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Fröhlich A, Przepióra F, Drobniak S, Mikusiński G, Ciach M. Public safety considerations constraint the conservation of large old trees and their crucial ecological heritage in urban green spaces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174919. [PMID: 39038686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Large old trees in urban public green spaces deliver a diversity of values essential for human well-being, including biodiversity conservation. Yet, the conservation of large old trees bearing key wildlife microhabitats interferes with safety considerations. This intuitive notion, however, is backed by an insufficient and scattered body of evidence. Here, we empirically examined this process using data on 5974 trees across 510 sample plots, organized as quintuplets within 102 sample sites, including urban parks, cemeteries, recreational forests, and historic reserves in the urban agglomeration of Kraków, Poland. Our analyses demonstrate that trees situated in areas frequently visited by people, or those near walking paths, benches, or playgrounds, have elevated accident hazards and, therefore, necessitate intensive tree surgeries (pruning and logging) to remain harmless. Large old trees, which bear the most diverse microhabitats and pose greater risks when they collapse, are especially affected by these measures. Accordingly, we found that the co-occurrence of large trees with elevated accident hazards results in significant losses of dead and sloped trees, and trees with cavities, injuries, crown deadwood, fungal fruiting bodies, or epiphytes, particularly in parks and, to a lesser extent, in recreational forests. Apparently, some tree-related microhabitats, such as injuries, cavities, and microsoils, also emerge in risky spots after pruning. Our findings underscore that the conservation of large old trees and their ecological functions faces significant challenges due to safety considerations. To address conservation challenges and harmonize human coexistence with biodiversity, we recommend enhancing environmental awareness and reevaluating arboricultural and planning policies. This would involve establishing strategic and pocket reserves on city peripheries and interiors, allowing larger older trees to thrive and develop important microhabitats without compromising public safety. Otherwise, we risk losing many large old trees and/or their superior value for wildlife, which will regenerate over decades, if not centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Fröhlich
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture, Kraków 31-425, Poland; Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-120, Poland.
| | - Fabian Przepióra
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture, Kraków 31-425, Poland
| | - Szymon Drobniak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mikusiński
- School for Forest Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skinnskatteberg 739 21, Sweden
| | - Michał Ciach
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture, Kraków 31-425, Poland
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Gautam R, Baral N, Sharma HP. Preference of trees for nest building by critically endangered white-rumped vultures ( Gyps bengalensis) in Nepal. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11175. [PMID: 38505186 PMCID: PMC10948368 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
White-rumped vultures (Gyps bengalensis) are critically endangered species, and protecting their habitats, particularly the nesting trees, may have a positive impact on their reproductive success. For a better understanding of vultures' habitat needs, the characteristics of nesting trees should be accounted. In this paper, we compare the characteristics of the trees that have vultures' nests and that do not by randomly select a control tree within a 10 m radius of the nesting tree. We extensively searched and monitored the white-rumped vultures' nests, nesting trees, and nesting tree species in Nepal between 2002 and 2022, and measured the characteristics of sampled trees such as their height, girth, canopy spread, branching orders, and whorls. We recorded 1161 nests of white-rumped vulture in total on 194 trees belonging to 19 species over the past two decades. White-rumped vultures preferred the kapok trees (Bombax ceiba) for nest construction than other tree species (χ 2 = 115.38, df = 1, p < .001) as 66.49% of nests were built on them. In the logistic regression model, the number of whorls on a tree, canopy spread, and the height of the first branch determined whether a nest was present or absent on a tree. These results help to prioritize the tree attributes in a habitat conservation plan for vultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramji Gautam
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and TechnologyTribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal
- Department of Zoology, Prithvi Narayan CampusTribhuvan UniversityPokharaNepal
| | - Nabin Baral
- School of Environmental and Forest SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Hari Prasad Sharma
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and TechnologyTribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal
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Piovesan G, Cannon CH, Liu J, Munné-Bosch S. Ancient trees: irreplaceable conservation resource for ecosystem restoration. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:1025-1028. [PMID: 36272865 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ancient trees contribute multifaceted ecosystem benefits to old-growth forests, rewilding, and human cultural landscapes. As such, we call for international efforts to preserve these hubs of diversity and resilience. A global coalition utilizing advanced technologies and community scientists to discover, protect, and propagate ancient trees is needed before they disappear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Piovesan
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Università Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Jiajia Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute in Biodiversity (IrBio), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Heritage Trees as an Important Sanctuary for Saproxylic Beetles in the Central European Landscape: A Case Study from Litovelské Pomoraví, Czech Republic. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intensive forest and agroforestry management has greatly reduced the biodiversity of saproxylic organisms. Large trees are one of the most important refuges of saproxylic beetles. These large trees that grow outside and inside the forest are declining in the wider landscape. Heritage trees are one of the essential groups of beneficial trees in the landscape. We investigated saproxylic beetles associated with 35 selected oak heritage trees in Litovelské Pomoraví in the eastern Czech Republic. The study aimed to investigate the distribution of saproxylic beetles on trees growing inside or at the edge of forest stands, or on free-growing heritage trees. The other studied variables were the height, DBH, and light condition (sunny or shady) of heritage trees. The results showed that sunny habitats were the only significant factor found for all saproxylic species. However, the significance of increasing tree trunk dimension was found for the endangered species. Diversity indices q = 0 (species richness) and q = 1 (exponential of Shannon entropy index) were also higher for sunny trees, while solitary trees showed a high Shannon index value despite the low number of samples. Redundancy analysis of saproxylic species showed that the preferred habitats of most species were sunny massive solitary oaks. The results indicated that strictly protected heritage trees scattered in the landscape are crucial sanctuaries for many species—especially in landscapes where there are not enough suitable habitats for saproxylic beetles. Finding, conserving, and protecting these rare types of massive trees in the landscape has a significant impact on the conservation of saproxylic beetle biodiversity.
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Suchocka M, Wojnowska-Heciak M, Błaszczyk M, Gawłowska A, Ciemniewska J, Jarska A, Heciak J, Pachnowska B. Old trees are perceived as a valuable element of the municipal forest landscape. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12700. [PMID: 35070501 PMCID: PMC8760855 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban trees are important to maintain biodiversity and, therefore, need public acceptance. Few studies, however, have addressed the topic of social acceptability of old trees. The aim of this research was to examine city residents' perception of old trees, including hollow-bearing ones, mainly in the aspect of safety and aesthetics. A total of 448 Warsaw municipal forest' users expressed their opinions by completing an online questionnaire. Several methods were used to analyse the results of the study: the Chi-square test of independence, the Kruskal-Wallis H test, the Mann-Whitney U test and the Quartimax method of factor rotation analysis. The results revealed a correlation between the frequency of forest visits and the level of sensitivity toward old trees, which translates to less radical notion of danger and less radical decisions about cutting such trees down. Age of the respondents (56+) was a factor contributing to higher willingness to protect and care for old trees. The results also indicated that outdoor activity in the urban forest may increase ancient trees acceptance by developing emotional connection with them, and eventually contribute to their protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Suchocka
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Błaszczyk
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gawłowska
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Ciemniewska
- The National Institute of Telecommunications—the State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Heciak
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce University of Technology, Kielce, Poland
| | - Beata Pachnowska
- Imas International sp. z o.o. Instytut badania rynku i opinii społecznej, Wrocław, Poland
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Wang W, Sun J, Zhong Z, Xiao L, Wang Y, Wang H. Relating macrofungal diversity and forest characteristics in boreal forests in China: Conservation effects, inter-forest-type variations, and association decoupling. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13268-13282. [PMID: 34646468 PMCID: PMC8495802 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
QUESTION How conservation and forest type affect macrofungal compositional diversity is not well understood. Even less is known about macrofungal associations with plants, soils, and geoclimatic conditions. LOCATION Southern edge of boreal forest distribution in China, named as Huzhong Nature Reserve. METHODS We surveyed a total of 72 plots for recording macrofungi, plants, and topography in 2015 and measured soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and bulk density. Effects of conservation and forest types on macrofungi and plants were compared, and their associations were decoupled by structural equation modeling (SEM) and redundancy ordination (RDA). RESULTS Conservation and forest type largely shaped macrofungal diversity. Most of the macrofungal traits declined with the conservation intensities or peaked at the middle conservation region. Similarly, 91% of macrofungal traits declined or peaked in the middle succession stage of birch-larch forests. Forest conservation resulted in the observation of sparse, larch-dominant, larger tree forests. Moreover, the soil outside the Reserve had more water, higher fertility, and lower bulk density, showing miscellaneous wood forest preference. There is a complex association between conservation site characteristics, soils, plants, and macrofungi. Variation partitioning showed that soil N was the top-one factor explaining the macrofungal variations (10%). As shown in SEM coefficients, conservation effect to macrofungi (1.1-1.2, p < .05) was like those from soils (1.2-1.6, p < .05), but much larger than the effect from plants (0.01-0.14, p > .10). For all tested macrofungal traits, 89%-97% of their variations were from soils, and 5%-21% were from conservation measures, while plants compensated 1%-10% of these effects. Our survey found a total of 207 macrofungal species, and 65 of them are new updates in this Reserve, indicating data shortage for the macrofungi list here. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new data for the joint conservation of macrofungi and plant communities, highlighting the crucial importance of soil matrix for macrofungal conservation in boreal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- Urban Forests and Wetlands groupNortheast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of ScienceChangchunChina
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Jingxue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Zhaoliang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Lu Xiao
- Urban Forests and Wetlands groupNortheast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of ScienceChangchunChina
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Urban Forests and Wetlands groupNortheast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of ScienceChangchunChina
| | - Huimei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
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Asbeck T, Kozák D, Spînu AP, Mikoláš M, Zemlerová V, Svoboda M. Tree-Related Microhabitats Follow Similar Patterns but are More Diverse in Primary Compared to Managed Temperate Mountain Forests. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe impact of forest management on biodiversity is difficult to scrutinize along gradients of management. A step towards analyzing the impact of forest management on biodiversity is comparisons between managed and primary forests. The standardized typology of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) is a multi-taxon indicator used to quantify forest biodiversity. We aim to analyze the influence of environmental factors on the occurrence of groups of TreMs by comparing primary and managed forests. We collected data for the managed forests in the Black Forest (Germany) and for the primary forests in the Western (Slovakia) and Southern Carpathians (Romania). To model the richness and the different groups of TreMs per tree, we used generalized linear mixed models with diameter at breast height (DBH), altitude, slope and aspect as predictors for European beech (Fagus sylvatica (L.)), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.)) and silver fir (Abies alba (Mill.)) in primary and managed temperate mountain forests. We found congruent results for overall richness and the vast majority of TreM groups. Trees in primary forests hosted a greater richness of all and specific types of TreMs than individuals in managed forests. The main drivers of TreMs are DBH and altitude, while slope and aspect play a minor role. We recommend forest and nature conservation managers to focus: 1) on the conservation of remaining primary forests and 2) approaches of biodiversity-oriented forest management on the selection of high-quality habitat trees that already provide a high number of TreMs in managed forests based on the comparison with primary forests.
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Piovesan G, Biondi F. On tree longevity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1318-1337. [PMID: 33305422 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Large, majestic trees are iconic symbols of great age among living organisms. Published evidence suggests that trees do not die because of genetically programmed senescence in their meristems, but rather are killed by an external agent or a disturbance event. Long tree lifespans are therefore allowed by specific combinations of life history traits within realized niches that support resistance to, or avoidance of, extrinsic mortality. Another requirement for trees to achieve their maximum longevity is either sustained growth over extended periods of time or at least the capacity to increase their growth rates when conditions allow it. The growth plasticity and modularity of trees can then be viewed as an evolutionary advantage that allows them to survive and reproduce for centuries and millennia. As more and more scientific information is systematically collected on tree ages under various ecological settings, it is becoming clear that tree longevity is a key trait for global syntheses of life history strategies, especially in connection with disturbance regimes and their possible future modifications. In addition, we challenge the long-held notion that shade-tolerant, late-successional species have longer lifespans than early-successional species by pointing out that tree species with extreme longevity do not fit this paradigm. Identifying extremely old trees is therefore the groundwork not only for protecting and/or restoring entire landscapes, but also to revisit and update classic ecological theories that shape our understanding of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Piovesan
- Dendrology Lab, Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Franco Biondi
- DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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Kirsch JJ, Sermon J, Jonker M, Asbeck T, Gossner MM, Petermann JS, Basile M. The use of water-filled tree holes by vertebrates in temperate forests. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer-Justine Kirsch
- J.-J. Kirsch, M. Jonker and M. Basile (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-5482) ✉ , Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Univ. of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. MJ also at: Forest Research Inst. of Baden-Württemberg (FVA), Frei
| | - Jana Sermon
- J. Sermon, Kölner Büro für Faunistik, Köln, Germany
| | - Marlotte Jonker
- J.-J. Kirsch, M. Jonker and M. Basile (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-5482) ✉ , Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Univ. of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. MJ also at: Forest Research Inst. of Baden-Württemberg (FVA), Frei
| | - Thomas Asbeck
- T. Asbeck (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-9312), Chair of Silviculture, Univ. of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- M. M. Gossner (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1516-6364), Forest Entomology, Swiss Federal Research Inst. WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jana S. Petermann
- J. S. Petermann, Dept of Biosciences, Univ. of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marco Basile
- J.-J. Kirsch, M. Jonker and M. Basile (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-5482) ✉ , Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Univ. of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. MJ also at: Forest Research Inst. of Baden-Württemberg (FVA), Frei
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Demant L, Bergmeier E, Walentowski H, Meyer P. Suitability of contract-based nature conservation in privately-owned forests in Germany. NATURE CONSERVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.42.58173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The successful implementation of contract-based nature conservation in privately-owned forests requires a framework of reasonable operational measures. Our study aimed at developing such a framework by; 1) defining forest conservation objects including structures, processes, and habitat types, 2) assessing their conservation value based on the need for, and worthiness of, protection, 3) reviewing the suitability of contract-based measures for conservation. Overall, we defined 67 conservation objects, with 8 of them used as case studies: deadwood, habitat trees, natural succession after large-scale disturbance, coppice-with-standards, bog and fen woodlands, dry sand pine forests, and beech forests. We considered contract-based conservation suitable if, within the contract period, outcomes of measures resulted in ecological upgrading or avoidance of value loss. We identified contract-based conservation suitable for 42 combinations of objects and measures. Our approach of assessing the potential of contract-based measures for forest conservation is novel with regards to its broad range of objects, defined criteria, and various contract periods. It can help to progress conservation and improve outcomes of measures, especially in privately-owned forests in Germany. Further prerequisites are sufficient financial resources, effective administration, consultancy and the mid- to long-term stability of funding programmes.
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Liu J, Jiang RY, Zhang GF. Number and distribution of large old ginkgos in east China: Implications for regional conservation. NATURE CONSERVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.42.59284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Large old ginkgos (LOGs), having important ecological, cultural and historical values, are widely distributed in China. However, little is known regarding their quantity and tree-habitat quality in the mesoscale distribution. Here, the quantity, spatial distribution and conservation status of Ginkgo biloba L. older than 100 years in Jiangsu Province, east China were examined using ArcGIS software and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). Based on our collated data, Jiangsu Province included 2,123 LOG individuals and 237 LOG groves and both mostly occurred in southern and central Jiangsu. Most LOGs grew well and were distributed in villages, temples and government institutions. Ginkgos’ growth status was largely associated with tree-habitat types. LOGs performed worse in commercial areas, roadsides and residential districts than in other tree-habitat types. To protect these ginkgos, dynamic monitoring and strengthening of scientific management are required, especially for tree-habitats in the process of urban planning and construction. It is also necessary to improve the relationship between religious culture and conservation measures. This is the first study examining LOGs in Jiangsu Province using a unified standard and our findings provide a baseline for future studies and insights into the regional conservation of LOGs.
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