1
|
Dendooven E, Foubert K, Naessens T, Pieters L, Lambert J, Aerts O. Isocyanates may contribute to allergic contact dermatitis from diabetes devices and wound dressings. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:414-419. [PMID: 35815495 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isocyanates are well-known occupational allergens, but can also be present in medical devices. OBJECTIVES To highlight that contact sensitization to isocyanates might contribute to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from polyurethane (PU)-containing diabetes devices and wound dressings. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nineteen patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from diabetes devices and/or wound dressings were patch tested to an isocyanate series. Four wound dressings, 6 diabetes devices and 4 monomeric isocyanate patch test preparations were analysed with gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC/MS). RESULTS Eight patients reacted to isocyanates and corresponding amines: 3 to isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 4 to 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA), 4 to 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and 1 to polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI). Three of 4 wound dressings contained isocyanates (MDI, TDI and/or IPDI), whereas 5 of 6 diabetes devices contained 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and one of them also IPDI. None of the medical devices contained 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). Contrary to IPDI, and especially MDI, only the concentration of the TDI patch test preparation corresponded approximately (80%) to its label. CONCLUSION Patch tests with isocyanates may be worth-while in patients with suspected ACD from PU-containing medical devices. Besides MDA, and PMDI, also TDI might potentially be a marker for MDI-sensitization. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ella Dendooven
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and Research group Immunology, INFLA-MED Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Research Group Natural Products & Food - Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Research Group Natural Products & Food - Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tania Naessens
- Research Group Natural Products & Food - Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Luc Pieters
- Research Group Natural Products & Food - Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Julien Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and Research group Immunology, INFLA-MED Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Olivier Aerts
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and Research group Immunology, INFLA-MED Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harari H, Bello D, Woskie S, Redlich CA. Assessment of personal inhalation and skin exposures to polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate during polyurethane fabric coating. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:622-635. [PMID: 35694796 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221107243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) monomers and polymeric MDI (pMDI) are aromatic isocyanates widely used in the production of polyurethanes. These isocyanates can cause occupational asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, as well as contact dermatitis. Skin exposure likely contributes toward initial sensitization but is challenging to monitor and quantitate. In this work, we characterized workers' personal inhalation and skin exposures to pMDI in a polyurethane fabric coating factory for subsequent health effect studies. Full-shift personal and area air samples were collected from eleven workers in representative job areas daily for 1-2 weeks. Skin exposure to hands was evaluated concomitantly with a newly developed reagent-impregnated cotton glove dosimeter. Samples were analyzed for pMDI by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In personal airborne samples, the concentration of 4,4'-MDI isomer, expressed as total NCO, had a geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 5.1 and 3.3 ng NCO/m3, respectively (range: 0.5-1862 ng NCO/m3). Other MDI isomers were found at much lower concentrations. Analysis of 4,4'-MDI in the glove dosimeters exhibited much greater exposures (GM: 10 ng/cm2) and substantial variability (GSD: 20 ng NCO/cm2; range: 0-295 ng NCO/cm2). MDI inhalation exposure was well below occupational limits for MDI for all the job areas. However, MDI skin exposure to hands was substantial. These findings demonstrated the potential for substantial isocyanate skin exposure in work settings with very low airborne levels. This exposure characterization should inform future studies that aim to assess the health effects of work exposures to MDI and the effectiveness of protective measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Homero Harari
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, 5925Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Susan Woskie
- Department of Public Health, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Carrie A Redlich
- Yale Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, 12228Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Viability of cultured human skin cells treated with 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate monomer and its oligomer isocyanurate in different culture media. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23804. [PMID: 34893638 PMCID: PMC8664849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The isocyanate monomer 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and one of its trimers, HDI isocyanurate, are airway and skin sensitizers contained in polyurethane paint. The toxic response of cultured skin cells to these compounds was measured by evaluating the isocyanate concentrations at which 50% of the cells die (i.e., lethal concentration 50%, LC50) because the relative toxicity of each form of HDI should be considered when exposure limits of HDI-based paints are set. By using a luminescent ATP-viability assay, we compared the cytotoxic effects of HDI monomer and HDI isocyanurate on cultured human skin cells (keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and melanocytes) after 4-h isocyanate exposures using culture media with varying levels of nutrients in order to also determine the effects of media composition on isocyanate toxicity. Before analysis, experimental wells were normalized to controls containing cells that were cultured with the same vehicle and media. The measured mean LC50 values ranged from 5 to 200 µM across the experimental conditions, in which HDI isocyanurate in protein-devoid media was the most toxic to cells, producing the lowest LC50 values. For HDI monomer, keratinocytes were the most resistant to its toxicity and melanocytes were the most susceptible. However, when exposed to HDI isocyanurate, the opposite was observed, with melanocytes being the most resilient and the keratinocytes and fibroblasts were more susceptible. Depending on the type of skin cells, dose–response data indicated that HDI isocyanurate was 2–6 times more toxic than HDI monomer when using protein-devoid media whereas HDI isocyanurate was 4–13 times more toxic than HDI monomer when protein-rich media was used. Therefore, if the protein-devoid saline medium alone were used for these experiments, then a significant under-estimation of their relative toxicities in protein-rich environments would have resulted. This difference is because HDI monomer toxicity was more attenuated by the presence of protein in the culture media than HDI isocyanurate toxicity. Thus, conclusions based on comparative toxicity studies and consequent inference applied to potential human toxicity can be affected by in vitro culture media conditions. The physiochemical difference in reactivity of the two forms of HDI to biological molecules most likely explains the observed toxicity differences and may have implications for skin penetration, adverse effects like skin sensitization, and systemic responses like asthma. Future studies are warranted to investigate differences in the biological availability, cellular toxicity, and immunologic sensitization mechanisms for HDI monomer and HDI isocyanurate.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hansen ML, Sommerlund M, Isaksson M, Kolstad HA. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to 4,4-methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate). Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:469-470. [PMID: 33966278 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mette L Hansen
- Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Sommerlund
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Henrik A Kolstad
- Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Contact Allergy to Plastic Materials and Glues. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
6
|
Contact Allergy to Plastic Materials and Glues. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_79-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
7
|
Role of the human N-acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphism in metabolism and genotoxicity of 4, 4'-methylenedianiline. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2237-2246. [PMID: 31292670 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
4, 4'-Methylenedianiline (MDA) is used extensively as a curing agent in the production of elastomers and is classified as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence in animal experiments. Human N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) and 2 (NAT2) catalyze the N-acetylation of aromatic amines and NAT2 is subjected to a common genetic polymorphism in human populations separating individuals into rapid, intermediate, and slow acetylator phenotypes. Although MDA is known to undergo N-acetylation to mono- and di-acetyl metabolites, very little is known regarding whether this metabolism is subject to the NAT2 genetic polymorphism. We investigated the N-acetylation of MDA by recombinant human NAT1, NAT2, genetic variants of NAT2, and cryoplateable human hepatocytes obtained from rapid, intermediate and slow acetylators. MDA N-acetylation was catalyzed by both recombinant human NAT1 and NAT2 exhibiting a fivefold higher affinity for human NAT2. N-acetylation of MDA was acetylator genotype dependent as evidenced via its N-acetylation by recombinant human NAT2 genetic variants or by cryoplateable human hepatocytes. MDA N-acetylation to the mono-acetyl or di-acetyl-MDA was highest in rapid, lower in intermediate, and lowest in slow acetylator human hepatocytes. MDA-induced DNA damage in the human hepatocytes was dose-dependent and also acetylator genotype dependent with highest levels of DNA damage in rapid, lower in intermediate, and lowest in slow acetylator human hepatocytes under the same MDA exposure level. In summary, the N-acetylation of MDA by recombinant human NAT2 and cryopreserved human hepatocytes support an important role for the NAT2 genetic polymorphism in modifying MDA metabolism and genotoxicity and potentially carcinogenic risk.
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Bello A, Xue Y, Gore R, Woskie S, Bello D. Assessment and control of exposures to polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) in spray polyurethane foam applicators. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:804-815. [PMID: 31076286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work we characterize personal inhalation and dermal exposures to diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) and other species in polymeric MDI (pMDI) formulations during spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation at 14 sites in New England. We further assess the adequacy of current workplace practices and exposure controls via comparative urinary biomonitoring of the corresponding methylene diphenyl diamine (MDA) pre- and post-shift. MDI and pMDI are potent dermal and respiratory sensitizers and asthmagens, strong irritants of the skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract, and may cause skin burns. This study is the first comprehensive report to-date on the work practices, inhalation and dermal exposures to isocyanates and effectiveness of existing controls during SPF applications. Breathing zone exposures to 4,4' MDI (n = 31; 24 sprayers, 7 helpers) ranged from 0.9 to 123.0 μg/m3 and had a geometric mean (GM) of 13.8 μg/m3 and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 4.8. Stationary near field area samples (n = 15) were higher than personal exposures: GM, 40.9 (GSD, 3.9) μg/m3, range 1.4-240.8 μg/m3. Sixteen percent of personal air samples and 35% of area samples exceeded the National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety's (NIOSH) full shift recommended exposure limit (REL) of 50 μg/m3, assuming zero exposure for the unsampled time. 4,4' MDI load on the glove dosimeters had a GM of 11.4 (GSD 2.9) μg/glove pair/min, suggesting high potential for dermal exposures. Urinary MDA had a GM of 0.7 (GSD, 3.0) μmol MDA/mol creatinine (range, nd-14.5 μmol MDA/mol creatinine). Twenty-five % of urine samples exceeded the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) biological monitoring guidance value (BMGV) of 1 μmol MDA/mol creatinine. We further report on field observations regarding current exposure controls, discuss implications of these findings and opportunities for improving work practices to prevent isocyanate exposures during SPF insulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anila Bello
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Public Health, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
| | - Yalong Xue
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Chemistry, Kennedy College of Sciences, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Rebecca Gore
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Public Health, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Susan Woskie
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Public Health, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Geier J, Amschler K, Claßen A, Buhl T. Sensitization to diphenylmethane-diisocyanate isomers by a single accidental exposure. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 78:90-92. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK); University of Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Katharina Amschler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; University Medical Centre Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Anna Claßen
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; University Medical Centre Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; University Medical Centre Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hamada H, Zimerson E, Bruze M, Isaksson M, Engfeldt M. Sensitizing Capacities and Cross-Reactivity Patterns of Some Diisocyanates and Amines Using the Guinea-Pig Maximization Test. Can p-phenylenediamine be Used as a Marker for Diisocyanate Contact Allergy? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2174/1874372201711010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Isocyanates are mainly considered respiratory allergens but can also cause contact allergy. Diphenylmethane-4,4′-diamine (4,4′-MDA) has been considered a marker for diphenylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate (4,4′-MDI) contact allergy. Furthermore, overrepresentation of positive patch-test reactions top-phenylenediamine (PPD) in 4,4′-MDA positive patients have been reported.Objectives:To investigate the sensitizing capacities of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and PPD and the cross-reactivity of 4,4′-MDA, 2,4-TDI, dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diamine (4,4′-DMDA), dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate (4,4′-DMDI), 4,4′-MDI and PPD.Methods:The Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT) was used.Results:PPD was shown to be a strong sensitizer (p<0.001). Animals sensitized to PPD showed cross-reactivity to 4,4′-MDA (p<0.001). Animals sensitized to 4,4′-MDA did not show cross-reactivity to PPD. 8 animals sensitized to 2,4-TDI were sacrificed due to toxic reactions at the induction site and could thus not be fully evaluated.Conclusion:PPD was shown to be a strong sensitizer. However, it cannot be used as a marker for isocyanate contact allergy. On the other hand, positive reactions to 4,4′-MDA could indicate a PPD allergy. The intradermal induction concentration of 2,4-TDI (0.70% w/v) can induce strong local toxic reactions in guinea-pigs and should be lowered.
Collapse
|