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Lidén C, White IR. Increasing non-cosmetic exposure and sensitization to isothiazolinones require action for prevention: Review. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:445-457. [PMID: 38382085 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Frequent use of methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) and MI in cosmetic products has been the main cause of widespread sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis to these preservatives (biocides). Their use in non-cosmetic products is also an important source of sensitization. Less is known about sensitization rates and use of benzisothiazolinone (BIT), octylisothiazolinone (OIT), and dichlorooctylisothiazolinone (DCOIT), which have never been permitted in cosmetic products in Europe. BIT and OIT have occasionally been routinely patch-tested. These preservatives are often used together in chemical products and articles. In this study, we review the occurrence of contact allergy to MI, BIT, OIT, and DCOIT over time, based on concomitant patch testing in large studies, and case reports. We review EU legislations, and we discuss the role of industry, regulators, and dermatology in prevention of sensitization and protection of health. The frequency of contact allergy to MI, BIT, and OIT has increased. The frequency of contact allergy to DCOIT is not known because it has seldom been patch-tested. Label information on isothiazolinones in chemical products and articles, irrespective of concentration, is required for assessment of relevance, information to patients, and avoidance of exposure and allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian R White
- Cutaneous Allergy, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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2
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Hernández Fernández CP, Borrego L, Mercader García P, Giménez Arnau AM, Sánchez Pérez J, Silvestre Salvador JF, González Pérez R, Sanz Sánchez T, Sánchez Gilo A, Melé Ninot G, Zaragoza Ninet V, Miquel Miquel FJ, Carrascosa Carrillo JM, Córdoba Guijarro S, Gatica Ortega ME, Ruiz González I, Serra Baldrich E, Tous Romero F, Rodríguez Serna M, Pastor Nieto MA, Pérez Feal P, Hervella Garcés M, de Vega Martínez M, García Doval I. Sensitization to isothiazolinones in the Spanish Contact Dermatitis Registry (REIDAC): 2019-2021 epidemiological situation. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:212-219. [PMID: 36403138 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current frequency and risk factors for sensitization to methylisothiazolinone (MI), methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI), benzisothiazolinone (BIT) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT) in Spain are not well known. OBJECTIVES To study the frequency of sensitization, risk factors and simultaneous sensitization between the four isothiazolinones. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analysed all 2019-2021 consecutive patients patch-tested with MI (0.2% aq.), MCI/MI (0.02% aq.), BIT (0.1% pet.) and OIT (0.1% pet) within the Spanish Contact Dermatitis Registry (REIDAC). RESULTS A total of 2511 patients were analysed. Frequencies of sensitization were: any isothiazolinone 15.7%, MI 6.8%, MCI/MI 4.8%, BIT 3.5% and OIT 0.5%. MI and MCI/MI sensitization was associated with being occupationally active, hand dermatitis, detergents and age over 40. BIT sensitization was associated with leg dermatitis and age over 40. About one in nine MI-positive patients were positive to BIT, whereas one in five BIT-positive patients were positive to MI. CONCLUSIONS Sensitization to MI, MCI/MI and BIT is still common in Spain, while sensitization to OIT is rare. Currently, sensitization to MI and MCI/MI seems to be occupationally related. Although its origin is unknown, sensitization to BIT is more frequent in patients aged over 40 years. Simultaneous sensitization between MI and BIT is uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pelayo Hernández Fernández
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Leopoldo Borrego
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Pedro Mercader García
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario José María Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana María Giménez Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Instituto Municipal de Investigación Médica, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ricardo González Pérez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Araba, Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria, Spain
| | | | - Araceli Sánchez Gilo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Gemma Melé Ninot
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fátima Tous Romero
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Patricia Pérez Feal
- Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Electrochemical Characterization and Voltammetric Determination of Methylisothiazolinone on a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27249013. [PMID: 36558143 PMCID: PMC9782135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical properties of methylisothiazolinone (MIT), the most widely used preservative, were investigated by cyclic (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) to develop a new method for its determination. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a voltammetric procedure for the determination of MIT on a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) in a citrate-phosphate buffer (C-PB) environment. The anodic oxidation process of methylisothiazolinone, which is the basis of this method, proved to be diffusion-controlled and proceeded with an irreversible two-electron exchange. The radical cations, as unstable primary products, were converted in subsequent chemical reactions to sulfoxides and sulfones, and finally to more stable final products. Performed determinations were based on the DPV technique. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the concentration range from 0.7 to 18.7 mg L-1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The proposed procedure was accurate and precise, allowing the detection of MIT at a concentration level of 0.24 mg L-1. It successfully demonstrated its suitability for the determination of methylisothiazolinone in household products without the need for any separation steps. The proposed method can serve as an alternative to the prevailing chromatographic determinations of MIT in real samples.
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Jaitpal S, Chavva SR, Mabbott S. 3D Printed SERS-Active Thin-Film Substrates Used to Quantify Levels of the Genotoxic Isothiazolinone. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:2850-2860. [PMID: 35097281 PMCID: PMC8793047 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several reports present methods to fabricate thin-film substrates capable of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Substrates synthesized by displacing silver onto copper using facile synthesis methods such as galvanic displacement can generate high levels of SERS enhancement rivaling commercially available substrates manufactured by lithographic methods. Here, we describe the optimization of a novel set of SERS-active thin-film substrates synthesized via the electroless displacement of Ag onto the surface of three-dimensional (3D) printed disks composed of the copper/polymer (PLA) composite filament. The effect of AgNO3 concentration on the deposition, morphology, and overall SERS activity of the substrates has been carefully studied. Two commonly used Raman reporters, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) and malachite green isothiocyanate (MGITC), were used to measure the SERS output of the substrates. Good SERS signal reproducibility (RSD ∼16.8%) was measured across the surface of replicate substrates and high-sensitivity detection of MBA was achieved (10-12 M). To test the real-world application of our substrates, we opted to detect 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT), which is a genotoxic, biocide common in many household products, known to leach into water supplies. Our newly developed SERS-active substrates could detect CMIT down to 10 ppm when spiked in simulated lake water samples, which is well within current agency standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Jaitpal
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Center
for Remote Health Technologies & Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas 77840-3006, United States
| | - Suhash Reddy Chavva
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Center
for Remote Health Technologies & Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas 77840-3006, United States
| | - Samuel Mabbott
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Center
for Remote Health Technologies & Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas 77840-3006, United States
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Russo JP, Aerts O. In vivo demonstration of immunologic cross-reactivity to octylisothiazolinone in patients primarily and strongly sensitized to methylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:391-397. [PMID: 32666548 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notwithstanding that concomitant exposure to different isothiazolinone derivatives may result in concomitant sensitization, clinical and animal studies have suggested cross-reactivity between these derivatives, notably between methylisothiazolinone (MI) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT). OBJECTIVE To investigate if patients sensitized to MI show cross-reactions to OIT and/or to benzisothiazolinone (BIT) by applying the concept of the re-test method. PATIENTS AND METHODS From March to October 2019 consecutive patients were patch tested with MI 0.2% aqueous in duplicate at the two lower corners of both shoulder blades. Patients sensitized to MI, but not to OIT 0.1% petrolatum (pet.) nor to BIT 0.1% pet., were re-tested, 2 months later, with the latter two derivatives at the skin sites where the MI reactions had fully disappeared. RESULTS Of 116 patients, 15 (13%) were sensitized to MI, eight of these not sensitized to BIT nor to OIT. Of these, seven patients, all (very) strongly sensitized to MI, were re-tested: five patients showed positive patch test reactions to OIT 0.1% pet.; one patient to OIT 0.1% pet. and BIT 0.1% pet.; and one other patient showed no reactions. CONCLUSION This study suggests that patients primarily and strongly sensitized to MI may show immunologic cross-reactions to OIT, and to a far lesser extent to BIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pedro Russo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos San Martin de La Plata, 10 1121, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Olivier Aerts
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and University of Antwerp, Research Group Immunology, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, Antwerp, Belgium.,Research Group Immunology, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Ruiz Montoya M, Giráldez I, Morales E, Estévez Brito R, Rodríguez Mellado JM. Electrochemical oxidation of isothiazolinone biocides and their interaction with cysteine. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Burnett CL, Boyer I, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Gill LJ, Heldreth B. Amended Safety Assessment of Methylisothiazolinone as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:70S-84S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581819838792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of methylisothiazolinone (MI), which functions as a preservative. The Panel reviewed relevant animal and human data provided in this safety assessment and in a previously published safety assessment of MI and concluded that MI is safe for use in rinse-off cosmetic products at concentrations up to 100 ppm and safe in leave-on cosmetic products when they are formulated to be nonsensitizing, which may be determined based on a quantitative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Burnett
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Scientific Analyst/Writer, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ivan Boyer
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Toxicologist, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wilma F. Bergfeld
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donald V. Belsito
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald A. Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Curtis D. Klaassen
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel C. Liebler
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James G. Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C. Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W. Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lillian J. Gill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Director, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Executive Director, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
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9
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Herman A, Aerts O, de Montjoye L, Tromme I, Goossens A, Baeck M. Isothiazolinone derivatives and allergic contact dermatitis: a review and update. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 33:267-276. [PMID: 30284765 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from isothiazolinones has frequently been described in the literature. Following an epidemic of sensitization to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) in the 1980s, and more recently to MI, the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety of the European Commission banned their use in leave-on products, while restricting that in rinse-off cosmetics. Despite a decreasing prevalence of ACD from MCI/MI and MI, cases caused by occupational exposure and non-cosmetic isothiazolinone sources are on the rise. Moreover, sensitization to newer and lesser known isothiazolinones has been reported. This paper reviews the epidemiology of contact allergy to different isothiazolinones, clinical presentation of isothiazolinone-induced ACD, most relevant sensitization sources and potential cross-reactions between isothiazolinone derivatives. It also provides an update on recent legislative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Herman
- Department of Dermatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - O Aerts
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L de Montjoye
- Department of Dermatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Tromme
- Department of Dermatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Goossens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Baeck
- Department of Dermatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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Stingeni L, Bianchi L, Foti C, Romita P, Rigano L, Hansel K. An Italian multicentre study on methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone contact sensitivity: understanding the structure-activity relationship. Contact Dermatitis 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Stingeni
- Clinical, Allergological and Venereological Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; 06129 Perugia Italy
| | - Leonardo Bianchi
- Clinical, Allergological and Venereological Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; 06129 Perugia Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic; University of Bari; 70124 Bari Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic; University of Bari; 70124 Bari Italy
| | - Luigi Rigano
- R&D Department; Institute of Skin and Product Evaluation; 20125 Milan Italy
| | - Katharina Hansel
- Clinical, Allergological and Venereological Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; 06129 Perugia Italy
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Hamnerius N, Pontén A, Mowitz M. Textile contact dermatitis caused by octylisothiazolinone in compression stockings. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 78:419-421. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hamnerius
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologySkåne University Hospital, Lund University 205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Ann Pontén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologySkåne University Hospital, Lund University 205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologySkåne University Hospital, Lund University 205 02 Malmö Sweden
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12
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Epidemic of Isothiazolinone Allergy in North America: Prevalence Data From the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 2013–2014. Dermatitis 2017; 28:204-209. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Amsler E, Aerts O, Raison-Peyron N, Debons M, Milpied B, Giordano-Labadie F, Waton J, Ferrier-Le Bouëdec MC, Lartigau I, Pecquet C, Assier H, Avenel-Audran M, Bernier C, Castelain F, Collet E, Crépy MN, Genillier N, Girardin P, Pralong P, Tetart F, Vital-Durand D, Soria A, Barbaud A. Airborne allergic contact dermatitis caused by isothiazolinones in water-based paints: a retrospective study of 44 cases. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:163-170. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Amsler
- Dermatology and Allergology Department, Tenon Hospital (AP-HP); Sorbonne Universities, UPMC University Paris 06; 75020 Paris France
| | - Olivier Aerts
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Antwerp and University of Antwerp; Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Antwerp Belgium
| | | | | | - Brigitte Milpied
- Department of Dermatology; Saint André Hospital; 33000 Bordeaux France
| | | | - Julie Waton
- Dermatology and Allergy Department, Brabois Hospital; University Hospital of Nancy; 54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy France
| | - Marie C. Ferrier-Le Bouëdec
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Clermont-Ferrand; University Clermont Auvergne; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | | | - Catherine Pecquet
- Dermatology and Allergology Department, Tenon Hospital (AP-HP); Sorbonne Universities, UPMC University Paris 06; 75020 Paris France
| | - Haudrey Assier
- Department of Dermatology; Henri Mondor Hospital; 94010 Créteil France
| | | | - Claire Bernier
- Department of Dermatology; Hôtel-Dieu Hospital; 44093 Nantes France
| | - Florence Castelain
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, CHU Jean Minjoz; 25030 Besançon France
| | - Evelyne Collet
- Department of Dermatology; CHU-François Mitterand Hospital; 21000 Dijon France
| | | | | | - Pascal Girardin
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, CHU Jean Minjoz; 25030 Besançon France
| | - Pauline Pralong
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Photobiology, CHU; 38700 Grenoble France
| | - Florence Tetart
- Department of Dermatology; Charles Nicolle Hospital; 76031 Rouen France
| | | | - Angele Soria
- Dermatology and Allergology Department, Tenon Hospital (AP-HP); Sorbonne Universities, UPMC University Paris 06; 75020 Paris France
| | - Annick Barbaud
- Dermatology and Allergology Department, Tenon Hospital (AP-HP); Sorbonne Universities, UPMC University Paris 06; 75020 Paris France
- Dermatology and Allergy Department, Brabois Hospital; University Hospital of Nancy; 54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy France
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Dahlin J, Hindsén M, Persson C, Isaksson M. What lash stylists and dermatologists should know! Contact Dermatitis 2017; 75:317-319. [PMID: 27709704 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Monica Hindsén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christina Persson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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Schwensen JF, Uter W, Bruze M, Svedman C, Goossens A, Wilkinson M, Giménez Arnau A, Gonçalo M, Andersen KE, Paulsen E, Agner T, Foti C, Aalto-Korte K, McFadden J, White I, Johansen JD. The epidemic of methylisothiazolinone: a European prospective study. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 76:272-279. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob F. Schwensen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Lund University, Skåne University Hospital; 205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Lund University, Skåne University Hospital; 205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - An Goossens
- Contact Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology; University Hospital KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of dermatology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust; Leeds LS7 4SA UK
| | - Ana Giménez Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra; 3000-075 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Klaus E. Andersen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre; Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark; 5000 Odense Denmark
- Centre for Innovative Medical Technology, Institute of Clinical Research; Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark; 5000 Odense Denmark
| | - Evy Paulsen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre; Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark; 5000 Odense Denmark
| | - Tove Agner
- Department of Dermatology; University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital; 2400 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Caterina Foti
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology; University of Bari; 70124 Bari Italy
| | - Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health; 00250 Helsinki Finland
| | - John McFadden
- St John's Institute of Dermatology; St Thomas' Hospital; London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Ian White
- St John's Institute of Dermatology; St Thomas' Hospital; London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
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Li A, Wu QY, Tian GP, Hu HY. Effective degradation of methylisothiazolone biocide using ozone: Kinetics, mechanisms, and decreases in toxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 183:1064-1071. [PMID: 27692888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Methylisothiazolone (MIT) is a common biocide that is widely used in water-desalination reverse-osmosis processes. The transformation of MIT during water treatment processes is poorly understood. The kinetics and mechanisms involved in the degradation of MIT during ozonation were investigated in this study. Ozonation was found to be a useful way of degrading MIT in water, and the degradation rate constant was 0.11 (±0.1) × 103 L/(mol·s). The degradation rate constant did not change when the pH was increased from 3 to 9. The pre-exponential factor A and the activation energy Ea for the ozonation process were 7.564 × 1013 L/(mol·s) and 66.74 kJ/mol, respectively. The decrease in the MIT concentration and the amount of ozone consumed were measured, and the stoichiometric factor α for the ozone consumption to MIT removal ratio was found to be 1.8. Several ozonation products were detected using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Almost 32% of the organic sulfur in the MIT was oxidized to release sulfate ions, which caused a decrease in pH. Sulfur atoms were oxidized to sulfone species and then hydrolyzed to give sulfate during ozonation. Addition reactions involving carbon-carbon double bonds and the oxidation of α-carbon atoms also occurred. MIT was found to be lethal to Daphnia magna Straus (D. magna) with a median lethal concentration of 18.2 μmol/L. Even though the primary ozonation products of MIT still showed some toxicity to D. magna, ozone could minimize the toxic effect after a long reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Gui-Peng Tian
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; China Construction Water and Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Beijing 100195, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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Debeuckelaere C, Moussallieh FM, Elbayed K, Namer IJ, Berl V, Giménez-Arnau E, Lepoittevin JP. In situ chemical behaviour of methylisothiazolinone (MI) and methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) in reconstructed human epidermis: a new approach to the cross-reactivity issue. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:159-67. [PMID: 26899805 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylisothiazolinone (MI) [with methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) in a ratio of 1:3, a well-recognized allergenic preservative] was released as an individual preservative in the 2000s for industrial products and in 2005 for cosmetics. The high level of exposure to MI since then has provoked an epidemic of contact allergy to MI, and an increase in MI/MCI allergy. There are questions concerning the MI/MCI cross-reaction pattern. OBJECTIVES To bring a new perspective on the MI/MCI cross-reactivity issue by studying their in situ chemical behaviour in 3D reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). METHODS MI and MCI were synthesized with (13) C substitution at positions C-4/C-5 and C-5, respectively. Their in situ chemical behaviours in an RHE model were followed by use of the high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance technique. RESULTS MI was found to react exclusively with cysteine thiol residues, whereas MCI reacted with histidines and lysines. The reaction mechanisms were found to be different for MI and MCI, and the adducts formed had different molecular structures. CONCLUSION In RHE, different MI/MCI reactions towards different nucleophilic amino acids were observed, making it difficult to explain cross-reactivity between MI and MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Debeuckelaere
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - François-Marie Moussallieh
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 67081, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), UMR 7357/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 674012, Illkirch, France
| | - Karim Elbayed
- Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), UMR 7357/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 674012, Illkirch, France
| | - Izzie-Jacques Namer
- Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), UMR 7357/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 674012, Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Berl
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 67081, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Isaksson M. Successful inhibition of allergic contact dermatitis caused by methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone with topical glutathione. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 73:126-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 205 02 Malmö Sweden
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20
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Isaksson M, Persson L. ‘Mislabelled’ make-up remover wet wipes as a cause of severe, recalcitrant facial eczema. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 73:56-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Lena Persson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 205 02 Malmö Sweden
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21
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Bruze M, Isaksson M, Gruvberger B, Andersen KE, Gonçalo M, Goossens A, Johansen JD, Maibach HI, Rustemeyer T, Le Coz CJ, White IR. Patch testing with methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone 200 ppm aq. detects significantly more contact allergy than 100 ppm. A multicentre study within the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 71:31-4. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; SE-205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; SE-205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Birgitta Gruvberger
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; SE-205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Klaus E. Andersen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre; Odense University Hospital; Odense 5000 Denmark
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital; Coimbra P3000-175 Portugal
| | - An Goossens
- Contact Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology; U.Z.K.U.; Leuven 3000 Belgium
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen; Hellerup 2900 Denmark
| | - Howard I. Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California; Box 0989, Surge 100 San Francisco CA 94143-0989 USA
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology; Free University Hospital; Amsterdam NL-1081 HV The Netherlands
| | | | - Ian R. White
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy; St John's Institute of Dermatology; London SEI 7EH UK
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