson
- Department of Biology/Project Dragonfly, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Kyle Barrett
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC, 29631, USA
| | - Lizette Siles
- Área de Mastozoología, Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d'Orbigny, Avenida Potosí 1458, Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Luis F Aguirre
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Genética, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, c Sucre, frente Parque La Torre s/n, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Luis Orlando Armesto
- Tecnoacademia, CEDRUM, Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA), Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Marcin Zalewski
- Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, Warsaw, 00-679, Poland
| | | | - Martin K Obrist
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca K Tonietto
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Flint, 303 E Kearsley St., Flint, MI, 48502, USA
| | - Sara A Gagné
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Sarah J Hinners
- Department of City and Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tanya Latty
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thilina D Surasinghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, 02325, USA
| | - Thomas Sattler
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, CH-6204, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Tibor Magura
- ELKH-DE Anthropocene Ecology Research Group, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Egyetem square 1, Hungary
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Egyetem square 1., Hungary
| | - Werner Ulrich
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Zoltan Elek
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | | | - Ricardo Torrado
- Secretaría de Educación del Municipio de Cúcuta, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - D Johan Kotze
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland.
| | - Marco Moretti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Soanes K, Taylor L, Ramalho CE, Maller C, Parris K, Bush J, Mata L, Williams NSG, Threlfall CG. Conserving urban biodiversity: Current practice, barriers, and enablers. Conserv Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Soanes
- School of Ecosystem and Forest SciencesMelbourne Centre for CitiesThe University of Melbourne ParkvilleAustralia
| | - Lucy Taylor
- School of Ecosystem and Forest SciencesMelbourne Centre for CitiesThe University of Melbourne ParkvilleAustralia
| | - Cristina E. Ramalho
- School of Biological Sciences, M090The University of Western Australia PerthAustralia
| | - Cecily Maller
- Centre for Urban Research, School of Global, Urban and Social StudiesRMIT University MelbourneAustralia
| | - Kirsten Parris
- School of Ecosystem and Forest SciencesMelbourne Centre for CitiesThe University of Melbourne ParkvilleAustralia
| | - Judy Bush
- Faculty of Architecture, Building and PlanningThe University of Melbourne ParkvilleAustralia
| | - Luis Mata
- School of Ecosystem and Forest SciencesMelbourne Centre for CitiesThe University of Melbourne ParkvilleAustralia
- Cesar Australia BrunswickAustralia
| | - Nicholas S. G. Williams
- School of Ecosystem and Forest SciencesMelbourne Centre for CitiesThe University of Melbourne ParkvilleAustralia
| | - Caragh G. Threlfall
- School of Natural SciencesMacquarie UniversityNSWAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesThe University of SydneyNSWAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anderson AG, Costner L, Best L, Langellotto GA. The bee fauna associated with Pacific Northwest (USA) native plants for gardens. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G. Anderson
- Department of Horticulture Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Lucas Costner
- Department of Horticulture Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Lincoln Best
- Department of Horticulture Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Elliot Noe E, Innes J, Barnes A, Joshi C, Clarkson BD. Habitat provision is a major driver of native bird communities in restored urban forests. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1444-1457. [PMID: 35396865 PMCID: PMC9541441 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Urbanization, and the drastic loss of habitat it entails, poses a major threat to global avian biodiversity. Ecological restoration of urban forests is therefore increasingly vital for native bird conservation, but control of invasive predators may also be needed to sustain native bird populations in cities where species invasions have been particularly severe. We evaluated restoration success by investigating changes in native bird communities along a restoration chronosequence of 25 restored urban forests representing 72 years of forest development, which we compared to two target reference systems and a control system. We hypothesized that total species richness and relative abundance of native forest birds would increase with the age of restoration planting. We further hypothesized that relative abundance of rats, possums and cats would negatively impact native birds, while amount of native forest in the surrounding landscape would have a positive effect. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to investigate the relative influence of forest structure (complexity index, tree height, canopy openness, basal area, species richness and density), landscape attributes (patch area, perimeter length, landscape composition within three buffer zones, distance to the nearest road and water source) and invasive mammalian predator indices of relative abundance on total species richness and relative abundance of native forest birds. Species richness increased with age of restoration planting, with community composition progressing towards that found in target reference systems. SEM revealed that years restored was a direct driver of bird species richness but an indirect driver of abundance, which was directly driven by canopy openness. Contrary to our predictions, invasive mammals had no significant effect on native bird species richness or abundance. Our results demonstrate that provision and improvement of habitat quantity and quality through restoration is the vital first step to re‐establishing native forest bird communities in cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Elliot Noe
- University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - J Innes
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - A Barnes
- University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - C Joshi
- University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - B D Clarkson
- University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Armstrong JH, Nisi AC, Millard‐Ball A. A disciplinary divide in the framing of urbanization’s environmental impacts. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna C. Nisi
- Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Adam Millard‐Ball
- Urban Planning UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs Los Angeles California USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fardell LL, Nano CEM, Pavey CR, Dickman CR. Small Prey Animal Habitat Use in Landscapes of Fear: Effects of Predator Presence and Human Activity Along an Urban Disturbance Gradient. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.750094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human activity can impose additional stressors to wildlife, both directly and indirectly, including through the introduction of predators and influences on native predators. As urban and adjacent environments are becoming increasingly valuable habitat for wildlife, it is important to understand how susceptible taxa, like small prey animals, persist in urban environments under such additional stressors. Here, in order to determine how small prey animals’ foraging patterns change in response to habitat components and distances to predators and human disturbances, we used filmed giving-up density (GUD) trials under natural conditions along an urban disturbance gradient. We then ran further GUD trials with the addition of experimentally introduced stressors of: the odors of domestic cat (Felis catus)/red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as predator cues, light and sound as human disturbance cues, and their combinations. Small mammals were mostly observed foraging in the GUD trials, and to a lesser degree birds. Animals responded to proximity to predators and human disturbances when foraging under natural conditions, and used habitat components differently based on these distances. Along the urban disturbance gradient situation-specific responses were evident and differed under natural conditions compared to additional stressor conditions. The combined predator with human disturbance treatments resulted in responses of higher perceived risk at environments further from houses. Animals at the urban-edge environment foraged more across the whole site under the additional stressor conditions, but under natural conditions perceived less risk when foraging near predators and further from human disturbance (houses). Contrastingly, at the environments further from houses, foraging near human disturbance (paths/roads) when close to a predator was perceived as lower risk, but when foraging under introduced stressor conditions these disturbances were perceived as high risk. We propose that sensory and behavioral mechanisms, and stress exposure best explain our findings. Our results indicate that habitat components could be managed to reduce the impacts of high predation pressure and human activity in disturbed environments.
Collapse
|
10
|
Steven R, Van Helden BE, Tulloch AI, Barnes M, Close PG, Fuller RA. Exploring the ability of urban householders to correctly identify nocturnal mammals. Urban Ecosyst 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-021-01118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
Wetlands are a critical part of natural environments that offer a wide range of ecosystem services. In urban areas, wetlands contribute to the livability of cities through improving the water quality, carbon sequestration, providing habitats for wildlife species, reducing the effects of urban heat islands, and creating recreation opportunities. However, maintaining wetlands in urban areas faces many challenges, such as the reduction of hydrological functions, changed water regimes due to barriers, contamination by wastewater, habitat loss due to land-use change, and loss of biodiversity due to the entry of alien species. In this article, we review the theoretical background of wetlands in urban areas through the existing studies in the literature. We provide knowledge on urban wetlands and highlight the benefits of these wetlands in urban areas. These benefits include sustainability, biodiversity, urban heat islands, social perception, and recreation values. We also summarize the objectives, methodologies, and findings of the reviewed articles in five tables. In addition, we summarize the critical research gaps addressed in the reviewed articles. Our review study addresses the research gaps by performing a rigorous analysis to identify significant open research challenges, showing the path toward future research in the field. We further discuss and highlight the role of policymakers and stakeholders in preserving wetlands and finally present our conclusions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
AbstractCitizen science offers a unique opportunity to connect urban-dwellers with the often hidden natural world upon their doorsteps and to contribute to authentic research that increases knowledge of urban ecology and biodiversity. With the majority of Australia’s population residing in large cities, this diverse potential pool of participants in science creates a significant opportunity to increase the spatial and temporal scale of research. Herein, we provide an overview of Australian urban citizen science projects based on an analysis of the projects listed in the Australian Citizen Science Association’s Citizen Science Project Finder. We draw out key features (such as those with research questions specific to cities such as reintroduction and persistence of species in urban environments) from urban citizen science projects that make them suitable for the urban environment and use these features to suggest recommendations for further expansion and development of this important subset of projects. We conclude that the number and diversity of urban citizen science projects is relatively low in Australia, and advocate for an increase in initiatives that can tap into a large pool of potential participants for the benefit of science and society.
Collapse
|
13
|
Nicholson E, Watermeyer KE, Rowland JA, Sato CF, Stevenson SL, Andrade A, Brooks TM, Burgess ND, Cheng ST, Grantham HS, Hill SL, Keith DA, Maron M, Metzke D, Murray NJ, Nelson CR, Obura D, Plumptre A, Skowno AL, Watson JEM. Scientific foundations for an ecosystem goal, milestones and indicators for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1338-1349. [PMID: 34400825 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial conservation efforts, the loss of ecosystems continues globally, along with related declines in species and nature's contributions to people. An effective ecosystem goal, supported by clear milestones, targets and indicators, is urgently needed for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework and beyond to support biodiversity conservation, the UN Sustainable Development Goals and efforts to abate climate change. Here, we describe the scientific foundations for an ecosystem goal and milestones, founded on a theory of change, and review available indicators to measure progress. An ecosystem goal should include three core components: area, integrity and risk of collapse. Targets-the actions that are necessary for the goals to be met-should address the pathways to ecosystem loss and recovery, including safeguarding remnants of threatened ecosystems, restoring their area and integrity to reduce risk of collapse and retaining intact areas. Multiple indicators are needed to capture the different dimensions of ecosystem area, integrity and risk of collapse across all ecosystem types, and should be selected for their fitness for purpose and relevance to goal components. Science-based goals, supported by well-formulated action targets and fit-for-purpose indicators, will provide the best foundation for reversing biodiversity loss and sustaining human well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Nicholson
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia. .,IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland.
| | - Kate E Watermeyer
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica A Rowland
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chloe F Sato
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone L Stevenson
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela Andrade
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland.,Conservación Internacional, Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Thomas M Brooks
- IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.,World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of The Philippines, Los Baños, The Philippines.,Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Neil D Burgess
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Su-Ting Cheng
- School of Forestry & Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hedley S Grantham
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha L Hill
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - David A Keith
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland.,Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martine Maron
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Metzke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Murray
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cara R Nelson
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland.,Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | - Andy Plumptre
- Key Biodiversity Area Secretariat, BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew L Skowno
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James E M Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fardell LL, Young LI, Pavey CR, Dickman CR. Habitat use by wandering pet cats ( Felis catus) in a patchy urban environment. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pet cats (Felis catus) often have negative effects on wildlife. This is of growing concern in urban areas as these are increasingly becoming hotspots of native wildlife activity, and as the human population increases, so too does the pet cat population. To maintain biodiversity in urban areas, further knowledge on pet cat behaviour and impacts is required so that management strategies for pet cats are well informed and have public and government support. Here, we offer insights into the wandering activity of pet cats in a patchy urban—heavily vegetated landscape on the east coast of Australia. Our estimated pet cat movement ranges were generally larger than those previously observed in similar landscapes, as well as in more urbanized and rural habitats. Using GPS data loggers, we found that pet cats did not utilize vegetated spaces more than urban areas, nor did they prefer them relative to their availability. Half of our study cats selected urban habitats, whilst the other half displayed no selection or a slight preference for vegetated spaces; these cats had fewer barriers to overcome to reach them. We did not observe any large differences in movements or habitat use between day and night, but displacement distances and preference for vegetated space habitat were marginally lower at night. All pet cats monitored spent most of their time outside their houses. As both urban and vegetated spaces in patchy urban landscapes provide habitat for native wildlife, pet cat activity across both habitat types requires management action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loren L Fardell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Lauren I Young
- Flora and Fauna Division, Department of Environment, Parks and Water Security, Northern Territory Government, Alice Springs, Northern Territory 0870, Australia
| | - Chris R Pavey
- CSIRO, Land and Water, PMB 44, Winnellie, Northern Territory 0822, Australia
| | - Christopher R Dickman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mata L, Andersen AN, Morán-Ordóñez A, Hahs AK, Backstrom A, Ives CD, Bickel D, Duncan D, Palma E, Thomas F, Cranney K, Walker K, Shears I, Semeraro L, Malipatil M, Moir ML, Plein M, Porch N, Vesk PA, Smith TR, Lynch Y. Indigenous plants promote insect biodiversity in urban greenspaces. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02309. [PMID: 33605502 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of urban greenspaces to support biodiversity and provide benefits for people is increasingly recognized. However, ongoing management practices favor vegetation oversimplification, often limiting greenspaces to lawns and tree canopy rather than multi-layered vegetation that includes under- and midstorey, and the use of nonnative species. These practices hinder the potential of greenspaces to sustain indigenous biodiversity, particularly for taxa like insects that rely on plants for food and habitat. Yet, little is known about which plant species may maximize positive outcomes for taxonomically and functionally diverse insect communities in greenspaces. Additionally, while cities are expected to experience high rates of introductions, quantitative assessments of the relative occupancy of indigenous vs. introduced insect species in greenspace are rare, hindering understanding of how management may promote indigenous biodiversity while limiting the establishment of introduced insects. Using a hierarchically replicated study design across 15 public parks, we recorded occurrence data from 552 insect species on 133 plant species, differing in planting design element (lawn, midstorey, and tree canopy), midstorey growth form (forbs, lilioids, graminoids, and shrubs) and origin (nonnative, native, and indigenous), to assess (1) the relative contributions of indigenous and introduced insect species and (2) which plant species sustained the highest number of indigenous insects. We found that the insect community was overwhelmingly composed of indigenous rather than introduced species. Our findings further highlight the core role of multi-layered vegetation in sustaining high insect biodiversity in urban areas, with indigenous midstorey and canopy representing key elements to maintain rich and functionally diverse indigenous insect communities. Intriguingly, graminoids supported the highest indigenous insect richness across all studied growth forms by plant origin groups. Our work highlights the opportunity presented by indigenous understory and midstorey plants, particularly indigenous graminoids, in our study area to promote indigenous insect biodiversity in urban greenspaces. Our study provides a blueprint and stimulus for architects, engineers, developers, designers, and planners to incorporate into their practice plant species palettes that foster a larger presence of indigenous over regionally native or nonnative plant species, while incorporating a broader mixture of midstorey growth forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mata
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Centre for Urban Research, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Alan N Andersen
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia
| | | | - Amy K Hahs
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Anna Backstrom
- Centre for Urban Research, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Bickel
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | - David Duncan
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Estibaliz Palma
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Freya Thomas
- Centre for Urban Research, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Kate Cranney
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Ken Walker
- Science Department, Museum Victoria, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Ian Shears
- City of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Linda Semeraro
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Agriculture Victoria Research, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Mallik Malipatil
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Agriculture Victoria Research, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Melinda L Moir
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Michaela Plein
- Administration de la Nature et des Forêts, Diekirch, 9233, Luxembourg
| | - Nick Porch
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Peter A Vesk
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tessa R Smith
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Yvonne Lynch
- City of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chowdhury S, Shahriar SA, Böhm M, Jain A, Aich U, Zalucki MP, Hesselberg T, Morelli F, Benedetti Y, Persson AS, Roy DK, Rahman S, Ahmed S, Fuller RA. Urban green spaces in Dhaka, Bangladesh, harbour nearly half the country’s butterfly diversity. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cities currently harbour more than half of the world’s human population and continued urban expansion replaces natural landscapes and increases habitat fragmentation. The impacts of urbanisation on biodiversity have been extensively studied in some parts of the world, but there is limited information from South Asia, despite the rapid expansion of cities in the region. Here, we present the results of monthly surveys of butterflies in three urban parks in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, over a 3-year period (January 2014 to December 2016). We recorded 45% (137 of the 305 species) of the country’s butterfly richness, and 40% of the species detected are listed as nationally threatened. However, butterfly species richness declined rapidly in the three study areas over the 3-year period, and the decline appeared to be more severe among threatened species. We developed linear mixed effect models to assess the relationship between climatic variables and butterfly species richness. Overall, species richness was positively associated with maximum temperature and negatively with mean relative humidity and saturation deficit. Our results demonstrate the importance of urban green spaces for nationally threatened butterflies. With rapidly declining urban green spaces in Dhaka and other South Asian cities, we are likely to lose refuges for threatened fauna. There is an urgent need to understand urban biodiversity dynamics in the region, and for proactive management of urban green spaces to protect butterflies in South Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawan Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shihab A Shahriar
- Department of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Anuj Jain
- BirdLife International (Asia), 354 Tanglin Road, #01-16/17, Tanglin International Centre, Singapore, 247672, Singapore
- Nature Society (Singapore), 510 Geylang Road, Singapore 389466, Singapore
| | - Upama Aich
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Federico Morelli
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Community Ecology & Conservation, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Yanina Benedetti
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Community Ecology & Conservation, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anna S Persson
- Center for Environment and Climate Research (CEC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Deponkor K Roy
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Saima Rahman
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sultan Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Van Helden BE, Close PG, Stewart BA, Speldewinde PC. Managing gardens for wildlife: Features that predict mammal presence and abundance in gardens vary seasonally. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bronte E. Van Helden
- Centre for Natural Resource Management & UWA School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia Albany Western Australia6330Australia
| | - Paul G. Close
- Centre for Natural Resource Management & UWA School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia Albany Western Australia6330Australia
| | - Barbara A. Stewart
- Centre for Natural Resource Management & UWA School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia Albany Western Australia6330Australia
| | - Peter C. Speldewinde
- Centre for Natural Resource Management & UWA School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia Albany Western Australia6330Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Fidino M, Gallo T, Lehrer EW, Murray MH, Kay CAM, Sander HA, MacDougall B, Salsbury CM, Ryan TJ, Angstmann JL, Amy Belaire J, Dugelby B, Schell CJ, Stankowich T, Amaya M, Drake D, Hursh SH, Ahlers AA, Williamson J, Hartley LM, Zellmer AJ, Simon K, Magle SB. Landscape-scale differences among cities alter common species' responses to urbanization. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02253. [PMID: 33141996 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how biodiversity responds to urbanization is challenging, due in part to the single-city focus of most urban ecological research. Here, we delineate continent-scale patterns in urban species assemblages by leveraging data from a multi-city camera trap survey and quantify how differences in greenspace availability and average housing density among 10 North American cities relate to the distribution of eight widespread North American mammals. To do so, we deployed camera traps at 569 sites across these ten cities between 18 June and 14 August. Most data came from 2017, though some cities contributed 2016 or 2018 data if it was available. We found that the magnitude and direction of most species' responses to urbanization within a city were associated with landscape-scale differences among cities. For example, eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), fox squirrel (Sciurus niger), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) responses to urbanization changed from negative to positive once the proportion of green space within a city was >~20%. Likewise, raccoon (Procyon lotor) and Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) responses to urbanization changed from positive to negative once the average housing density of a city exceeded about 700 housing units/km2 . We also found that local species richness within cities consistently declined with urbanization in only the more densely developed cities (>~700 housing units/km2 ). Given our results, it may therefore be possible to design cities to better support biodiversity and reduce the negative influence of urbanization on wildlife by, for example, increasing the amount of green space within a city. Additionally, it may be most important for densely populated cities to find innovative solutions to bolster wildlife resilience because they were the most likely to observe diversity losses of common urban species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mason Fidino
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
| | - Travis Gallo
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 22030, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Lehrer
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
| | - Maureen H Murray
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
| | - Cria A M Kay
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
| | - Heather A Sander
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52240, USA
| | - Brandon MacDougall
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52240, USA
| | - Carmen M Salsbury
- Center for Urban Ecology and Sustainability, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46208, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46208, USA
| | - Travis J Ryan
- Center for Urban Ecology and Sustainability, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46208, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46208, USA
| | - Julia L Angstmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46208, USA
| | | | - Barbara Dugelby
- Wild Basin Creative Research Center, St. Edward's University, Austin, Texas, 78704, USA
| | - Christopher J Schell
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington, 98405, USA
| | - Theodore Stankowich
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California, 90840, USA
| | - Max Amaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California, 90840, USA
| | - David Drake
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Sheryl H Hursh
- Nelson Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Adam A Ahlers
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Jacque Williamson
- Department of Education & Conservation, Brandywine Zoo, Wilmington, Delaware, 19802, USA
| | | | - Amanda J Zellmer
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California, 90041, USA
- Arroyos and Foothills Conservancy, Pasadena, California, 91102, USA
| | - Kelly Simon
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas, 78774, USA
| | - Seth B Magle
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Spotswood EN, Beller EE, Grossinger R, Grenier JL, Heller NE, Aronson MFJ. The Biological Deserts Fallacy: Cities in Their Landscapes Contribute More than We Think to Regional Biodiversity. Bioscience 2021; 71:148-160. [PMID: 33613128 PMCID: PMC7882369 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cities are both embedded within and ecologically linked to their surrounding landscapes. Although urbanization poses a substantial threat to biodiversity, cities also support many species, some of which have larger populations, faster growth rates, and higher productivity in cities than outside of them. Despite this fact, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the potentially beneficial links between cities and their surroundings. We identify five pathways by which cities can benefit regional ecosystems by releasing species from threats in the larger landscape, increasing regional habitat heterogeneity and genetic diversity, acting as migratory stopovers, preadapting species to climate change, and enhancing public engagement and environmental stewardship. Increasing recognition of these pathways could help cities identify effective strategies for supporting regional biodiversity conservation and could provide a science-based platform for incorporating biodiversity alongside other urban greening goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin E Beller
- San Francisco Estuary Institute San Francisco, California in the United States. Erin E. Beller is the Urban Ecology Program manager for the Real Estate and Workplace Services Sustainability Team at Google, Mountain View, California, in the United States
| | - Robin Grossinger
- San Francisco Estuary Institute San Francisco, California in the United States. Erin E. Beller is the Urban Ecology Program manager for the Real Estate and Workplace Services Sustainability Team at Google, Mountain View, California, in the United States
| | - J Letitia Grenier
- San Francisco Estuary Institute San Francisco, California in the United States. Erin E. Beller is the Urban Ecology Program manager for the Real Estate and Workplace Services Sustainability Team at Google, Mountain View, California, in the United States
| | - Nicole E Heller
- Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Myla F J Aronson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Van Helden BE, Close PG, Stewart BA, Speldewinde PC, Comer SJ. Critically Endangered marsupial calls residential gardens home. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bronte E. Van Helden
- Faculty of Science UWA School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia Albany WA Australia
| | - Paul G. Close
- Faculty of Science UWA School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia Albany WA Australia
| | - Barbara A. Stewart
- Faculty of Science UWA School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia Albany WA Australia
| | - Peter C. Speldewinde
- Faculty of Science UWA School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia Albany WA Australia
| | - Sarah J. Comer
- Faculty of Science UWA School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia Albany WA Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions South Coast Region WA Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Busschots MB, Close PG, Van Helden BE, Speldewinde PC. Is the presence of a threatened arboreal mammal in residential areas related to remnant habitats? AUSTRAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie B. Busschots
- Faculty of Science UWA School of Agriculture and Environment University of Western Australia Albany Western Australia Australia
- Bristol Veterinary School University of Bristol BristolBS40 5DUUK
| | - Paul G. Close
- Faculty of Science UWA School of Agriculture and Environment University of Western Australia Albany Western Australia Australia
| | - Bronte E. Van Helden
- Faculty of Science UWA School of Agriculture and Environment University of Western Australia Albany Western Australia Australia
| | - Peter C. Speldewinde
- Faculty of Science UWA School of Agriculture and Environment University of Western Australia Albany Western Australia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Johnson LR, Johnson ML, Aronson MFJ, Campbell LK, Carr ME, Clarke M, D’Amico V, Darling L, Erker T, Fahey RT, King KL, Lautar K, Locke DH, Morzillo AT, Pincetl S, Rhodes L, Schmit JP, Scott L, Sonti NF. Conceptualizing social-ecological drivers of change in urban forest patches. Urban Ecosyst 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-020-00977-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
24
|
Callaghan CT, Benedetti Y, Wilshire JH, Morelli F. Avian trait specialization is negatively associated with urban tolerance. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corey T. Callaghan
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Community Ecology & Conservation Research Group, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech Univ. of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Yanina Benedetti
- Dept of Applied Geoinformatics and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech Univ. of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - John H. Wilshire
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Global Change, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Dept, Yale Univ. New Haven CT USA
| | - Federico Morelli
- Dept of Applied Geoinformatics and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech Univ. of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Zielona Góra Zielona Góra Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mody K, Lerch D, Müller AK, Simons NK, Blüthgen N, Harnisch M. Flower power in the city: Replacing roadside shrubs by wildflower meadows increases insect numbers and reduces maintenance costs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234327. [PMID: 32516354 PMCID: PMC7282654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive declines in insect biodiversity and biomass are reported from many regions and habitats. In urban areas, creation of native wildflower meadows is one option to support insects and reduce maintenance costs of urban green spaces. However, benefits for insect conservation may depend on previous land use, and the size and location of new wildflower meadows. We show effects of conversion of roadside plantings-from exotic shrubs into wildflower meadows-on (1) the abundance of 13 arthropod taxa-Opiliones, Araneae, Isopoda, Collembola, Orthoptera, Aphidoidea, Auchenorrhyncha, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Nematocera, Brachycera, Apocrita, Formicidae-and (2) changes in maintenance costs. We assessed the influence of vegetation type (meadow vs. woody), meadow age, size, location (distance to city boundary), and mowing regime. We found many, but not all, arthropod taxa profiting from meadows in terms of arthropod activity abundance in pitfall traps and arthropod density in standardized suction samples. Arthropod number in meadows was 212% higher in pitfall traps and 260% higher in suction samples compared to woody vegetation. The increased arthropod number in meadows was independent of the size and isolation of green spaces for most taxa. However, mowing regime strongly affected several arthropod taxa, with an increase of 63% of total arthropod density in unmown compared to mown meadow spots. Costs of green space maintenance were fivefold lower for meadows than for woody vegetation. Our study shows that (1) many different arthropod taxa occur in roadside vegetation in urban areas, (2) replacement of exotic woody vegetation by native wildflower meadows can significantly increase arthropod abundance, especially if meadow management permits temporarily unmown areas, and (3) maintenance costs can be considerably reduced by converting woody plantings into wildflower meadows. Considering many groups of arthropods, our study provides new insights into possible measures to support arthropods in urban environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Mody
- Ecological Networks, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Doris Lerch
- Ecological Networks, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Müller
- Ecological Networks, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nadja K. Simons
- Ecological Networks, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nico Blüthgen
- Ecological Networks, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lambert MR, Donihue CM. Urban biodiversity management using evolutionary tools. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:903-910. [PMID: 32393868 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cities are fully functioning ecosystems and are home to no-analogue communities of species that interact with each other and which are subject to novel urban stressors. As such, biodiversity can evolve in response to these new urban conditions, making urban species a moving target for conservation and management efforts. An evolving urban biodiversity necessitates integrating evolutionary insights into management for these efforts to be successful in a dynamic urban milieu. Here we present a framework for categorizing urban biodiversity from a management perspective. We then discuss a suite of example management tools and their potential evolutionary implications-both their opportunities for and potential consequence to management. Urban ecosystems are proliferating but, far from being ecological lost causes, they may provide unique insights and opportunities for biodiversity conservation. Determining how to achieve urban biodiversity priorities while managing pest species requires evolutionary thinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max R Lambert
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Colin M Donihue
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
City sloths and marmosets in Atlantic forest fragments with contrasting levels of anthropogenic disturbance. MAMMAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-020-00492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
28
|
Mata L, Ramalho CE, Kennedy J, Parris KM, Valentine L, Miller M, Bekessy S, Hurley S, Cumpston Z. Bringing nature back into cities. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mata
- Centre for Urban Research School of Global, Urban and Social Studies RMIT University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Cristina E. Ramalho
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - Jade Kennedy
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences The University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Kirsten M. Parris
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Leonie Valentine
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - Maddison Miller
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Heritage Victoria East Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Sarah Bekessy
- Centre for Urban Research School of Global, Urban and Social Studies RMIT University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Sarrah Hurley
- Centre for Urban Research School of Global, Urban and Social Studies RMIT University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Zena Cumpston
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Socio-ecological connectivity differs in magnitude and direction across urban landscapes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4252. [PMID: 32144391 PMCID: PMC7060339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Connectivity of social-ecological systems promotes resilience across urban landscapes. Community gardens are social-ecological systems that support food production, social interactions, and biodiversity conservation. We investigate how these hubs of ecosystem services facilitate socio-ecological connectivity and service flows as a network across complex urban landscapes. In three US cities (Baltimore, Chicago, New York City), we use community garden networks as a model system to demonstrate how biophysical and social features of urban landscapes control the pattern and magnitude of ecosystem service flows through these systems. We show that community gardens within a city are connected through biological and social mechanisms, and connectivity levels and spatial arrangement differ across cities. We found that biophysical connectivity was higher than social connectivity in one case study, while they were nearly equal in the other two. This higher social connectivity can be attributed to clustered distributions of gardens within neighborhoods (network modularity), which promotes neighborhood-scale connectivity hotspots, but produces landscape-scale connectivity coldspots. The particular patterns illustrate how urban form and social amenities largely shape ecosystem service flows among garden networks. Such socio-ecological analyses can be applied to enhance and stabilize landscape connectedness to improve life and resilience in cities.
Collapse
|
30
|
Planchuelo G, Kowarik I, von der Lippe M. Endangered Plants in Novel Urban Ecosystems Are Filtered by Strategy Type and Dispersal Syndrome, Not by Spatial Dependence on Natural Remnants. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
31
|
Volenec ZM, Dobson AP. Conservation value of small reserves. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:66-79. [PMID: 30843258 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The importance of large reserves has been long maintained in the scientific literature, often leading to dismissal of the conservation potential of small reserves. However, over half the global protected-area inventory is composed of protected areas that are <100 ha, and the median size of added protected area is decreasing. Studies of the conservation value of small reserves and fragments of natural area are relatively uncommon in the literature. We reviewed SCOPUS and WOK for studies on small reserve and fragment contributions to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, and fifty-eight taxon-specific studies were included in the review. Small reserves harbored substantial portions (upward of 50%) of regional species diversity for many taxa (birds, plants, amphibians, and small mammals) and even some endemic, specialist bird species. Unfortunately, small reserves and fragments almost always harbored more generalist and exotic species than large reserves. Community composition depended on habitat quality, surrounding land use (agricultural vs. urban), and reserve and fragment size, which presents opportunities for management and improvement. Small reserves also provided ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological pest control, and cultural services, such as recreation and improved human health. Limitations associated with small reserves, such as extinction debt and support of area-sensitive species, necessitate a complement of larger reserves. However, we argue that small reserves can make viable and significant contributions to conservation goals directly as habitat and indirectly by increasing landscape connectivity and quality to the benefit of large reserves. To effectively conserve biodiversity for future generations in landscapes fragmented by human development, small reserves and fragments must be included in conservation planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M Volenec
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A
| | - Andrew P Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A
- Sante Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Maclagan SJ, Coates T, Hradsky BA, Butryn R, Ritchie EG. Life in linear habitats: the movement ecology of an endangered mammal in a peri‐urban landscape. Anim Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Maclagan
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood VIC Australia
| | - T. Coates
- Royal Botanic Gardens at Cranbourne Cranbourne VIC Australia
| | - B. A. Hradsky
- Quantitative and Applied Ecology, School of Biosciences University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - R. Butryn
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Gainesville FL USA
| | - E. G. Ritchie
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tresch S, Frey D, Bayon RCL, Mäder P, Stehle B, Fliessbach A, Moretti M. Direct and indirect effects of urban gardening on aboveground and belowground diversity influencing soil multifunctionality. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9769. [PMID: 31278335 PMCID: PMC6611818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban gardens are popular green spaces that have the potential to provide essential ecosystem services, support human well-being, and at the same time foster biodiversity in cities. We investigated the impact of gardening activities on five soil functions and the relationship between plant (600 spp.) and soil fauna (earthworms: 18 spp., springtails: 39 spp.) in 85 urban gardens (170 sites) across the city of Zurich (Switzerland). Our results suggest that high plant diversity in gardens had a positive effect on soil fauna and soil multifunctionality, and that garden management intensity decreased plant diversity. Indices of biological activity in soil, such as organic and microbial carbon and bacterial abundance, showed a direct positive effect on soil multifunctionality. Soil moisture and disturbance, driven by watering and tilling, were the driving forces structuring plant and soil fauna communities. Plant indicator values proved useful to assess soil fauna community structure, even in anthropogenic plant assemblages. We conclude that to enhance soil functions, gardeners should increase plant diversity, and lower management intensity. Soil protective management practices, such as applying compost, mulch or avoiding soil tilling, should be included in urban green space planning to improve urban biodiversity and nature’s contribution to people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Tresch
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Soil Sciences, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, CH, Switzerland. .,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, CH, Switzerland. .,University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Functional Ecology Laboratory, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, CH, Switzerland.
| | - David Frey
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, CH, Switzerland.,ETHZ, Department of Environmental System Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Universitaetstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Renée-Claire Le Bayon
- University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Functional Ecology Laboratory, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, CH, Switzerland
| | - Paul Mäder
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Soil Sciences, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, CH, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Stehle
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Soil Sciences, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, CH, Switzerland.,University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Ecology, Universitätstrasse 10, 78464, Konstanz, DE, Germany
| | - Andreas Fliessbach
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Soil Sciences, Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, CH, Switzerland
| | - Marco Moretti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, CH, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|