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Stingeni L, Bianchi L, Caroppo ES, Belloni Fortina A, Caroppo F, Corazza M, Borghi A, Gallo R, Trave I, Ferrucci SM, Beretta A, Guarneri F, Martina E, Napolitano M, DE Lucia M, Patruno C, Bennardo L, Romita P, Foti C, Tramontana M, Marietti R, Argenziano G, Hansel K. The new Italian SIDAPA Baseline Series for patch testing (2023): an update according to the new regulatory pathway for contact allergens. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2024; 159:83-104. [PMID: 38650492 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.24.07733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common inflammatory skin disease caused by delayed hypersensitivity to chemical and biotic contact allergens. ACD significantly affects the patients' quality of life negatively impacting both occupational and non-occupational settings. Patch testing is the gold standard diagnostic in vivo test to precise the ACD etiology and to correctly perform prevention. According to the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) legislative decree no. 178 of 29th May 1991, allergens are defined as medicines and therefore they are subject to strict regulation. In 2017, AIFA (decree no. 2130/2017) started a procedure to regulate contact allergens on the Italian market and actually the contact allergens temporarily authorized are reported in AIFA decree no. 98/2022, valid until November 2023. The availability on the market of contact allergens to diagnose ACD and continuous updating on the basis of new epidemiological trends are mandatory, jointly with the continuous update of the baseline and integrative series for patch testing. For this reason, the scientific community represented in Italy by the Skin Allergies Study Group of SIDeMaST (Italian Society of Dermatology and Venereology) and SIDAPA (Italian Society of Allergological, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology) are constantly working, in close relationship with the European scientific communities with large expertise in this important sector of the modern Dermatology. Herein, we report the setting up of regulatory legislation by AIFA and the new Italian Adult Baseline Series for patch testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Stingeni
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy -
| | - Leonardo Bianchi
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena S Caroppo
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Monica Corazza
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Borghi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosella Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Trave
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia M Ferrucci
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Beretta
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Guarneri
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Martina
- Dermatological Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maddalena Napolitano
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario DE Lucia
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cataldo Patruno
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Bennardo
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marta Tramontana
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rossella Marietti
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Argenziano
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Katharina Hansel
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Christiansen AG, Kinnerup MB, Carstensen O, Sommerlund M, Clausen PA, Bønløkke JH, Schlünssen V, Isaksson M, Schmidt SAJ, Kolstad HA. Occupational exposure to epoxy components and risk of dermatitis: A registry-based follow-up study of the wind turbine industry. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:32-40. [PMID: 37795841 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact allergy and dermatitis are frequently reported among epoxy-exposed workers. OBJECTIVES To determine the risk of dermatitis associated with epoxy exposure. METHODS We followed 825 epoxy-exposed and 1091 non-exposed blue-collar workers, and 493 white-collar workers of a Danish wind turbine blade factory during 2017-2022 with linked data from national health registers on diagnoses, patch testing, or fillings of prescriptions for topical corticosteroids. Incidence rate ratios of dermatitis or a first-time topical corticosteroid prescription were estimated with Poisson regression using non-exposed blue-collar workers as reference. We similarly estimated incidence rate ratios for the duration of epoxy exposure and current epoxy exposure. RESULTS Epoxy-exposed blue-collar workers showed a dermatitis incidence rate of 2.1 per 100 000 person days, a two-fold increased risk of dermatitis and a 20% increased risk of filling a prescription for topical corticosteroids. Incidence rate ratios were higher during early exposure and declined with further exposure for both outcomes. White-collar workers had generally lower risks. CONCLUSION We observed an increased risk of dermatitis following epoxy exposure confirming previous case reports and cross-sectional studies emphasizing the need for intensified focus on preventive efforts for this group of workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Byskov Kinnerup
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, The Regional Hospital Goedstrup, University Research Clinic, Herning, Denmark
| | - Ole Carstensen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, The Regional Hospital Goedstrup, University Research Clinic, Herning, Denmark
| | - Mette Sommerlund
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Axel Clausen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Hjort Bønløkke
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skane University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sigrun Alba Johannesdottir Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Albert Kolstad
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Lejding T, Källberg K, Bergendorff O, Jacobsson S, Svedman C, Bruze M. Epoxy allergy, investigation of a modern industry. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:383-388. [PMID: 36802059 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Five workers from an industry manufacturing various articles from carbon fibre reinforced epoxy plastics were referred to our department because of suspected occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD). When patch tested, four of them had positive reactions to components of epoxy resin systems (ERSs) that could explain their current skin problems. All of them had been working at the same workstation at a specially designed pressing machine, with operations including manually mixing epoxy resin with hardener. Multiple cases of OACD in the plant prompted an investigation including all workers with possible risk exposures at the plant. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of occupational dermatoses and contact allergies among the workers at the plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Totally 25 workers underwent investigation that included a brief consultation with a standardized anamnesis and clinical examination followed by patch testing. RESULTS ERSs-related reactions were found in 7 of the 25 investigated workers. None of the seven had a history of previous exposure to ERSs and they are regarded as sensitized through work. CONCLUSIONS Twenty-eight percent of investigated workers showed reactions to ERSs. Of these the majority would have been missed if supplementary testing would not have been added to testing with the Swedish base line series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lejding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Källberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ola Bergendorff
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Susanne Jacobsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Christiansen AG, Carstensen O, Sommerlund M, Clausen PA, Bønløkke JH, Schlünssen V, Isaksson M, Schmidt SAJ, Kolstad HA. Prevalence of skin sensitization and dermatitis among epoxy-exposed workers in the wind turbine industry. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:988-996. [PMID: 35972390 PMCID: PMC10087335 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.21830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high prevalence of skin sensitization and dermatitis has been reported among workers exposed to epoxy components. OBJECTIVES To estimate the risk of skin sensitization and dermatitis among workers exposed to epoxy components during production of wind turbine blades while using comprehensive safety measures. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 180 highly epoxy-exposed production workers and 41 nonexposed office workers was conducted at two wind turbine blade factories in Denmark. Participants underwent a skin examination, were tested with a tailored patch test panel including epoxy-containing products used at the factories, and answered a questionnaire. RESULTS Sixteen production workers (8·9%) were sensitized to an epoxy component compared with none of the office workers. Skin sensitization was more frequent within the first year of exposed employment. Strong selection bias by atopic status was indicated. Among nonatopic workers, the prevalence of dermatitis was higher among production workers (16·4%) than among office workers [6·5%, odds ratio (OR) 2·3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·6-9·1] and higher among the sensitized workers (43·8%) than the nonsensitized workers (14·6%, OR 4·5, 95% CI 1·6-12·7). Resins based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and F were the most frequent sensitizers. One of the four workers sensitized to epoxy components used at the factories did not react to the epoxy resin of the TRUE test® panel. CONCLUSIONS Despite comprehensive skin protection, sensitization and dermatitis are prevalent among highly epoxy-exposed workers in the wind turbine industry in Denmark. Our findings document the need for intensified preventive efforts and emphasize the importance of tailored patch testing. What is already known about this topic? Epoxy components are well-known sensitizers of the skin. A high prevalence of skin sensitization and dermatitis has been reported among workers exposed to epoxy components. Comprehensive protective equipment is recommended when working with epoxy components. What does this study add? Despite comprehensive skin protection, skin sensitization and dermatitis are prevalent among epoxy-exposed workers. We found that 40% of workers sensitized to epoxy products had dermatitis. Only 75% of the sensitized workers were detected by the epoxy resin of the TRUE test® , which emphasizes the importance of tailored testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Christiansen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Carstensen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, The Regional Hospital Goedstrup, University Research Clinic, Herning, Denmark
| | - Mette Sommerlund
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per A Clausen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob H Bønløkke
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sigrun A J Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik A Kolstad
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Uter W, Johansen JD. Prevention of Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Safe Exposure Levels of Sensitizers. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Prevention of Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Safe Exposure Levels of Sensitizers. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_70-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ponting DJ, Ortega MA, Niklasson IB, Karlsson I, Seifert T, Stéen J, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Development of New Epoxy Resin Monomers - A Delicate Balance between Skin Allergy and Polymerization Properties. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:57-66. [PMID: 30543284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resin monomers (ERMs) are used as building blocks for thermosetting polymers in applications where strong, flexible, and lightweight materials are required. Most epoxy resins are polymers of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). It is highly allergenic and causes occupational allergic contact dermatitis and contact allergy in the general population. Thus, measures to prevent exposure by protective clothing and education are not enough. This work describes a continuation of our research aiming at reducing the skin-sensitizing potency of ERMs while maintaining the ability to form polymers. Alternative ERMs were designed and synthesized whereafter the sensitizing potency was determined using the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). The reactivity of the diepoxides toward a nucleophilic peptide was investigated, and the differences in reactivity explained using computational studies. The diepoxides were reacted with triethylenetetramine, and the formed polymers were tested for technical applicability using thermogravimetric analysis. We had previously shown that the absence of an oxygen atom in the side chains or removal of aromaticity reduced the sensitizing potency compared to that of DGEBA. Thus, a cycloaliphatic analogue 1 of DGEBA without ether oxygen in the side chains was considered promising and was synthesized. As predicted, the sensitizing potency was considerably reduced (10 times) compared to that of DGEBA. However, the technical properties of the polymer of this compound were not considered sufficient. More polar aromatic analogues were investigated, but they could not compete with our previously described ERMs regarding polymerization properties and with 1 regarding low skin sensitization properties. Development of alternative epoxy materials is a delicate balance between allergenic activity and polymerization properties. Tuning of structural properties together with investigation of polymerization conditions combined with skin sensitization studies should be used in industrial research and development. ERM 1 could be used as a lead compound for further studies of aliphatic ERMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Ponting
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Ida B Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Tina Seifert
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Johanna Stéen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
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Creytens K, Gilissen L, Huygens S, Goossens A. A new application for epoxy resins resulting in occupational allergic contact dermatitis: the three-dimensional printing industry. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 77:349-351. [PMID: 29063685 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kris Creytens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Gilissen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Huygens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Goossens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Suuronen K, Bäck B, Aalto-Korte K, Pesonen M, Jungewelter S, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Mäkelä E. Skin exposure to epoxy chemicals in construction coating, assessed by observation, interviews, and measurements. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:18-25. [PMID: 30259537 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epoxy resin systems (ERSs) are among the leading causes of occupational allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES To identify riskful exposures and sources of skin exposure, and to quantify skin exposure to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy monomer, in construction coating work. METHODS Skin exposure to epoxy chemicals was studied in 5 coating companies through (a) interviews and visual observation, (b) quantifying DGEBA on 12 workers' skin by tape-stripping, (c) measuring DGEBA on 23 surfaces by wipe-sampling, and (d) quantifying DGEBA in new sewage pipe. Acetone extracts of the tapes, wipes and sawdust from a newly hardened sewage pipe were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Identified riskful exposures were, for example, mixing ERSs, handling coating pots, and working above shoulder level. Epoxy stains on, for example, tools, equipment and clothing were seen in all workplaces. Protective gloves were of varying quality, and were not always suitable for chemicals. The amount of DGEBA on the workers' skin varied considerably. All screened tool handles were contaminated. Two-day-old epoxy sewage pipe contained 3.2% DGEBA. CONCLUSIONS Construction coating entails skin contact with ERSs directly and via contaminated surfaces, personal protective equipment, and recently hardened epoxy materials. Observation is a useful method for assessing skin exposure in coating work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Suuronen
- Solutions for Safety, Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Beatrice Bäck
- Solutions for Safety, Work Environment, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Solutions for Safety, Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Pesonen
- Solutions for Safety, Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soile Jungewelter
- Solutions for Safety, Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maj-Len Henriks-Eckerman
- Solutions for Safety, Work Environment, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Turku, Finland
| | - Erja Mäkelä
- Solutions for Safety, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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Crepy M. Allergie cutanée professionnelle : données récentes. REVUE FRANÇAISE D'ALLERGOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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