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Bützer P, Bützer MR, Piffaretti F, Schneider P, Lustenberger S, Walther F, Brühwiler D. Quinacridones as a Building Block for Sustainable Gliding Layers on Ice and Snow. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3543. [PMID: 39063835 PMCID: PMC11279193 DOI: 10.3390/ma17143543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Quinacridone (QA) and 2,9-dimethylquinacridone (DQA) are synthetic substances suitable as a hard, abrasion-resistant, self-organizing gliding layer on ice and snow. For sustainable use, a large number of parameters must be considered to demonstrate that these non-biogenic substances and their by-products and degradation products are harmless to humans and the environment in the quantities released. For this task, available experimental data are used and supplemented for all tautomers by numerous relevant physical, chemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological estimated values based on various Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) methods. On the one hand, the low solubility of QA and DQA leads to stable gliding layers and thus, low abrasion and uptake by plants, animals and humans. On the other hand, the four hydrogen bond forming functional groups per molecule allow nanoparticle decomposition and enzymatic degradation in natural environments. All available data justify a sustainable use of QA and DQA as a gliding layer. The assessment of the toxicological properties is complemented by an investigation of the size and morphology of DQA particles, as well as field tests indicating excellent performance as a gliding layer on snow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Florence Piffaretti
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zürich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schneider
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zürich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Simon Lustenberger
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zürich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Walther
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zürich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Brühwiler
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zürich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
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2
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Kassirer S, Marini L, Zachary CB, Sarnoff DS, Landau M. Esthetic and medical tattooing: Part I: Tattooing techniques, implications, and adverse effects in healthy populations and special groups. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024:S0190-9622(24)00964-2. [PMID: 38980248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2024.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Tattooing, the introduction of exogenous pigments into the skin, has a rich history spanning thousands of years, with cultural, cosmetic, and medical significance. With the increasing prevalence of tattoos, understanding their potential complications and contraindications is of growing importance. The most common complications are hypersensitivity reactions, which may vary in morphology and timing. Infectious complications are often due to inadequate aseptic and hygienic practices during the tattooing process or healing period. Tattoo pigment can present diagnostic challenges, affecting cancer diagnosis and imaging. This CME article explores the history, cultural significance, epidemiology, chemistry, technique, contraindications, and complications of tattoos. Appreciating these factors can help individuals considering tattoos understand the safety and potential risks of their body art, and provide physicians with a thorough understanding of tattooing if consulted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kassirer
- American Medical Program, Tel Aviv University Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Leonardo Marini
- Diplomate General Surgery and Dermatology, Medical and Scientific Director, SDC The Skin Doctors Center, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Deborah S Sarnoff
- Clinical Professor, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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3
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Rigali S, Cozzi C, Liszewski W. Identification of the pigments used in permanent makeup and their ability to elicit allergic contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024:S0190-9622(24)00830-2. [PMID: 38825076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2024.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decorative tattoos are known to contain ingredients that may elicit allergic contact dermatitis; it is less well-known if permanent makeup pigments carry the same risk. OBJECTIVE Identify pigments used in permanent makeup inks sold in the United States and review cases of allergic contact dermatitis to these pigments. METHODS Using internet searches, permanent makeup inks sold in the United States were identified. Safety data sheets were used to catalog pigments used in permanent makeup. A subsequent literature search was performed to identify cases of allergic contact dermatitis to these pigments. RESULTS A total of 974 permanent makeup inks were reviewed, and 79 unique pigments were identified. The average product contained 4 pigments. Twenty of the pigments were inorganic metals, including carbon, iron, chromium, manganese, and molybdenum. Fifty-nine pigments were organic, of which most were azo, quinacridone, or anthraquinone dyes. A literature search revealed that 10 of the 79 pigments were associated with allergic contact dermatitis. CONCLUSION Permanent makeup primarily uses organic pigments, although some metallic pigments are still used. Physicians should also be aware that some of these pigments-both organic and inorganic-are known causes of allergic contact dermatitis. Of note, patch testing to these ingredients can be negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rigali
- Rosalind Franklin University, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Cameron Cozzi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Walter Liszewski
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, North Chicago, Illinois
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4
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Kühn LM, Beiteke U, Nashan D. [Useful knowledge regarding tattoos]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023:10.1007/s00105-023-05184-9. [PMID: 37314452 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-023-05184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The number of people with tattoos has continued to increase in recent years. In the USA about 23% and in Europe 9-12% of the population have tattoos. In the German media (2019) and by the infoportal Statista (2017), it is assumed that 21-25% of citizens have tattoos and that the trend is increasing (Statista 2018: 36%). Men and women wear tattoos equally. The age group 20-29 years dominates with almost 50% having tattoos. The following article describes the new regulations especially the REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) regulation, legal basis, and governmental controls on the subject of "tattoos". The composition of tattooing agents and testing options relevant for the user before and for the performance of tattooing are presented. Dermatologically associated diseases and testing procedures are listed. Since 70% of the population denies knowledge of this information even when they have tattoos themselves, this update is written as an overview for treating physicians and users.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Kühn
- Hautklinik, Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Beurhausstr. 40, 44137, Dortmund, Deutschland.
| | - U Beiteke
- Hautklinik, Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Beurhausstr. 40, 44137, Dortmund, Deutschland
| | - D Nashan
- Hautklinik, Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Beurhausstr. 40, 44137, Dortmund, Deutschland
- Hautarztpraxis, Müllheim, Deutschland
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5
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Kurz B, Schreiver I, Siewert K, Haslböck B, Weiß KT, Hannemann J, Berner B, von Eichborn MI, Berneburg M, Bäumler W. Investigation of Adverse Reactions in Tattooed Skin through Histological and Chemical Analysis. Dermatology 2023; 239:782-793. [PMID: 37231944 PMCID: PMC10614264 DOI: 10.1159/000530949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Just as the number of tattooed people has increased in recent years, so has the number of adverse reactions in tattooed skin. Tattoo colourants contain numerous, partly unidentified substances, which have the potential to provoke adverse skin reactions like allergies or granulomatous reactions. Identification of the triggering substances is often difficult or even impossible. METHODS Ten patients with typical adverse reactions in tattooed skin were enrolled in the study. Skin punch biopsies were taken and the paraffin-embedded specimens were analysed by standard haematoxylin and eosin and anti-CD3 stainings. Tattoo colourants provided by patients and punch biopsies of patients were analysed with different chromatography and mass spectrometry methods and X-ray fluorescence. Blood samples of 2 patients were screened for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R). RESULTS Histology showed variable skin reactions such as eosinophilic infiltrate, granulomatous reactions, or pseudolymphoma. CD3+ T lymphocytes dominated the dermal cellular infiltrate. Most patients had adverse skin reactions in red tattoos (n = 7), followed by white tattoos (n = 2). The red tattooed skin areas predominantly contained Pigment Red (P.R.) 170, but also P.R. 266, Pigment Orange (P.O.) 13, P.O. 16, and Pigment Blue (P.B.) 15. The white colourant of 1 patient contained rutile titanium dioxide but also other metals like nickel and chromium and methyl dehydroabietate - known as the main ingredient of colophonium. None of the 2 patients showed increased levels of ACE and sIL-2R related to sarcoidosis. Seven of the study participants showed partial or complete remission after treatment with topical steroids, intralesional steroids, or topical tacrolimus. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the methods presented might be a rational approach to identify the substances that trigger adverse reactions in tattoos. Such an approach might help make tattoo colourants safer in the future if such trigger substances could be omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Kurz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Haslböck
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina T. Weiß
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hannemann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Berner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Schubert S, Kluger N, Schreiver I. Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997-2022. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:331-350. [PMID: 36772861 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
We outline constituents of tattoo and permanent make-up ink with regard to inflammatory tattoo reactions and population-based confounders. The comprehensive review of patch-tested tattoo patients between 1997 and 2022 shows that tattoo allergy cannot be reliably diagnosed via patch testing with today's knowledge. Weak penetration and slow haptenization of pigments, unavailability of pigments as test allergens and a lack of knowledge concerning relevant epitopes hamper the diagnosis of tattoo allergy. Patch testing p-phenylenediamine and disperse (textile) dyes is not able to close this gap. Sensitization to metals was associated with all types of tattoo complications, although often not clinically relevant for the tattoo reaction. Binders and industrial biocides are frequently missing on ink declarations and should be patch tested. The pigment carbon black (C.I. 77266) is no skin sensitizer. Patch tests with culprit inks were usually positive with cheap ink products for non-professional use or with professionally used inks in patients with eczematous reactions characterized by papules and infiltration. Tape stripping before patch testing and patch test readings on Day 8 or 10 may improve the diagnostic quality. The meaningfulness of the categorical EU-wide ban of Pigment Green 7 and Pigment Blue 15:3 is not substantiated by the presented data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, 'Tattoo' Consultation, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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7
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Colboc H, Bazin D, Reguer S, Lucas IT, Moguelet P, Amode R, Jouanneau C, Soria A, Chasset F, Amsler E, Pecquet C, Aractingi S, Bellot-Gurlet L, Deschamps L, Descamps V, Kluger N. Chemical characterization of inks in skin reactions to tattoo. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1436-1445. [PMID: 36345752 PMCID: PMC9641572 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522008165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Skin reactions are well described complications of tattooing, usually provoked by red inks. Chemical characterizations of these inks are usually based on limited subjects and techniques. This study aimed to determine the organic and inorganic composition of inks using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES) and Raman spectroscopy, in a cohort of patients with cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to tattoo. A retrospective multicenter study was performed, including 15 patients diagnosed with skin reactions to tattoos. Almost half of these patients developed skin reactions on black inks. XRF identified known allergenic metals - titanium, chromium, manganese, nickel and copper - in almost all cases. XANES spectroscopy distinguished zinc and iron present in ink from these elements in endogenous biomolecules. Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of both reported (azo pigments, quinacridone) and unreported (carbon black, phtalocyanine) putative organic sensitizer compounds, and also defined the phase in which Ti was engaged. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper reports the largest cohort of skin hypersensitivity reactions analyzed by multiple complementary techniques. With almost half the patients presenting skin reaction on black tattoo, the study suggests that black modern inks should also be considered to provoke skin reactions, probably because of the common association of carbon black with potential allergenic metals within these inks. Analysis of more skin reactions to tattoos is needed to identify the relevant chemical compounds and help render tattoo ink composition safer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Colboc
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Rothschild, Service de Gériatrie-Plaies et Cicatrisation, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1155, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bazin
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Solenn Reguer
- DiffAbs Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Ivan T. Lucas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Lise UMR 8235, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Moguelet
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Paris, France
| | | | - Chantal Jouanneau
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1155, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Angèle Soria
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - François Chasset
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Amsler
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Pecquet
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie-Allergologie, Paris, France
| | - Sélim Aractingi
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Lydia Deschamps
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Descamps
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Tattoo-Related Allergic Contact Dermatitis. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-022-00371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Bazin D. Nanomaterials in medicine: a concise review of nanomaterials intended to treat pathology, nanomaterials induced by pathology, and pathology provoked by nanomaterials. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Colboc H, Moguelet P, Letavernier E, Frochot V, Bernaudin JF, Weil R, Rouzière S, Senet P, Bachmeyer C, Laporte N, Lucas I, Descamps V, Amode R, Brunet-Possenti F, Kluger N, Deschamps L, Dubois A, Reguer S, Somogyi A, Medjoubi K, Refregiers M, Daudon M, Bazin D. Pathologies related to abnormal deposits in dermatology: a physico-chemical approach. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Waszczuk L, Ogien J, Perrot JL, Dubois A. Co-localized line-field confocal optical coherence tomography and confocal Raman microspectroscopy for three-dimensional high-resolution morphological and molecular characterization of skin tissues ex vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:2467-2487. [PMID: 35519243 PMCID: PMC9045904 DOI: 10.1364/boe.450993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is an optical modality that provides three-dimensional (3D) images of the skin at cellular resolution. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM) is a label-free optical technique that can provide point measurement of the molecular content of the skin. This work presents a method to co-localize LC-OCT and CRM acquisitions for morpho-molecular analysis of ex vivo skin tissues at cellular level. The co-localization method allows acquisition of Raman spectra at specific locations in a sample identified from a 3D LC-OCT image, with an accuracy of ± 20 µm. The method was applied to the characterization of tattooed skin biopsies with adverse tattoo reactions. LC-OCT images allowed to target specific regions in the biopsies where the presence of tattoo ink was revealed by detection of the Raman signature of ink pigments. Micrometer-sized foreign bodies of various materials as well as inflammatory cells were also identified within the biopsies. From these results, we demonstrate the value of the LC-OCT-CRM co-localization method and its potential for future ex vivo analysis of suspicious skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Waszczuk
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau 91127, France
- DAMAE Medical, Paris 75013, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Perrot
- University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Department of Dermatology, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Arnaud Dubois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau 91127, France
- DAMAE Medical, Paris 75013, France
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12
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Laske J, Maschke J, Bauer A, Beissert S, Aschoff R. Operative Treatment of Severe Allergic Reactions to Red Tattoo Dye: Presentation and Comparison of Possible Surgical Procedures in Seven Patients. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2022; 15:24-32. [PMID: 35655643 PMCID: PMC9153303 DOI: 10.4103/jcas.jcas_202_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Context The treatment of allergic reactions to red tattoo dye is challenging in most cases, as local therapy often does not offer long-term improvement and laser therapy is considered relatively contraindicated by many authors owing to the risk of generalized side effects. Therefore, surgical removal of these tattoos is favored; shave excision is the method of choice, particularly for the removal of the entire dye. Aims The aim of this article was to retrospectively analyze the best post-operative outcome after surgical removal of allergic tattoo reactions using different excision techniques. Materials and Methods We compared the different surgical procedures performed on seven patients with single and multiple allergic tattoo reactions treated between 2013 and 2018. Results The best aesthetic results were achieved by superficial ablation of the inflammatory reaction, partially leaving tattoo remains in the skin. Conclusion Based on our experience with this small number of patients, a superficial removal of the tattoo without complete removal of the dye is, in most cases, sufficient to achieve healing. The remaining dye residues seem to be better tolerated by the immune system afterwards. Furthermore, the tattoo is often preserved in large parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Laske
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital – Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital – Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Beissert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital – Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roland Aschoff
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital – Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Yang S, Sun Q, Han W, Shen Y, Ni Z, Zhang S, Chen L, Zhang L, Cao J, Zheng H. A simple and highly efficient composite based on g-C3N4 for super rapid removal of multiple organic dyes from water under sunlight. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01689j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and highly efficient porous composite via a solvent evaporation method using g-C3N4 and NiSO4 was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Yang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Weihang Han
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfang Shen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Ni
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Hangzhou Synbest Biotech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
| | - Liangchen Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
| | - Luping Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zheng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P.R. China
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14
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McPhie ML, Ren KYM, Hendry JM, Molin S, Herzinger T. Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reaction to Red Tattoo Ink Triggered by Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir for Hepatitis C: A Case Report. Case Rep Dermatol 2021; 13:379-383. [PMID: 34413736 PMCID: PMC8339442 DOI: 10.1159/000513926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tattoos have become increasingly popular worldwide making adverse effects from tattoos a growing concern. In our report, we present a 51-year-old man who developed an unusual allergic reaction to the red ink portions of his tattoos that coincided with the initiation of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir treatment for his hepatitis C. Clinical and histological features were consistent with a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to red ink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L McPhie
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Y M Ren
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Michael Hendry
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonja Molin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Herzinger
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Karregat JJJP, Rustemeyer T, van der Bent SAS, Spiekstra SW, Thon M, Fernandez Rivas D, Gibbs S. Assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of intradermally injected tattoo inks in reconstructed human skin. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:324-339. [PMID: 34029376 PMCID: PMC8453820 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The number of people within the European population having at least one tattoo has increased notably, and with it the number of tattoo‐associated clinical complications. Despite this, safety information and testing regarding tattoo inks remain limited. Objective To assess cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of 16 tattoo inks after intradermal injection into reconstructed human skin (RHS). Methods Commercially available tattoo inks were injected intradermally into RHS (reconstructed epidermis on a fibroblast‐populated collagen hydrogel) using a permanent makeup device. RHS biopsies, tissue sections, and culture medium were assessed for cytotoxicity (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay [MTT assay]), detrimental histological changes (haematoxylin and eosin staining), and the presence of inflammatory and sensitization cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐1α, IL‐8, IL‐18; enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). Results Varying degrees of reduced metabolic activity and histopathological cytotoxic effects were observed in RHS after ink injection. Five inks showed significantly reduced metabolic activity and enhanced sensitization potential compared with negative controls. Discussion Using the RHS model system, four tattoo inks were identified as highly cytotoxic and classified as potential sensitizers, suggesting that allergic contact dermatitis could emerge in individuals carrying these inks. These results indicate that an RHS‐based assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential by intradermal tattoo ink injection is a useful analytical tool to determine ink‐induced deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey J J P Karregat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Academic Tattoo Clinic Amsterdam, Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander W Spiekstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Thon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Abstract
The art of tattooing is a popular decorative approach for body decoration and has a corrective value for the face. The tattooing procedure is characterized by placing exogenous pigments into the dermis with a number of needles. The process of creating traditional and cosmetic tattoos is the same. Colorants are deposited in the dermis by piercing the skin with needles of specific shape and thickness, which are moistened with the colorant. Colorants (pigments or dyes) most of the time include impurities which may cause adverse reactions. It is commonly known that tattoo inks remain in the skin for lifetime. It is also a fact that the chemicals that are used in permanent makeup (PMU) colorants may stay in the body for a long time so there is a significant long-term risk for harmful ingredients being placed in the body. Tattoo and PMU colorants contain various substances and their main ingredients and decomposition components may cause health risks and unwanted side effects to skin.
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17
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Tomita S, Mori K, Yamazaki H. A Survey on the Safety of and Patient Satisfaction After Nipple-Areola Tattooing. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:968-974. [PMID: 33112992 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-02018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nipple-areolar tattooing is well accepted as part of breast reconstruction, but the clinical data on its safety and patient satisfaction after the procedure are insufficient. We aimed to evaluate the complications of and patient satisfaction after nipple-areola tattooing in Japanese post-mastectomy breast reconstruction patients. METHODS Patients who visited our center after undergoing nipple-areola tattooing from January 2017 to March 2020 were given an unmarked questionnaire with questions about complications related to their nipple-areola tattoo. Patients' registered their subjective evaluation responses regarding nipple-areola appearance using visual analog scale and that regarding overall satisfaction using 5-point Likert scale and free-text responses. Patients who were followed up within 6 months after tattooing or those with incomplete data were excluded. RESULTS Sixty-two patients (average age: 49.7 ± 9.8 years), with an average post-tattooing period of 21.2 ± 10.5 months, were included. No patient had infections or allergic reactions. The average VAS score for nipple-areola appearance was high (8.5), and 59 patients (95.3%) answered that they were satisfied. In the free-text patient responses, 25 patients answered that they now felt comfortable going to the hot spring or taking a bath with their children, and 19 patients reported improved mental health after the procedure. CONCLUSION Post-breast reconstruction nipple-areola tattooing with sterilized inorganic pigments could achieve high esthetics and patient satisfaction, without serious complications. It is recommended for Japanese individuals with a culture of visiting hot springs and public baths. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which evidence-based medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes review articles, book reviews, and manuscripts that concern basic science, animal studies, cadaver studies, and experimental studies. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the table of contents or the online instructions to authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Tomita
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tokyo Shinjuku Medical Center, Japan Community Health Care Organization, Tokyo, Japan.
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18
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Weiß KT, Schreiver I, Siewert K, Luch A, Haslböck B, Berneburg M, Bäumler W. Tattoos – mehr als nur kolorierte Haut? Auf der Suche nach Tattoo‐Allergenen. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:657-671. [PMID: 33979044 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14436_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina T Weiß
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin
| | - Andreas Luch
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Berlin
| | - Birgit Haslböck
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
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19
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Tomita S, Mori K, Yamazaki H, Mori K. Complications of permanent makeup procedures for the eyebrow and eyeline. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25755. [PMID: 33950961 PMCID: PMC8104296 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Japan is one of the few countries that consider the application of permanent makeup a medical procedure, and only doctors and nurses are allowed to perform this procedure. Studies on the safety and esthetic outcomes of permanent makeup procedures are not available, although there are studies that report allergies and other complications associated with permanent makeup. Thus, we aimed to study the complications and esthetic outcomes of permanent makeup.We surveyed clients who underwent permanent eyebrow or eyeline makeup procedures at the Shibuya Mori Clinic between November 2016 and March 2020 using a paper-based questionnaire. The permanent makeup procedures involved inorganic pigments, such as iron oxide and titanium dioxide. The questionnaire consisted of 2 parts: the first part asked whether the clients had experienced persistent redness, itching, swelling, infection, or any other complications (multiple answers possible). The second part used a 5-point Likert scale to rate the clients' satisfaction with the color, shape, and overall appearance of their permanent makeup. We retrospectively studied the clients' responses to survey items.A total of 1352 clients participated in the survey. The median period between the procedure and survey response was 15 days. Overall, complications were reported in 12.1% of cases. The most common complication for each type of procedure was itching for eyebrow procedures (8.2%) and swelling for eyeline procedures (13.2%). Infections were reported in 3 cases (0.2%). None of the post-procedure symptoms persisted until the time of this study. The Likert scale measurements revealed that 89.6% of subjects were satisfied with the aesthetic outcome of their permanent makeup procedure(s).We believe that all symptoms observed in this study were due to needle insertion. No allergies were observed, and the infection rate was quite low (0.2%). Thus, our results suggest that permanent makeup procedures are safe and are associated with high client satisfaction. We must note that the appropriate environment, equipment, and techniques are important prerequisites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Tomita
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Japan Community Health Care Organization, Tokyo Shinjuku Medical Center
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20
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Weiß KT, Schreiver I, Siewert K, Luch A, Haslböck B, Berneburg M, Bäumler W. Tattoos - more than just colored skin? Searching for tattoo allergens. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:657-669. [PMID: 33955682 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During tattooing, a high amount of ink is injected into the skin. Tattoo inks contain numerous substances such as the coloring pigments, impurities, solvents, emulsifiers, and preservatives. Black amorphous carbon particles (carbon black), white titanium dioxide, azo or polycyclic pigments create all varieties of color shades in the visible spectrum. Some ingredients of tattoo inks might be hazardous and allergenic chemicals of unknown potential. In Germany, about 20 % of the general population is tattooed and related adverse reactions are increasingly reported. Since tattoo needles inevitably harm the skin, microorganisms can enter the wound and may cause infections. Non-allergic inflammatory reactions (for example cutaneous granuloma and pseudolymphoma) as well as allergic reactions may emerge during or after wound healing. Especially with allergies occurring after weeks, months or years, it remains difficult to identify the specific ingredient(s) that trigger the reaction. This review summarizes possible adverse effects related to tattooing with a focus on the development of tattoo-mediated allergies. To date, relevant allergens were only identified in rare cases. Here we present established methods and discuss current experimental approaches to identify culprit allergens in tattoo inks - via testing of the patient and in vitro approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina T Weiß
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Haslböck
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Kluger N. Nickel and tattoos: Where are we? Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:136-140. [PMID: 33880790 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tattoos are not mentioned as a source of exposure to nickel. Traces of nickel are, however, almost inevitably found in tattoo inks as impurities and sometimes in tattooed skin. Whether nickel in tattoos has any health consequence is debated. We performed a narrative review of what is currently known about this topic. Today, nickel is frequently detected in inks, but at highly variable levels. It appears to be at higher concentrations in green, blue, and sometimes brown and violet inks. Only nickel allergy in tattooed individuals and nickel-associated tattoo ink allergy are addressed in the literature. Reports of tattoo ink allergy related to nickel are rare and heterogenous. Authors often neglect possible implications of other metals or dyes. A positive patch test is not enough to confirm the role of nickel in a reaction observed after tattooing. We found no report of any systemic complication attributed to nickel from tattoos. The Council of Europe ResAP(2008)1 bans the presence of nickel at high levels in tattoo inks, which is a safety net for individuals with nickel allergy. Large epidemiologic case-control studies with systematic biopsies on normal and inflamed tattoos and patch testing would help to understand the role of nickel in tattoo ink allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Helsinki University Hospital & University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- "Tattoo" Consultation, Department of Dermatology, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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22
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Gómez Torrijos E, Garcia Arpa M, Gratacós Gómez AR, Rogel Vence M, Rojas Parra A, Cañas AP. Allergic contact dermatitis to red tattoo ink with positive patch tests. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 84:453-454. [PMID: 33617002 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Rogel Vence
- Dermatology Service, Hospital General Universitario, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Alberto P Cañas
- Allergy Section, Hospital General Universitario, Ciudad Real, Spain
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23
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Treatments of a phthalocyanine-based green ink for tattoo removal purposes: generation of toxic fragments and potentially harmful morphologies. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2359-2375. [PMID: 32472170 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since tattoos became overwhelmingly fashionable worldwide, the demand for removal has proportionally increased, Nd:YAG Q-switch laser being the most commonly used tool for the purpose. In this framework we investigated the composition and products of laser treatment of green tattoo ink, the Green Concentrate from Eternal. The ink characterization has been carried out by IR, UV-Vis, EDX spectroscopies, and SEM imaging. It revealed the presence of the pigment PG7, rather than PG36 as reported on the bottle label, along with non-fully halogenated analogues. The morphology is an extended sheath with embedded grains. Subsequent laser treatments were performed on both dried and extracted inks, dispersed either in water or in propan-2-ol, chosen for their different polarities, as it is the case in the skin layers. The products were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM imaging, and dynamic light scattering. The outcome is a complex fragmentation pattern that depends both on the solvent and on the initial aggregation state. The fragment compounds are toxic at various degrees according to the Classification Labelling and Packaging regulations. Several shapes of aggregates are produced as an effect of both downsizing and re-aggregation, with potentially harmful aspect ratios.
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24
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Giulbudagian M, Schreiver I, Singh AV, Laux P, Luch A. Safety of tattoos and permanent make-up: a regulatory view. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:357-369. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe continuous increase in the popularity of tattoos and permanent make-up (PMU) has led to substantial changes in their societal perception. Besides a better understanding of pathological conditions associated with the injection of highly diverse substances into subepidermal layers of the skin, their regulation has occupied regulatory bodies around the globe. In that sense, current regulatory progress in the European Union is an exemplary initiative for improving the safety of tattooing. On one hand, the compilation of market surveillance data has provided knowledge on hazardous substances present in tattoo inks. On the other hand, clinical data gathered from patients enabled correlation of adverse reactions with certain substances. Nevertheless, the assessment of risks remains a challenge due to knowledge gaps on the biokinetics of highly complex inks and their degradation products. This review article examines the strategies for regulating substances in tattoo inks and PMU in light of their potential future restriction in the frame of the REACH regulation. Substance categories are discussed in terms of their risk assessment and proposed concentration limits.
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25
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Serup J, Hutton Carlsen K, Dommershausen N, Sepehri M, Hesse B, Seim C, Luch A, Schreiver I. Identification of pigments related to allergic tattoo reactions in 104 human skin biopsies. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 82:73-82. [PMID: 31626330 PMCID: PMC6973263 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Red tattoos are prone to allergic reactions. The identity of the allergen(s) is mostly unknown. Objectives Chemical analysis of human skin biopsies from chronic allergic reactions in red tattoos to identify culprit pigment(s) and metals. Material and methods One hundred four dermatome biopsies were analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS/MS) for identification of commonly used organic pigments. Metal concentrations were assessed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)‐MS and x‐ray fluorescence (XRF). Fourteen patients had cross‐reactions in other red tattoos. Results In total, the identified pigments were mainly azo Pigment Red (P.R.) 22 (35%), P.R. 210 (24%), P.R. 170 (12%), P.R. 5 (0.9%), P.R. 112 (0.9%), and Pigment Orange (P.O.) 13 (11%). P.R. 122 (0.9%) and Pigment Violet (P.V.) 23 (8%) were also common. P.R. 22, P.R. 170, and P.R. 210 also dominated in patients with cross‐reactions. In 22% of the biopsies, no red pigment was detected. Element analysis indicated the presence of the sensitizers nickel and chromium. Conclusions P.R. 22, P.R. 170, and P.R. 210 were identified as the prevailing pigments behind chronic allergic reactions in red tattoos. The epitope causing the reaction might be a pigment‐degradation product. Metal contamination may derive from different sources, and its role in red tattoo allergy cannot be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Serup
- Department of Dermatology, The "Tattoo Clinic", Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrina Hutton Carlsen
- Department of Dermatology, The "Tattoo Clinic", Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils Dommershausen
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mitra Sepehri
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- The European Synchrotron (ESRF), Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Xploraytion GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Seim
- Xploraytion GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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26
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Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction after Nipple Tattooing: A Novel Case Report. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2019; 7:e2394. [PMID: 31942376 PMCID: PMC6908409 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We present a patient who underwent bilateral 3-dimensional (3D) nipple tattooing for nipple areolar reconstruction after implant-based breast reconstruction for breast cancer. Several weeks after nipple tattooing, the patient developed a delayed hypersensitivity reaction around both of her tattooed nipple areolar complexes. This is the first case reported in the literature of a hypersensitivity reaction from 3D nipple tattooing.
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27
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Pigments in American tattoo inks and their propensity to elicit allergic contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 81:379-385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Arl M, Nogueira DJ, Schveitzer Köerich J, Mottim Justino N, Schulz Vicentini D, Gerson Matias W. Tattoo inks: Characterization and in vivo and in vitro toxicological evaluation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 364:548-561. [PMID: 30388639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tattoo inks represent a growing market in the world economy, but this growth is associated with an increase in reports of adverse effects caused by the use of this product. In this study, four commercial tattoo inks (blue, green, red and black) were studied to characterize the composition and particle size and identify possible in vivo and in vitro toxicological effects on Daphnia magna and HaCaT cells, respectively. Compositional analysis confirmed the functional groups in the vehicles and organic pigments. The presence of nanoparticles was confirmed by image analysis. The toxicological evaluation indicated distinct results for blue and green inks for the parameters tested, despite the presence of similar levels of metals. The red ink, followed by the green, presented the highest toxicity, which may be related to pigments containing azo compounds and not to the metal fraction. Black ink was found to be the safest toxicologically. This paper provides an overview of the composition of tattoo inks and their toxicological effects in epidermal cells and in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Arl
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Diego José Nogueira
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Schveitzer Köerich
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Naiara Mottim Justino
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Denice Schulz Vicentini
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - William Gerson Matias
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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29
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Wollina U. Preoperative Site Marking in Dermatosurgery. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2019; 12:191-192. [PMID: 31619893 PMCID: PMC6785962 DOI: 10.4103/jcas.jcas_178_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatosurgery is a growing subspeciality due to increasing numbers of skin cancer and aesthetic procedures. Patient safety is a major issue in dermatosurgery. Quality management, education, and organization are the backbone of patient safety. A simple measure to support patient’s safety and to avoid wrong site surgery is preoperative skin marking. Permanent skin markers offer a painless and cost-effective option. To ensure optimal results, the following problems need careful consideration: good viability after disinfection, sterility of the operation field, no sensitization, or toxic effects of the ink. These issues are discussed in detail to allow a safe and successful procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital, Dresden, Germany
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30
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Negosanti F, Lambertini M, Gurioli C, Dika E. Tattoo cutaneous adverse reactions effectively treated with Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2018; 155:111-113. [PMID: 29963800 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.18.05908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Lambertini
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy -
| | - Carlotta Gurioli
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emi Dika
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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31
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Morgado-Carrasco D, Podlipnik S, Aguilera P, Requena L, Mascaró JM. When passion hurts: adverse cutaneous reaction to tattoo in a FC Barcelona soccer fan ('Culé Dermatitis'). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:e427-e428. [PMID: 29704871 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Morgado-Carrasco
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Podlipnik
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Aguilera
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Avda. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Mascaró
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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32
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González-Villanueva I, Álvarez-Chinchilla P, Silvestre JF. Allergic reaction to 3 tattoo inks containing Pigment Yellow 65. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:107-108. [PMID: 29635783 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris González-Villanueva
- Cutaneous Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro Álvarez-Chinchilla
- Cutaneous Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan F Silvestre
- Cutaneous Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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González-Villanueva I, Silvestre Salvador J. Diagnostic Tools to Use When We Suspect an Allergic Reaction to a Tattoo: A Proposal Based on Cases at Our Hospital. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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King BJ, Lehman JS, Macon WR, Sciallis GF. Red tattoo-related mycosis fungoides-like CD8+ pseudolymphoma. J Cutan Pathol 2017; 45:226-228. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. King
- Department of Dermatology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | - Julia S. Lehman
- Department of Dermatology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
- Department of Pathology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
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Diagnostic Tools to Use When We Suspect an Allergic Reaction to a Tattoo: A Proposal Based on Cases at Our Hospital. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2017; 109:162-172. [PMID: 29197467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tattooing has become a popular practice in western countries, particularly among younger populations. Tattoos, however, can cause complications, such as infections, allergic or foreign-body reactions, and even systemic inflammatory responses. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of all patients seen for tattoo-related complications at our skin allergy unit between January 2002 and December 2016. RESULTS We studied 23 patients. Nine of these experienced early complications, all related to infection. The other 14 patients developed late reactions. Ten were diagnosed with probable allergic contact dermatitis to ink, but the suspect allergen was identified in just 3 cases and confirmed in just 1 of these. There were 2 cases of cutaneous sarcoidosis, 1 case of foreign body granuloma, and 1 case of neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS Complications resulting from tattoos are relatively common dermatology complaints. Drawing from our experience, we propose a diagnostic algorithm designed to guide dermatologists in evaluating different reactions to tattoos and prescribing appropriate treatment.
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de Cuyper C, Lodewick E, Schreiver I, Hesse B, Seim C, Castillo-Michel H, Laux P, Luch A. Are metals involved in tattoo-related hypersensitivity reactions? A case report. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:397-405. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christa de Cuyper
- Department of Dermatology, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende AV; 8000 Brugge Belgium
| | - Evelyne Lodewick
- Department of Dermatology, ZorgSaam Zeeuws-Vlaanderen; 4535 PA Terneuzen The Netherlands
| | - Ines Schreiver
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); 10589 Berlin Germany
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Christian Seim
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt; 10587 Berlin Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik; 10623 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); 10589 Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); 10589 Berlin Germany
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Malki S, Onnis G, Lissia A, Montesu MA, Satta R. Cutaneous T pseudolymphoma on the red pigmented areas of a tattoo. Int J Dermatol 2017; 56:e172-e173. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Malki
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, Dermatology; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Giuliana Onnis
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, Dermatology; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Amelia Lissia
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, Pathological Anatomy; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Maria A. Montesu
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, Dermatology; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - Rosanna Satta
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, Dermatology; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
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Systemic Allergic Reaction to Red Tattoo Ink Requiring Excision. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2016; 4:e1111. [PMID: 27975018 PMCID: PMC5142484 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sensitization and Clinically Relevant Allergy to Hair Dyes and Clothes from Black Henna Tattoos: Do People Know the Risk? An Uncommon Serious Case and a Review of the Literature. COSMETICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics3030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Identification and hazard prediction of tattoo pigments by means of pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1639-50. [PMID: 27209489 PMCID: PMC4894928 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of regulation for tattoo ink ingredients across Europe has generated the need for analytical methods suitable to identify prohibited compounds. Common challenges of this subject are the poor solubility and the lack of volatility for most pigments and polymers applied in tattoo inks. Here, we present pyrolysis coupled to online gas chromatography and electron impact ionization mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS) as quick and reliable tool for pigment identification using both purified pigments and tattoo ink formulations. Some 36 organic pigments frequently used in tattoo inks were subjected to py-GC/MS with the aim to establish a pyrogram library. To cross-validate pigment identification, 28 commercially available tattoo inks as well as 18 self-made pigment mixtures were analyzed. Pyrograms of inks and mixtures were evaluated by two different means to work out the most reliable and fastest strategy for an otherwise rather time-consuming data review. Using this approach, the declaration of tattoo pigments currently used on the market could be verified. The pyrolysis library presented here is also assumed suitable to predict decomposition patterns of pigments when affected by other degradation scenarios, such as sunlight exposure or laser irradiation. Thus, the consumers’ risk associated with the exposure to toxicologically relevant substances that originate from pigment decomposition in the dermal layers of the skin can be assessed. Differentiation between more or less harmful pigments for this field of application now will become feasible.
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Gamba CS, Lambert Smith F, Wisell J, Brown M. Tattoo reactions in an HIV patient: Autoeczematization and progressive allergic reaction to red ink after antiretroviral therapy initiation. JAAD Case Rep 2016; 1:395-8. [PMID: 27051791 PMCID: PMC4809398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Gamba
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Franki Lambert Smith
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Josh Wisell
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mariah Brown
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Islam PS, Chang C, Selmi C, Generali E, Huntley A, Teuber SS, Gershwin ME. Medical Complications of Tattoos: A Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 50:273-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Tattoos are regarded as body jewelry and have become widespread in all parts of society. Despite introduction of the tattooing agents' regulation (Tätowiermittelverordnung) in Germany in 2009, consumer protection is incomplete. OBJECTIVES Prevalence of tattoos and their legal basis, ingredients of tattooing agents, clinical findings of adverse reactions, pathogenesis and therapy. METHODS The work is based on a selective literature search in PubMed and on the clinical experience of the authors. RESULTS Adverse reactions by tattooing are a particular problem, because the causing substances are not biodegradable within the tissue. In addition to an agonizing pruritus, the clinical picture is characterized by erythematous plaques. Histopathology reveals different patterns of inflammation, including pseudolymphomatous reactions. Treatment is problematic. In many cases, extensive surgical excision is necessary, which is associated with cosmetic consequences. CONCLUSION A regulation to assess the safety of tattooing does not exist.
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Brady BG, Gold H, Leger EA, Leger MC. Self-reported adverse tattoo reactions: a New York City Central Park study. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 73:91-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi G. Brady
- Department of Medicine; Norwalk Hospital; Norwalk CT 06850
| | - Heidi Gold
- Department of Medicine; Maimonides Medical Center; Brooklyn NY 11219
| | - Elizabeth A. Leger
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science; University of Nevada; Reno NV 89557 USA
| | - Marie C. Leger
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology; New York University; New York NY 10016 USA
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