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Schütte MG, Tamminga SJ, de Groene GJ, Kezic S, van der Molen HF. Work-related and personal risk factors for occupational contact dermatitis: A systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:171-187. [PMID: 36444496 PMCID: PMC10107890 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to identify work-related and personal risk factors for contact dermatitis (CD), and assess their association with this frequently occurring occupational disease. A systematic review of the literature from 1990 to June 2, 2020, was conducted using Medline and Embase. Prospective cohort and case-control studies were included, and meta-analyses were conducted when feasible. Quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. Twenty-nine studies were identified, comprising 26 study populations and with a total of 846 209 participants investigating 52 risk factors for CD. Meta-analyses were performed for five risk factors, all of them for irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). Moderate-quality evidence was found for associations between wet work and ICD (OR: 1.56, 95%CI: 1.21-2.01). High-quality evidence was found for the association between atopic dermatitis and ICD (OR: 2.44, 95%CI: 1.89-3.15). There was no evidence for an association between ICD and sex or history of hand dermatitis, respiratory and mucosal atopy. In conclusion, several work-related and personal risk factors associated with CD were identified. Our data emphasize the need for the assessment of both, work-related and personal, risk factors to prevent occupational CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke G Schütte
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research Institute, and Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sietske J Tamminga
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research Institute, and Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerda J de Groene
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research Institute, and Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research Institute, and Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk F van der Molen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research Institute, and Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Havmose M, Thyssen JP, Zachariae C, Uter W, Johansen JD. Occupational hand eczema reduces career length in hairdressers: a prospective cohort study of Danish hairdressers graduating from 1985 to 2007. Occup Environ Med 2022; 79:649-655. [PMID: 35738888 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational hand eczema (OHE) is common in hairdressers, and many leave the trade because of the disease. However, the exact impact of OHE on career length is unknown. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of OHE on career length and risk factors associated with leaving the trade because of OHE in hairdressers followed-up for up to 35 years. METHODS A prospective cohort study of Danish hairdressers graduating between 1985 and 2007 (n=5219) was performed. A questionnaire was sent in 2009 and 2020. The Danish Labor Marked Supplementary Pension Scheme provided information on affiliation to the hairdressing profession. Career length was assessed by Kaplan-Meier analyses. RESULTS The median survival time was 12.0 (95% CI 11.0 to 13.0) years in graduates with OHE and 14.0 (95% CI 12.6 to 15.4) years in graduates without OHE (p<0.001). Graduates with a frequency of hand eczema (HE) of 'once', 'several times' and 'almost all the time' had a median survival time of 20.0 (95% CI 14.6 to 25.4), 12.0 (95% CI 10.7 to 13.3) and 7.0 (95% CI 5.6 to 8.4) years, respectively. Graduates with OHE that left the trade (partly) because of HE constituted 11.7% of the study population. Factors associated with leaving the trade because of HE included a history of atopic dermatitis (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.2 (95% CI 1.2 to 4.0), a history of a positive patch test (aOR 5.1 (95% CI 2.3 to 11.0) and allergy to hair dyes (aOR 9.4 (95% CI 3.4 to 25.6). CONCLUSION Career length is reduced in hairdressers with OHE, especially if frequently relapsing or caused by contact allergy, for example, to hair dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Havmose
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark .,Research Centre for Beauticians and Hairdressers, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Pontoppidan Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Research Centre for Beauticians and Hairdressers, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Kezic S, Nunez R, Babić Ž, Hallmann S, Havmose MS, Johansen JD, John SM, Macan M, Symanzik C, Uter W, Weinert P, Turk R, Macan J, van der Molen HF. Occupational Exposure of Hairdressers to Airborne Hazardous Chemicals: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074176. [PMID: 35409860 PMCID: PMC8998463 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to hazardous chemicals released during hairdressing activities from hair care products puts hairdressers at risk of adverse health effects. Safety assessments of hair products are mainly focused on consumers, but exposure for professional hairdressers might be substantially higher. OBJECTIVE To identify and assess available research data on inhalation exposures of professional hairdressers. METHODS A systematic search of studies between 1 January 2000 and 30 April 2021 was performed in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and in Cochrane registry, toxicological dossiers of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) of the European Commission as well as the German MAK Commission. Studies reporting quantitative data on airborne concentrations of chemicals in the hairdresser's workplace were considered. The outcome was an airborne concentration of chemicals in the working environment, which was compared, when possible, with current occupational exposure limits (OEL) or guidance levels. RESULTS In total, 23 studies performed in 14 countries were included. The average number of hairdressing salons per study was 22 (range 1-62). Chemicals most frequently measured were formaldehyde (n = 8), ammonia (n = 5), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) (n = 5), and toluene (n = 4). More than fifty other chemicals were measured in one to three studies, including various aromatic and aliphatic organic solvents, hydrogen peroxide, persulfate, and particulate matter. Most studies reported environmental air concentrations, while personal exposure was measured only in seven studies. The measured air concentrations of formaldehyde, ammonia, and TVOC exceeded OEL or guidance values in some studies. There was large variability in measuring conditions and reported air concentrations differed strongly within and between studies. CONCLUSION Hairdressers are exposed to a wide spectrum of hazardous chemicals, often simultaneously. Airborne concentrations of pollutants depend on salon characteristics such as ventilation and the number of customers but also on used products that are often country- or client-specific. For exposure to formaldehyde, ammonia, and TVOC exceeding OELs or guidance values for indoor air was observed. Therefore, occupational exposure should be taken into account by safety regulations for hair care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Kezic
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (H.F.v.d.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-205-665-321
| | - Roberto Nunez
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (H.F.v.d.M.)
| | - Željka Babić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.B.); (M.M.); (R.T.); (J.M.)
| | - Sarah Hallmann
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.H.); (W.U.)
| | - Martin S. Havmose
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.H.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.H.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Swen M. John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; (S.M.J.); (C.S.)
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabrück University, 10777 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Marija Macan
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.B.); (M.M.); (R.T.); (J.M.)
| | - Cara Symanzik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; (S.M.J.); (C.S.)
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabrück University, 10777 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.H.); (W.U.)
| | - Patricia Weinert
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Osnabrück University, 10777 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Rajka Turk
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.B.); (M.M.); (R.T.); (J.M.)
| | - Jelena Macan
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (Ž.B.); (M.M.); (R.T.); (J.M.)
| | - Henk F. van der Molen
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (H.F.v.d.M.)
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4
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Jamil W, Svensson Å, Josefson A, Lindberg M, Von Kobyletzki L. Incidence Rate of Hand Eczema in Different Occupations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acta Derm Venereol 2022; 102:adv00681. [PMID: 35098319 PMCID: PMC9631253 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v102.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand eczema is a chronic disease that results in economic and psychosocial burdens. The aim of this study was to systematically review and assess the magnitude of the association between exposure related to occupations and the incidence rate of hand eczema. A systematic search in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane databases, from inception to September 2017, of full-text observational studies reporting incident cases of hand eczema during employment, and a supplementary search in PubMed to September 2020, were conducted. Among 2,417 screened abstracts, 15 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Incidence rates were reported per 100 person-years. Based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, 9 studies were good quality, 2 fair quality, and 4 poor quality. Hairdressers had a high incidence of hand eczema of 21.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.3–27.4), as did nurses, 16.9 (95% CI 11.2–22.7), and metal workers, 12.4 (95% CI 3.5–21.3). Hairdressers were predominantly women, and metal worker were predominantly men. Office occupations had an incidence rate of hand eczema of 4.9 (95% CI 1.2–9.6). The high risk of hand eczema for hairdressers, nurses, and metal workers, should be considered by healthcare policymakers. Even occupations with low irritant profile, such as office workers, were at risk of developing hand eczema, and more occupations should be investigated regarding the related risk of developing hand eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laura Von Kobyletzki
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, Lund university,.
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5
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Havmose MS, Kezic S, Uter W, Symanzik C, Hallmann S, Strahwald J, Weinert P, Macan M, Turk R, van der Molen HF, Babić Ž, Macan J, John SM, Johansen JD. Prevalence and incidence of hand eczema in hairdressers - a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature from 2000-2021. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 86:254-265. [PMID: 35038179 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hairdressers are commonly affected by hand eczema (HE), due to skin hazardous exposure such as irritants and allergens in the work environment. OBJECTIVE To give an overview of the current prevalence, incidence, severity as well as the pattern of debut and the contribution of atopic dermatitis on HE in hairdressers. METHODS A systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines was performed. Studies published from 2000 to April 2021 that fulfilled predefined eligibility criteria were retrieved. RESULTS A pooled lifetime prevalence of 38.2% (95%CI 32.6-43.8), a pooled 1-year prevalence of 20.3% (95%CI 18.0-22.6) and a pooled point prevalence of 7.7% (95%CI 5.8-9.6) of HE was observed in hairdressers. The lifetime prevalence in fully trained hairdressers and hairdressing apprentices was almost identical. The pooled incidence rate of HE was 51.8 cases/1000 person-years (95%CI 42.6-61.0) and the pooled prevalence of atopic dermatitis was 18.1% (95%CI 13.6-22.5). CONCLUSION HE is common in hairdressers and most have debut during apprenticeship. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in hairdressers is comparable with estimates in the general population, indicating that occupational exposures are the main factor in the increased prevalence of HE in hairdressers. This warrants a strategic and collective effort to prevent HE in hairdressers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Havmose
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- University of Erlangen, Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cara Symanzik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sarah Hallmann
- University of Erlangen, Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Strahwald
- University of Erlangen, Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patricia Weinert
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Marija Macan
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rajka Turk
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Henk F van der Molen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Željka Babić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Macan
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Swen M John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Skin and Allergy, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Havmose M, Thyssen JP, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. Long-term follow-up of hand eczema in hairdressers: a prospective cohort study of Danish hairdressers graduating from 1985 to 2007. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 36:263-270. [PMID: 34747547 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational hand eczema is common among hairdressers and implementing effective preventive measures requires a good understanding of the disease's epidemiology. OBJECTIVE To investigate the long-term development of hand eczema (HE) in hairdressers. METHODS A prospective cohort study of all hairdressers graduating from Danish hairdressing vocational schools from 1985 to 2007 was conducted. A self-administered questionnaire was sent in 2009 with follow-up in 2020. Data from the Danish labour market supplementary pension scheme provided information on yearly affiliation with the hairdressing trade. RESULTS The cumulative lifetime prevalence of HE increased from 42.3% at baseline to 45.2% at follow-up (odds ratio [OR], 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-1.2). The incidence rate decreased from 42.8 cases/1000 person-years (95% CI, 40.8-44.8) at baseline to 3.4 cases/1000 person-years (95% CI, 2.5-4.6) within the follow-up period. HE onset occurred within 8 years of beginning an apprenticeship for >90% of cases and occurred within the apprenticeship period for 68% of cases. The risk factors associated with having had HE at baseline were a previous positive patch test (adjusted OR [aOR], 5.3; 95% CI, 4.2-6.6), a history of atopic dermatitis (aOR, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.9-4.0) and female sex (aOR, 1.8; 95% CI 1.4-2.3). The most important risk factors at follow-up were previous HE (aOR, 10.1; 95% CI, 7.3-13.8) and a positive patch test within the follow-up period (aOR, 4.5; 95% CI, 3.0-6.8). Among the hairdressers who had HE at baseline, 65.5% exhibited remission, whereas 34.6% had persistent and often severe HE at follow-up. Hairdressers with persistent HE were the subgroup of the study population most frequently affected by the risk factors identified for HE. CONCLUSIONS Primary prevention of HE should focus on hairdressing apprentices and fully trained hairdressers who have recently graduated. Approximately one-third of trained hairdressers develop persistent and often severe HE, emphasizing the need for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Havmose
- National Allergy Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - J P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Zachariae
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - J D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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7
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Aavang Petersen J, Brauer C, Thygesen LC, Flachs EM, Bach Lund C, Froelund Thomsen J. Risk of pain in the neck and shoulders and job change among hairdressers: a combined questionnaire and register-based Danish prospective cohort study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 95:709-719. [PMID: 34409487 PMCID: PMC8938357 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01753-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether intensity of work as a hairdresser was associated with treatments for pain, and if musculoskeletal pain was associated with leaving the hairdressing trade. Methods We formed two cohorts of hairdressers covered in the PensionDanmark Health Scheme (PDHS). Cohort 1 consisted of 1304 active hairdressers in 2009. Self-reported weekly haircuts were used as work intensity measure and treatments for pain in the neck and shoulders in PDHS were used as outcome. We used a Cox regression model with robust sandwich estimates adjusted for age, sex, employment status and prior treatment < 1 year before July 2009. Cohort 2 consisted of all hairdressers ever covered in the PDHS from 2006 to 2016 (n = 11,162). Exposure were treatments in PDHS within the last year. Outcome was leaving the trade within the following year. Adjustments were made for sex, calendar-year and age in Cox regression models. Results The adjusted hazard ratio of treatments in PDHS compared to the lowest work intensity was 0.95 (95% CI 0.58–1.55) and 0.74 (0.43–1.29) for medium and highest intensity, respectively. The risk of leaving the trade was lower, HR 0.80 (0.72–0.90) among hairdressers with treatments in PDHS within the last year, mainly driven by hairdressers aged < 56 years. Conclusion We found no association between intensity of work as a hairdresser, measured as self-reported weekly haircuts, and treatments for pain in PDHS. Furthermore, we found a protective effect of treatments in the PDHS within the last year on risk of leaving the trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Aavang Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Charlotte Brauer
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lau Caspar Thygesen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Meulengracht Flachs
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Bach Lund
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane Froelund Thomsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Quaade AS, Simonsen AB, Halling AS, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD. Prevalence, incidence, and severity of hand eczema in the general population - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 84:361-374. [PMID: 33548072 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accurate assessments of the burden of hand eczema (HE) in the general population are important for public awareness and intervention. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide updated estimates of prevalence and incidence, alongside additional epidemiological endpoints on HE in the general population. PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for studies reporting the prevalence and/or incidence of HE in the general population. Proportion meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled estimates of prevalence, incidence, severity, and the proportion of individuals with HE and a history of atopic dermatitis. Sixty-six studies were included in the quantitative analysis encompassing 568 100 individuals. The pooled estimates for lifetime, 1-year, and point prevalence were 14.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.6-16.5), 9.1% (95% CI: 8.4-9.8) and 4.0% (95% CI: 2.6-5.7), respectively. The pooled incidence rate of HE was 7.3 cases/1000 person-years (95% CI: 5.4-9.5). The occurrence of HE was 1.5-2 times higher in females than males. More than one third suffered from moderate/severe disease and around one third had a history of atopic dermatitis. HE was a recurrent, long-lasting disease with an average age at onset of the early- to mid-twenties. In conclusion; HE is a highly prevalent disease in the general population and carries a significant risk of long-term or chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Quaade
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne B Simonsen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Sofie Halling
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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9
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Silvestre Salvador JF, Heras Mendaza F, Hervella Garcés M, Palacios-Martínez D, Sánchez Camacho R, Senan Sanz R, Apellaniz González A, Giménez-Arnau AM. Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Hand Eczema. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2021; 111:26-40. [PMID: 32197684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand eczema is a common condition associated with significantly impaired quality of life and high social and occupational costs. Managing hand eczema is particularly challenging for primary care and occupational health physicians as the condition has varying causes and both disease progression and response to treatment are difficult to predict. Early diagnosis and appropriate protective measures are essential to prevent progression to chronic eczema, which is much more difficult to treat. Appropriate referral to a specialist and opportune evaluation of the need for sick leave are crucial to the good management of these patients. These guidelines cover the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of chronic hand eczema and highlight the role that primary care and occupational health physicians can play in the early management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Heras Mendaza
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
| | - M Hervella Garcés
- Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, España
| | - D Palacios-Martínez
- Medicina de Atención Primaria, Centro de Salud Isabel II, Parla, Madrid, España
| | | | - R Senan Sanz
- Equipo de Atención Primaria el Clot, Instituto Catalán de la Salud, Barcelona, España
| | - A Apellaniz González
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea-Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Bizkaia, España
| | - A M Giménez-Arnau
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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Brans R, Uter W, John SM, Hougaard Foss-Skiftesvik M. Occupational Contact Dermatitis: Hairdressers. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Pesonen M, Koskela K, Aalto-Korte K. Hairdressers' occupational skin diseases in the Finnish Register of Occupational Diseases in a period of 14 years. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 84:236-239. [PMID: 33104233 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hairdressers have a high risk of occupational contact dermatitis caused by exposure to wet work and allergens in hairdressing chemicals. OBJECTIVES To examine the distribution of diagnoses of occupational skin diseases (OSDs) and their main causes in hairdressers based on a national register data on occupational diseases. METHODS We retrieved cases of recognized OSDs in hairdressers from the Finnish Register of Occupational Diseases (FROD) in years 2005-2018. RESULTS During the 14-year period, a total of 290 cases of recognized OSD in hairdressers were registered in the FROD. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was diagnosed in 54%, irritant contact dermatitis in 44%, and contact urticaria (CU) in 5% of them. ACD was most commonly caused by hair dye products and their ingredients (N = 57), persulfates (N = 35), and preservatives (N = 35; mainly isothiazolinones). Acrylates emerged as hairdressers' occupational contact allergens (N = 8) probably due to introduction of structure nails into hair salons. Persulfates was the most common cause of CU. CONCLUSIONS ACD was the most common OSD in hairdressers. Our analysis confirms that preservatives are important causes of ACD in hairdressers in addition to hair dye products and persulfates. Acrylates emerged as hairdressers' occupational contact allergens, but contact allergy to perming agents remained rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pesonen
- Occupational Health Unit, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Koskela
- Occupational Health Unit, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Tampere, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Occupational Health Unit, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland
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Comparison of beautician and hairdressing apprentices with regard to skin health and skin barrier function. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 71:190-196. [PMID: 33074168 PMCID: PMC7968498 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hairdressing and beautician apprentices are at high risk of occupational skin diseases. Our objective was to compare the prevalence of skin symptoms and the condition of skin barrier between them at the end of vocational training. We recruited 101 hairdressing and 76 beautician apprentices (overall median age 17 years), who reported their history of skin symptoms through the Croatian translation of the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire (NOSQ-2002) and had their hand skin clinically examined and evaluated with the Osnabrück Hand Eczema Severity Index (OHSI). Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured following the standard procedure. Hairdressing apprentices reported significantly higher prevalence of hand/wrist eczema or urticaria than beautician apprentices (35 % vs 25 %, respectively; P=0.041) and higher severity of current hand eczema [median (range) 1.5 (0-8) vs 0.5 (0-4), respectively; P<0.001] and had higher hand TEWL values in those who washed their hands >20 times a day [median (interquartile range): 24.4 (19.7-33.7) vs 18.8 (15.4-23.2) g/ m2/h, respectively; P<0.001). Hairdressing apprentices had more severe clinical symptoms on the hands, and 83 % of those who reported eczema also reported that exacerbation occurred during practical training in comparison to 38 % of beautician apprentices. Our study is the first to report occupational hand and forearm skin issues in the beautician apprentices and also suggests that more effort is needed to improve training about safety at work, which should be specifically tailored for these two trades.
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Piapan L, Mauro M, Martinuzzo C, Larese Filon F. Characteristics and incidence of contact dermatitis among hairdressers in north‐eastern Italy. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:458-465. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Piapan
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences University of Trieste Trieste Italy
| | - Marcella Mauro
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences University of Trieste Trieste Italy
| | - Chiara Martinuzzo
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences University of Trieste Trieste Italy
| | - Francesca Larese Filon
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences University of Trieste Trieste Italy
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Havmose M, Thyssen JP, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. Use of protective gloves by hairdressers: A review of efficacy and potential adverse effects. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:75-82. [PMID: 32311093 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Occupational hand eczema is common among hairdressers, and protective gloves are important in limiting exposure to irritants and allergens. Various glove types may differ in their protective ability, and their use may lead to hand eczema due to skin irritancy and allergy. MEDLINE was searched for studies investigating permeation of gloves to irritants and allergens used in the hairdressing trade, as well as adverse effects of glove use affecting hairdressers. Forty-four studies were identified; nine reported on permeation. Of those, two in vitro studies found nitrile rubber (NR) gloves to give the best protection when handling hair dyes. Polyethylene (PE) gloves had the lowest reported break-through time. The prevalence of sensitization to rubber materials in European hairdressers was as follows: thiuram mix, median 2.5% (range 0%-8.2%), weighted average 3.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0%-3.1%); mercapto mix, median 0.4% (range 0%-3.3%), weighted average 0.5% (95% CI 0.47%-0.50%), mercaptobenzothiazole, median 0.6% (range 0%-6.6%), weighted average 0.7% (95% CI 0.6%-0.7%), NRL-type I allergy, median 1.3% (range 1%-16.4%), weighted average 4.0% (95% CI 3.6%-4.5%). In conclusion, NR gloves provide the best skin protection for hairdressers, although natural rubber latex (NRL) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) gloves may be sufficient in most cases. PE gloves are not recommended. Synthetic rubber gloves with low or no levels of accelerators are preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Havmose
- National Allergy Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Quiros-Alcala L, Pollack AZ, Tchangalova N, DeSantiago M, Kavi LKA. Occupational Exposures Among Hair and Nail Salon Workers: a Scoping Review. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 6:269-285. [DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kozak A, Wirth T, Verhamme M, Nienhaus A. Musculoskeletal health, work-related risk factors and preventive measures in hairdressing: a scoping review. J Occup Med Toxicol 2019; 14:24. [PMID: 31428183 PMCID: PMC6698044 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-019-0244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hairdressers are exposed to various work-related biomechanical and organizational risk factors. To date, there has been no overview of the evidence for this occupational group. The purpose of this scoping review is to gain insight into the current state of research on work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in hairdressing. Methods Studies published up to November 2018 were identified by a systematic search using electronic databases (MEDLINE, PUBMED, CINAHL, Web of Science, LIVIVO), Google Scholar and reference lists of articles. Studies were screened by two researchers and synthesized in a descriptive manner. Results Overall 44 studies with different study designs, scopes and approaches were included. Nineteen studies provided data on MSD prevalence in at least one body site. The prevalence values between the studies varied considerably. On average, the highest 12-month prevalence was reported for the lower back (range 13-76%), neck (range 9-58%), shoulder (range 28-60%) and hand/wrist (range 11-53%). In comparison to other occupational groups, hairdressers reported more frequent MSD in all body regions or exhibited a greater risk of leaving the profession for health reasons. Common risk factors include working with arms above shoulder level, repetitive movements, forceful exertion of upper extremities, awkward back postures and movements, high mechanical workload and standing. In addition to physical stress, lack of adequate breaks, overtime, and general distress may deteriorate health and performance of hairdressers. Three rehabilitative and three preventive interventional studies were found. Only the rehabilitative studies showed positive effects on the management of physical and mental strain and resulted in significant pain reduction, increased physical capacity and knowledge of potential risk factors for MSD. Conclusion This data provides some evidence for work-related risk factors for MSD in hairdressers and indicate that there should be an intense focus on preventive measures. High quality and long-term interventional studies are needed to clarify the effectiveness of complex preventive concepts in hairdressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnessa Kozak
- 1Competence Centre for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Wirth
- 1Competence Centre for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Albert Nienhaus
- 1Competence Centre for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,3Department of Occupational Medicine, Hazardous Substances and Public Health, Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention in the Health and Welfare Services (BGW), Hamburg, Germany
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Phthalates Exposure and Occupational Symptoms among Slovakian Hairdressing Apprentices. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9163321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to examine occupational exposure to phthalates of hairdressing apprentices from Slovakia (n = 74, 89.2% females; 10.8% males), outcomes related to body composition and pulmonary functions. We used high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to the quantified urinary concentration of phthalates. Pulmonary function test (PFT), anthropometric measurements, and questionnaire were also conducted. We observed a decrease of % of predicted values of forced vital capacity (FVC% of PV) related exposure to mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP; p = 0.054) and sum of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (∑DEHP; p = 0.037), and a decrease of % of predicted values of vital capacity (VC% of PV) related to exposure to MEOHP, ∑DEHP (p = 0.008), and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP; p = 0.014) in females. We detected associations between forced vital capacity (FVC) with weight (p = 0.002) and fat-free mass index (FFMI, p = 0.010). Vital capacity (VC) and VC% of PV increased with weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), the waist-height ratio (WHtR), fat mass index (FMI) and FFMI in females (p ≤ 0.014). Results of multivariate regression between PFT and anthropometric parameters adjusted to phthalates indicated exposure to MnBP and MEHP, changing body structure (BMI and FMI), subsequently affecting values of FEV1/FVC.
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Brans R, Uter W, John SM, Hougaard Foss-Skiftesvik M. Occupational Contact Dermatitis: Hairdressers. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_76-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Apfelbacher CJ, Ofenloch RF, Weisshaar E, Molin S, Bauer A, Mahler V, Heinrich A, von Kiedrowski R, Schmitt J, Elsner P, Diepgen TL. Chronic hand eczema in Germany: 5-year follow-up data from the CARPE registry. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:45-53. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. Apfelbacher
- Medical Sociology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
- Department of Clinical Social Medicine; Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University Hospital, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Robert F. Ofenloch
- Department of Clinical Social Medicine; Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University Hospital, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Department of Clinical Social Medicine; Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University Hospital, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sonja Molin
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Ludwig-Maximilian-University; Munich Germany
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Centre (UAC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Vera Mahler
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen; Erlangen Germany
- Allergology Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
| | | | | | - Jochen Schmitt
- Centre for Evidence-based Healthcare, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Thomas L. Diepgen
- Department of Clinical Social Medicine; Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University Hospital, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
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Hajaghazadeh M, Jafari A, Jafari S, Hekmatirad S, Didarloo A. The Prevalence of Hand Eczema and Its Determinants Among Female Hairdressers: A Cross-Sectional Survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1874944501811010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:Female hairdressers are exposed to various chemicals in their occupation which may lead to skin problems such as hand eczema.This study aimed to determine the one-year prevalence of hand eczema and its risk factors in a sample of Northwest Iranian female hairdressers in 2015.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional investigation in which 385 female hairdressers and 385 women from general population were selected as case and control, respectively.The prevalence of one-year hand eczema was obtained by Nordic occupationl skin questionnaireusing face-to-face interview. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square, independent t-test and logistic regression in SPSS software version 19).Results:The mean and standard deviation of age and work experience of hairdressers were 33.16 ± 7.2 and 8.72 ± 5.7 years, respectively.The prevalence of one-year hand eczema in hairdressers and control group were 27.8% (95%CI=23.22 -32.22) and 13.2% (95%CI=9.02-15.58), respectively. The Odds Ratio (OR) for hand eczema in the hairdressers was 2.52 (95%CI=1.72-3.64), compared to the control group as the reference. Using logistic regression analysis smoking habit [OR=3.44 (95%CI=1.73-6.85)],age less than 30 years [OR=1.76 (95%CI=1.04-2.96)] and working experience less than10 years [OR=3.14 (95%CI=1.63-6.04)]were independent risk factors for reporting one-year prevalence of hand eczemaConclusion:Female hairdressers were more likely to be at risk of developing hand eczema compared to general population. Smoking habit, younger age, and less work experience were the significant risk factors of hand eczema in hairdressers. Occupational health interventions should consider these factors in the control of hand eczema in hairdressers.
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