1
|
Geier J, Dickel H, Schröder-Kraft C, Gina M, Simon D, Weisshaar E, Lang C, Brans R, Bauer A, Löffler H, Schubert S. 2,4,6-Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol: The allergen which came in from the cold. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:316-318. [PMID: 36524787 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, University Medical Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Claudia Schröder-Kraft
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Dermatologic Center, BG Klinikum Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michal Gina
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Lang
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Harald Löffler
- Department of Dermatology, SLK Hospital Heilbronn, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lejding T, Källberg K, Bergendorff O, Jacobsson S, Svedman C, Bruze M. Epoxy allergy, investigation of a modern industry. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:383-388. [PMID: 36802059 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Five workers from an industry manufacturing various articles from carbon fibre reinforced epoxy plastics were referred to our department because of suspected occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD). When patch tested, four of them had positive reactions to components of epoxy resin systems (ERSs) that could explain their current skin problems. All of them had been working at the same workstation at a specially designed pressing machine, with operations including manually mixing epoxy resin with hardener. Multiple cases of OACD in the plant prompted an investigation including all workers with possible risk exposures at the plant. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of occupational dermatoses and contact allergies among the workers at the plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Totally 25 workers underwent investigation that included a brief consultation with a standardized anamnesis and clinical examination followed by patch testing. RESULTS ERSs-related reactions were found in 7 of the 25 investigated workers. None of the seven had a history of previous exposure to ERSs and they are regarded as sensitized through work. CONCLUSIONS Twenty-eight percent of investigated workers showed reactions to ERSs. Of these the majority would have been missed if supplementary testing would not have been added to testing with the Swedish base line series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lejding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Källberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ola Bergendorff
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Susanne Jacobsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu P, Xu T, Ma M, Qiu X, Wang Y, Zhu Y. Significantly enhanced electrochemiluminescence of nalidixic acid/S2O82− system by isonicotinic as Co-reaction accelerator for ultrasensitive detection of tetraethylenepentamine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
4
|
Aalto-Korte K, Pesonen M. The additive value of patch testing non-commercial test substances and patients' own products in a clinic of occupational dermatology. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 88:27-34. [PMID: 35864599 PMCID: PMC10087703 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercial patch test substances don't cover all occupational contact allergens. Workplace materials and in-house test substances are tested to complement the investigation of occupational skin disease (OSD). OBJECTIVES To quantify the additional value of testing workplace materials and non-commercial in-house test substances in the diagnosis of OSD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients files of 544 patients patch tested at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health in 2015-2019 were reviewed for occupation, diagnoses, and patch test results. RESULTS OSD was diagnosed in 353 (64.9%) of the patients. 206 (37.9%) patients had occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD). In 19 (3.5%) patients, the only clues to the diagnoses of OACD were positive reactions to workplace materials, and in 20 (3.7%) patients, the diagnosis of OACD was based on commercially unavailable test substances. In 167 OACD cases diagnosed by commercial test substances, additional causes were found in 17 by testing patients' own and non-commercial test substances. In 43 (7.9%) cases, positive reactions to workplace materials reinforced diagnoses based on commercial test substances. The overall additive value of testing own products was 16.7% (91 cases). CONCLUSIONS We would have missed 39 (18.9%) of our 206 OACD cases if we had solely used commercial test substances. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Occupational health unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Pesonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Occupational health unit, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suomela S, Pesonen M, Ylinen K, Aalto-Korte K, Suuronen K. Characterization of patients with occupational allergy to two new epoxy hardener compounds. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:81-88. [PMID: 35293005 PMCID: PMC9321617 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The practical importance of two recently described epoxy hardener allergens—1,3‐benzenedimethanamine, N‐(2‐phenylethyl) derivatives (1,3‐BDMA‐D) and hydrogenated formaldehyde benzenamine polymer (FBAP)—as occupational allergens remains to be defined. Objectives To describe patients diagnosed at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) with positive reactions to 1,3‐BDMA‐D or FBAP. Methods We searched FIOH's patch‐test files from January 2017 to December 2020 for patients examined due to suspected occupational contact allergy to epoxy compounds. We analyzed the patch‐test results and sources of exposure to various epoxy hardeners and focused on occupations, symptoms, and the sources of exposure to 1,3‐BDMA‐D and FBAP. Results During the study period, 102 patients were examined at FIOH for suspected occupational contact allergy to epoxy compounds. Of these, 19 (19%) were diagnosed with contact allergy to 1,3‐BDMA‐D (n = 10) or FBAP (n = 12). The largest occupational group was sewage pipe reliners (n = 8). Seven different hardener products contained FBAP, whereas 1,3‐BDMA‐D was present in only one hardener used by spray painters. Conclusions A substantial number of patients with suspected occupational epoxy resin system allergy tested positive to in‐house test substances of 1,3‐BDMA‐D and/or FBAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sari Suomela
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Pesonen
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katriina Ylinen
- Work Environment Laboratories, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Suuronen
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xue Y, Bello A, Bello D. Characterization and Quantitation of Personal Exposures to Epoxy Paints in Construction Using a Combination of Novel Personal Samplers and Analytical Techniques: CIP-10MI, Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:539-553. [PMID: 33734284 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resins are extremely versatile products that are widely used in construction for coatings, adhesives, primers, and sealers. Occupational exposures to epoxies cause allergic contact dermatitis, occupational asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (epoxy-resin lung) and acute decline in lung function. Despite these health concerns, there is a striking paucity of quantitative exposure data to epoxy resins in construction. The lack of practical analytical methods and suitable personal samplers for monitoring of reactive two-component epoxide systems in real-world applications has been an unmet challenge for decades. Sampling and analysis methods for epoxies should be able to collect the paint aerosols efficiently, stop polymerization reactions at the time of sample collection, and subsequently provide detailed multispecies characterization of epoxides, as well as the total epoxide group (TEG) content of a sample, to properly document the chemical composition of exposures to epoxide paints. In this work, we present the development and application of two new complementary quantitative analytical methods-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with online ultraviolet detection and ion chromatography (IC)-for multispecies characterization of raw products, as well as inhalation and skin exposures to epoxy formulations in real-world construction applications. A novel personal sampler, CIP-10MI, was used for personal sampling of airborne epoxies. We report for the first time the results of personal inhalation and potential skin exposures to individual monomers and oligomers of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), as well as TEG, during metal structure coatings in construction; compare analytical results of the two analytical methods; and provide recommendations for method selection in future field studies. High inhalation and potential skin exposures to epoxies point to the need for interventions to reduce exposures among painters in construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Kennedy College of Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Olney Hall 525, One University Ave. Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Anila Bello
- Department of Public Health, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 61 Wilder St., O'Leary 540D, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 883 Broadway Street, Dugan Hall 108C, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ruggiero JL, Shaver RL, Hylwa S. Contact allergy strikes! Allergic contact dermatitis in a bowling pro shop operator. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:113-115. [PMID: 33547811 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Ruggiero
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rob L Shaver
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sara Hylwa
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Contact Allergy to Plastic Materials and Glues. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Contact Allergy to Plastic Materials and Glues. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_79-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Geier J. Epoxidharzsysteme. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-019-1830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
Suuronen K, Bäck B, Aalto-Korte K, Pesonen M, Jungewelter S, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Mäkelä E. Skin exposure to epoxy chemicals in construction coating, assessed by observation, interviews, and measurements. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:18-25. [PMID: 30259537 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epoxy resin systems (ERSs) are among the leading causes of occupational allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES To identify riskful exposures and sources of skin exposure, and to quantify skin exposure to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy monomer, in construction coating work. METHODS Skin exposure to epoxy chemicals was studied in 5 coating companies through (a) interviews and visual observation, (b) quantifying DGEBA on 12 workers' skin by tape-stripping, (c) measuring DGEBA on 23 surfaces by wipe-sampling, and (d) quantifying DGEBA in new sewage pipe. Acetone extracts of the tapes, wipes and sawdust from a newly hardened sewage pipe were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Identified riskful exposures were, for example, mixing ERSs, handling coating pots, and working above shoulder level. Epoxy stains on, for example, tools, equipment and clothing were seen in all workplaces. Protective gloves were of varying quality, and were not always suitable for chemicals. The amount of DGEBA on the workers' skin varied considerably. All screened tool handles were contaminated. Two-day-old epoxy sewage pipe contained 3.2% DGEBA. CONCLUSIONS Construction coating entails skin contact with ERSs directly and via contaminated surfaces, personal protective equipment, and recently hardened epoxy materials. Observation is a useful method for assessing skin exposure in coating work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katri Suuronen
- Solutions for Safety, Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Beatrice Bäck
- Solutions for Safety, Work Environment, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Solutions for Safety, Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Pesonen
- Solutions for Safety, Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soile Jungewelter
- Solutions for Safety, Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maj-Len Henriks-Eckerman
- Solutions for Safety, Work Environment, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Turku, Finland
| | - Erja Mäkelä
- Solutions for Safety, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Suojalehto H, Sastre J, Merimaa E, Lindström I, Suuronen K. Occupational Asthma From Epoxy Compounds. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2018; 7:191-198. [PMID: 30075342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two-component epoxy resin systems (ERSs) composed of epoxy resin and polyamine hardeners are extensively used in industrial and construction coating. Triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) is another type of epoxy derivative, mostly encountered in polyester powder paints. Epoxy compounds are well-known skin sensitizers, but their respiratory-sensitizing potential is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To report patients examined for occupational asthma (OA) from epoxy compounds. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patient files of cases tested with a placebo-controlled specific inhalation challenge (SIC) according to their workplace exposure-either by mixing epoxy resin and the polyamine hardener of a 2-component paint or by dusting or heating TGIC-containing powder paint. The data were collected from the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland, and at Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, Madrid, Spain, during 1997 to 2018. We also measured airborne polyamine and solvent vapors at the workplace and during SIC with ERSs. RESULTS Altogether 113 patients with work-related asthma symptoms underwent SIC with ERSs. Fifteen cases (13%) had positive SIC reactions confirming OA; in 12 cases reactions were late-type, in 1 case early, and in 2 cases combined. The median duration of exposure for patients with OA was 10 years; 2 of them (13%) had a diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis from ERS compounds. In addition, 3 cases had a positive SIC reaction to TGIC. The airborne polyamine levels measured were low. CONCLUSION ERSs and TGIC can cause sensitizer-induced OA in some exposed workers. Respiratory exposure to ERSs is difficult to demonstrate using air measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joaquin Sastre
- Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Department of Allergy, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERES, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Merimaa
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Katri Suuronen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lambertini M, Vincenzi C, Lorenzi S, Piraccini BM, La Placa M. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by triethylenetetramine: the glue is the clue. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 78:416-417. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lambertini
- Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty MedicineUniversity of Bologna 40138 Bologna Italy
| | - Colombina Vincenzi
- Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty MedicineUniversity of Bologna 40138 Bologna Italy
| | - Sandra Lorenzi
- Istituto Dermoclinico Vita Cutis‐Milano 20129 Milan Italy
| | - Bianca M. Piraccini
- Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty MedicineUniversity of Bologna 40138 Bologna Italy
| | - Michelangelo La Placa
- Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty MedicineUniversity of Bologna 40138 Bologna Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Darr-Foit S, Geier J, Elsner P, Schliemann S. Occupational contact allergy to the epoxy resin hardener 2-methylpentane-1,5-diamine. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:115-6. [PMID: 26763988 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Darr-Foit
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), University of Goettingen, D-37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pesonen M, Kuuliala O, Suomela S, Aalto-Korte K. Occupational contact dermatitis caused by 1,3-benzenedimethanamine, N-(2-phenylethyl) derivatives in hardeners for epoxy paints and coatings. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 75:358-362. [PMID: 27555300 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amines in epoxy hardeners are significant causes of occupational allergic contact dermatitis among workers who use epoxy resin systems. OBJECTIVES To describe a novel group of contact allergens: N-(2-phenylethyl) derivatives of the reactive amine 1,3-benzenedimethanamine (1,3-BDMA). METHODS We describe the clinical examinations and exposure of 6 patients with occupational contact allergy to derivatives of 1,3-BDMA. RESULTS Of the 6 patients, 4 were spray painters who used epoxy paints, 1 was a floor layer who handled a variety of epoxy coatings, and 1 was a worker in epoxy hardener manufacture. We were able to confirm exposure to epoxy hardeners that contained derivatives of 1,3-BDMA in 5 of the 6 sensitized patients. Despite the close structural resemblance between derivatives of 1,3-BDMA and m-xylylenediamine (MXDA), only 3 patients reacted positively to MXDA. Concomitant contact allergy to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A resin was seen in 2 of the 6 patients. CONCLUSIONS Because of the lack of a commercially available patch test substance, the diagnosis of contact allergy to derivatives of 1,3-BDMA requires patch testing with either the epoxy hardener product or a hardener ingredient that contains the derivatives of 1,3-BDMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pesonen
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, 00251, Finland
| | - Outi Kuuliala
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, 00251, Finland
| | - Sari Suomela
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, 00251, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, 00251, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bauer A, Geier J, Mahler V, Uter W. [Contact allergies in the German workforce : Data of the IVDK network from 2003-2013]. Hautarzt 2016; 66:652-64. [PMID: 26228172 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-015-3660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Germany, occupational skin diseases rank first in the occupational skin disease statistics for many years. Especially, occupationally acquired contact allergies as well as multi-sensitization are the most important predictors for a poor prognosis and persistent eczema. OBJECTIVES To update the spectrum and sensitization frequencies of most frequent allergens from the standard series in Germany in patients with occupationally acquired type IV sensitizations in general and within different occupational groups. METHODS Data of all employed patients (age range: 16-68 years, n = 14234) patch tested between 2003 and 2013 in the German Departments of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) and diagnosed occupationally acquired contact dermatitis after patch testing were analyzed. The control group was composed of all other patients (n = 31706) within the same time frame, in which occupationally acquired allergic contact dermatitis was negated explicitly. RESULTS The prevalence Ratio (PR; indicating risk) was significantly increased for: Thiuram-mix (PR 5.63 95 %CI 4.97-6.4), zinkdiethyldithiocarbamate (PR 6.22 95 %CI 4.76-8.22), mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) (PR 3.88 95 %CI 3.09-4.89), mercapto-mix without MBT (PR 3.23 95 %CI 2.59-4.03), N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylene diamine (IPPD) (PR 2.3195 %CI 1.87-2.86), epoxy resin (PR 2.82 95 %CI 2.45-3.25), chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) (PR 2.19 95 %CI 1.97-2.42) and compositae mix II (PR 2.05 95 %CI 1.45-2.89). They were the predominant occupational allergens and were at least associated with a doubled risk (PR ≥ 2.0) for acquiring occupationally allergic contact dermatitis. The highest risk increase was identified in employees in the health services, in agriculture, metal industry, food and service industry as well as building trades CONCLUSIONS A limited number of occupationally relevant allergens cause the majority of sensitizations in the workforce, if standard series allergens are concerned. Data analysis of national and international contact allergy data bases provide valuable information on sensitization rates and profiles in skin risk occupations to implement targeted prevention strategies. To diagnose occupational allergic contact dermatitis in individual cases additional testing of occupation related patch test series as well as patients' own products is commonly inevitable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bauer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, UniversitätsAllergieZentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland.
| | - J Geier
- Informationsverbund Dermatologischer Kliniken (IVDK), Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - V Mahler
- Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - W Uter
- Institut für Medizininformatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Geier J, Lessmann H, Hillen U, Skudlik C, Jappe U. Sensitization to reactive diluents and hardeners in epoxy resin systems. IVDK data 2002-2011. Part II: concomitant reactions. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 74:94-101. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; University of Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Holger Lessmann
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; University of Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Department of Dermatology; University of Essen; 45122 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory; University of Osnabrück; 49069 Osnabrück Germany
| | - Uta Jappe
- Department of Dermatology; University of Heidelberg; 69115 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; University of Lübeck; 23538 Lübeck Germany
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology; Research Centre Borstel, Airway Research Centre North, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research; 23845 Borstel Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Geier J, Lessmann H, Hillen U, Skudlik C, Jappe U. Sensitization to reactive diluents and hardeners in epoxy resin systems. IVDK data 2002-2011. Part I: reaction frequencies. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 74:83-93. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; University of Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Holger Lessmann
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; University of Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Uwe Hillen
- Department of Dermatology; University of Essen; 45122 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory; University of Osnabrück; 49069 Osnabrück Germany
| | - Uta Jappe
- Department of Dermatology; University of Heidelberg; 69115 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; University of Lübeck; 23538 Lübeck Germany
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology; Research Centre Borstel, Airway Research Centre North, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research; 23845 Borstel Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aalto-Korte K, Pesonen M, Suuronen K. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by epoxy chemicals: occupations, sensitizing products, and diagnosis. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 73:336-42. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); 00250 Helsinki Finland
| | - Maria Pesonen
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); 00250 Helsinki Finland
| | - Katri Suuronen
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); 00250 Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Testing Penetration of Epoxy Resin and Diamine Hardeners through Protective Glove and Clothing Materials. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 59:1034-43. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
24
|
Aalto-Korte K, Kuuliala O, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Suuronen K. Contact allergy to reactive diluents and related aliphatic epoxy resins. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 72:387-97. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); 00250 Helsinki Finland
| | - Outi Kuuliala
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); 00250 Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Katri Suuronen
- Occupational Medicine; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); 00250 Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|