1
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Oyanedel R, Aceves-Bueno E, Davids L, Cisneros-Mata MÁ. An assessment of potential interventions to reduce the totoaba illegal trade market. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14356. [PMID: 39248767 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The illegal trade in totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) is causing adverse social, ecological, and economic impacts. This illegal activity is accelerating the overexploitation of totoaba and pushing the critically endangered vaquita (Phocoena sinus) closer to extinction. Despite extensive efforts to recover vaquita populations, scant attention has been given to the totoaba trade as an independent issue. As a result, data on the totoaba trade are limited, which hampers robust analyses and development of effective interventions to reduce illegal harvesting. We used a previously developed framework specifically designed to examine dynamics of illegal markets and guide measures to mitigate illegal use of totoaba. This framework separates markets into 3 analytical levels: characterization of participating actors (e.g., fishers, intermediaries); examination of how actors interact within the market (e.g., organization of supply chains); and assessment of the overall market dynamics that result from these interactions (e.g., factors determining price and quantity). We reviewed existing literature (108 initial articles) and interviewed key market actors, academics, and nongovernmental organization experts (14) to obtain data for this framework. Our findings offer an overview of the totoaba illegal market operation, highlighting intervention points (e.g., customs agents) and areas where additional information is required to decrease information gaps (e.g., US local market). We describe the structure and complexity of this market, emphasizing the influential role of organized crime in shaping its dynamics (e.g., controlling prices paid to fishers and stockpiling). By providing a systematic and in-depth understanding of the market operation, we aimed to establish a benchmark for effective interventions and future research aimed at reducing uncertainties. Our results provide a crucial step toward addressing this critical issue and can help facilitate development of effective strategies to combat the illegal totoaba trade and promote biodiversity conservation more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Oyanedel
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Erendira Aceves-Bueno
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lucia Davids
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Ibbett H, Dorward L, Jones JPG, Kohi EM, Dwiyahreni AA, Sankeni S, Prayitno K, Mchomvu J, Kaduma J, Saputra AW, Agustin IY, Tryswidiarini T, Mawenya R, Supriatna J, St John FAV. Improving compliance around protected areas through fair administration of rules. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024:e14332. [PMID: 39016707 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Protected area management often depends heavily on law enforcement to secure compliance with rules. However, this can contribute to conflict between protected area authorities and local people, negatively affecting both human well-being and conservation outcomes. Compliance is affected by many factors, including whether those who enforce rules are perceived to do so fairly, as well as the perceived rule-related behavior of others. We used factorial survey experiments to explore how fair respondents living around protected areas in Indonesia and Tanzania perceive sanctions distributed by law enforcers to be. We presented scenarios to respondents to assess how crime type, offender characteristics, and corruption influenced their judgments regarding the fairness of administered sanctions. We also assessed how descriptive norms and corruption influenced individuals' willingness to obey protected area rules. Data were collected from 229 people in Indonesia and 217 in Tanzania. Results showed that in both locations, lawful sanctions, such as arrests or warnings, were perceived as fairer, and sanctions that involved corruption were perceived as least fair. Attitudes toward protected area rules, corruption, and descriptive norms all influenced people's willingness to comply, whereas multidimensional poverty did not. Our results highlight the need for conservation policy and practice to move beyond narratives that focus on the need for more law enforcement. To improve protected area compliance and secure better outcomes for people and nature, conservation must focus on ensuring the fair administration of rules and enhancing the legitimacy of rules themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Ibbett
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | | | | | - Edward M Kohi
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Asri A Dwiyahreni
- Research Centre for Climate Change, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Stephen Sankeni
- Conservation and Human Behaviour Research Group, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Karlina Prayitno
- Research Centre for Climate Change, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Jesca Mchomvu
- Conservation and Human Behaviour Research Group, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Joseph Kaduma
- Conservation and Human Behaviour Research Group, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | | | - Ika Yuni Agustin
- Research Centre for Climate Change, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | | | - Rose Mawenya
- Conservation and Human Behaviour Research Group, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Jatna Supriatna
- Research Centre for Climate Change, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
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3
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Arlidge WNS, Arlinghaus R, Kurvers RHJM, Nassauer A, Oyanedel R, Krause J. Situational social influence leading to non-compliance with conservation rules. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:1154-1164. [PMID: 37634956 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the decisions that we make can be strongly influenced by the behaviour of others. However, testing how social influence can lead to non-compliance with conservation rules during an individual's decision-making process has received little research attention. We synthesise advances in understanding of conformity and rule-breaking in individuals and in groups, and take a situational approach to studying the social dynamics and ensuing social identity changes that can lead to non-compliant decision-making. We focus on situational social influence contagion that are copresent (i.e., same space and same time) or trace-based (i.e., behavioural traces in the same space). We then suggest approaches for testing how situational social influence can lead to certain behaviours in non-compliance with conservation rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N S Arlidge
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; SCIoI Excellence Cluster, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf H J M Kurvers
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; SCIoI Excellence Cluster, 10587 Berlin, Germany; Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Nassauer
- Faculty of Economics, Law and Social Sciences, University of Erfurt, Nordhäuser Str. 63 99089 Erfurt, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Oyanedel
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL)- Universidad Austral de Chile, Edificio Emilio Pugin, piso 1 Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Región de los Ríos, Chile
| | - Jens Krause
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; SCIoI Excellence Cluster, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Navarrete SA, Ávila-Thieme MI, Valencia D, Génin A, Gelcich S. Monitoring the fabric of nature: using allometric trophic network models and observations to assess policy effects on biodiversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220189. [PMID: 37246381 PMCID: PMC10225859 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Species diversity underpins all ecosystem services that support life. Despite this recognition and the great advances in detecting biodiversity, exactly how many and which species co-occur and interact, directly or indirectly in any ecosystem is unknown. Biodiversity accounts are incomplete; taxonomically, size, habitat, mobility or rarity biased. In the ocean, the provisioning of fish, invertebrates and algae is a fundamental ecosystem service. This extracted biomass depends on a myriad of microscopic and macroscopic organisms that make up the fabric of nature and which are affected by management actions. Monitoring them all and attributing changes to management policies is daunting. Here we propose that dynamic quantitative models of species interactions can be used to link management policy and compliance with complex ecological networks. This allows managers to qualitatively identify 'interaction-indicator' species, which are highly impacted by management policies through propagation of complex ecological interactions. We ground the approach in intertidal kelp harvesting in Chile and fishers' compliance with policies. Results allow us to identify sets of species that respond to management policy and/or compliance, but which are often not included in standardized monitoring. The proposed approach aids in the design of biodiversity programmes that attempt to connect management with biodiversity change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Navarrete
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Las Cruces, Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS) and Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Millenium Nucleus for Ecology and Conservation of Temperate Mesophotic Reef Ecosystems (NUTME), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile and Center COPAS-COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - M. Isidora Ávila-Thieme
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS) and Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Advanced Conservation Strategies, Midway, UT 84049, USA
| | - Daniel Valencia
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Las Cruces, Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Alexandre Génin
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Las Cruces, Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, PO Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS) and Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
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5
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Booth H, Ichsan M, Hermansyah RF, Rohmah LN, Naira KB, Adrianto L, Milner‐Gulland EJ. A socio‐psychological approach for understanding and managing bycatch in small‐scale fisheries. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hollie Booth
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- The Biodiversity Consultancy Cambridge UK
| | - Muhammad Ichsan
- University of Sunshine Coast Queensland Sippy Downs Australia
- Yayasan Impak Laut Biru Indonesia (Impact Blue Sea Foundation) Bogor Indonesia
| | - Rizky Fajar Hermansyah
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Indonesia
- Directorate‐General of Surveillance and Control of Marine and Fishery Resources Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia Central Jakarta Indonesia
| | - Lailia Nur Rohmah
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Indonesia
- Directorate‐General of Surveillance and Control of Marine and Fishery Resources Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia Central Jakarta Indonesia
| | - Kusuma Banda Naira
- Aceh Jaya Regency Marine Affairs and Fisheries Office Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia Central Jakarta Indonesia
| | - Luky Adrianto
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Indonesia
| | - Eleanor Jane Milner‐Gulland
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
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6
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Haque AB, Oyanedel R, Cavanagh RD. Mitigating elasmobranch fin trade: A market analysis for made-to-measure interventions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160716. [PMID: 36526199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The unsustainable trade in elasmobranch products, particularly fins, contributes to the decline of elasmobranch populations worldwide. Designing and implementing context-appropriate solutions to mitigate unsustainable trade requires a thorough analysis of markets. Here we assess the market component of the elasmobranch fin trade in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, using a framework designed to analyse wildlife markets. Using a mixed-method approach, we characterised the market to identify the components contributing to unsustainable practices. By-catch retention levels were high leading to the development of a solid market. Trade on fins was prevalent due to a high price, lack of awareness, actors' limited ability to adhere to regulations, and no strategies and incentives to limit fishing mortality. An imbalanced power and financial structure between actors were revealed, with some actors accessing unequal benefits from the market. Impediments for adopting conservation measures by low-access actors (e.g., fishers) with limited decision-making power or resources were evident. We also identified challenges to enforcement primarily due to limited reporting and issues identifying species and products. Fishers noted several socio-ecological, technical, and enforcement issues (e.g., policing instead of meaningful monitoring, punitive measures without facilitating compliance), that will require adequate time and resources to change practices. Lack of opportunities and information to adhere to regulations and increased enforcement has led to conflicts, non-compliance and unwillingness to report catches. The study has significantly strengthened the current understanding of Bangladesh's complex elasmobranch product market while highlighting critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed to inform and improve management decisions. Based on the findings, we recommend targeted actions to respond to the current market for mitigating elasmobranch product trade and moving towards establishing sustainable and ethical trade. Our work has both regional and global significance, given the role of the Bay of Bengal nations in the worldwide elasmobranch product market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alifa Bintha Haque
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka- 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Rodrigo Oyanedel
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL)-Universidad Austral de Chile, Edificio Emilio Pugin, piso 1 Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Región de los Ríos, Chile
| | - Rachel D Cavanagh
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
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7
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Evaluating determinants of wire-snare poaching risk in the Boland Mountain Complex of South Africa. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Rule-breaking in terrestrial protected areas of sub-Saharan Africa: A review of drivers, deterrent measures and implications for conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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9
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Snyder HT, Oyanedel R, Sneddon CS, Scheld AM. Attitudes and behaviors for understanding compliance in Greenland's Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fishery. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hunter T. Snyder
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Rodrigo Oyanedel
- Department of Zoology, Interdisciplinary Center for Conservation Science University of Oxford Oxfordshire UK
| | - Christopher S. Sneddon
- Department of Geography Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
- Department of Environmental Studies Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Andrew M. Scheld
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point Virginia USA
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10
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Nana ED, Njabo KY, Tarla FN, Tah EK, Mavakala K, Iponga DM, Demetrio BM, Kinzonzi L, Embolo LE, Mpouam S. Putting conservation efforts in Central Africa on the right track for interventions that last. Conserv Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Djomo Nana
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Agricultural Research Institute for Development (IRAD) 1st Main Road Nkolbisson Yaounde Cameroon
| | | | | | - Eric Kaba Tah
- Central African Bushmeat Action Group Yaoundé Cameroon
- Last Great Ape Organization (LAGA‐EAGLE Network) Cameroon
| | - Krossy Mavakala
- ERAIFT Kinshasa, Commune de Lemba Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | | | | | | | - Serge Mpouam
- TRAFFIC Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network Yaoundé Cameroon
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11
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Oyanedel R, Gelcich S, Mathieu E, Milner-Gulland EJ. A dynamic simulation model to support reduction in illegal trade within legal wildlife markets. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13814. [PMID: 34342038 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable wildlife trade is critical for biodiversity conservation, livelihoods, and food security. Regulatory frameworks are needed to secure these diverse benefits of sustainable wildlife trade. However, regulations limiting trade can backfire, sparking illegal trade if demand is not met by legal trade alone. Assessing how regulations affect wildlife market participants' incentives is key to controlling illegal trade. Although much research has assessed how incentives at both the harvester and consumer ends of markets are affected by regulations, little has been done to understand the incentives of traders (i.e., intermediaries). We built a dynamic simulation model to support reduction in illegal wildlife trade within legal markets by focusing on incentives traders face to trade legal or illegal products. We used an Approximate Bayesian Computation approach to infer illegal trading dynamics and parameters that might be unknown (e.g., price of illegal products). We showcased the utility of the approach with a small-scale fishery case study in Chile, where we disentangled within-year dynamics of legal and illegal trading and found that the majority (∼77%) of traded fish is illegal. We utilized the model to assess the effect of policy interventions to improve the fishery's sustainability and explore the trade-offs between ecological, economic, and social goals. Scenario simulations showed that even significant increases (over 200%) in parameters proxying for policy interventions enabled only moderate improvements in ecological and social sustainability of the fishery at substantial economic cost. These results expose how unbalanced trader incentives are toward trading illegal over legal products in this fishery. Our model provides a novel tool for promoting sustainable wildlife trade in data-limited settings, which explicitly considers traders as critical players in wildlife markets. Sustainable wildlife trade requires incentivizing legal over illegal wildlife trade and consideration of the social, ecological, and economic impacts of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Oyanedel
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emile Mathieu
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Belhabib D, Le Billon P, Bennett NJ. Ocean sustainability for all requires deeper behavioural research. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 6:6-8. [PMID: 34857926 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dyhia Belhabib
- Ecotrust Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Shackleton Research Trust, Palm Beach, FL, USA.
| | - Philippe Le Billon
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, USA
| | - Nathan J Bennett
- The Peopled Seas Initiative, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,People and the Ocean Specialist Group, Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland
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13
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Rivera-Hechem MI, Guzmán RA, Rodríguez-Sickert C, Gelcich S. Effects of experience with access regimes on stewardship behaviors of small-scale fishers. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:1913-1922. [PMID: 33993553 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Governance regimes that assign exclusive access to support collective action are increasingly promoted to manage common-pool resources under the premise that they foster environmental stewardship. However, experimental evidence linked to existing policies that support this premise is lacking. Overlapping access policies in small-scale fisheries provide a unique opportunity to test the effects of access regimes on users' stewardship behaviors. We performed a lab-in-the-field experiment to assess how fishers' previous experience with access regimes relates to compliance and peer enforcement (n = 120). Fishers' compliance and peer-enforcement decisions were compared in a common-pool-resource game. Treatments differed in framing to represent exclusive access and pseudo-open access regimes, both of which fishers face in real life. To contrast behavior in the game with real-life observations, we compared fishers' associations that have shown relatively high and low management performance under exclusive access policies. Compliance and peer enforcement were higher under the exclusive access treatment than under the pseudo-open access treatment only for fishers' associations with high management performance in real life. Behaviors in the game reflected differences between associations in real life. Our results support previous research on ocean governance by experimentally assessing the role of access regimes in determining users' stewardship and suggest potential mechanisms for stewardship internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Rivera-Hechem
- Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social (CICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Ricardo A Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social (CICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Sickert
- Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social (CICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-ecología Costera, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Bernos TA, Travouck C, Ramasinoro N, Fraser DJ, Mathevon B. What can be learned from fishers' perceptions for fishery management planning? Case study insights from Sainte-Marie, Madagascar. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259792. [PMID: 34780489 PMCID: PMC8592436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Local support is critical to the success and longevity of fishery management initiatives. Previous research suggests that how resource users perceive ecological changes, explain them, and cope with them, influences local support. The objectives of this study were two-fold. First, we collated local fishers' knowledge to characterize the long-term socio-ecological dynamics of the small-scale fishery of Sainte-Marie Island, in Madagascar. Second, we empirically assessed the individual- and site-level factors influencing support for fishery restrictions. Our results indicate that fishers observed a decline in fish abundance and catch sizes, especially in nearshore areas; many also perceived a reduction in fish sizes and the local disappearance of species. To maintain their catches, most fishers adapted by fishing harder and further offshore. Accordingly, fishers identified increased fishing effort (number of fishers and gear evolution) as the main cause of fishery changes. Collectively, our results highlight that the transition from a subsistence to commercial fishery, and resulting changes in the relationship between people and the fisheries, was an underlying driver of fishery changes. Additionally, we found that gender, membership to local associations, coping mechanisms, and perceptions of ecological health, were all interlinked and significantly associated with conservation-oriented attitudes. Conservation-oriented attitudes, however, were not associated with fishers' willingness to decrease fishing. In the short-term, area-based restrictions could contribute to building support for conservation. In the long-term, addressing the underlying causes of the decline will necessitate collaborations among the various groups involved to progressively build livelihood flexibility. Collectively, our study provides additional insights on the individual- and site-level factors influencing support for fishery restrictions. It also highlights the importance of dialoguing with fishers to ensure that fishery management plans are adapted to the local context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaïs A. Bernos
- Natural Resources Management Program, Gret Professionals for Fair Development, Soavimbahoaka, Madagascar
| | - Clodio Travouck
- Natural Resources Management Program, Gret Professionals for Fair Development, Soavimbahoaka, Madagascar
| | - Naly Ramasinoro
- Natural Resources Management Program, Gret Professionals for Fair Development, Soavimbahoaka, Madagascar
| | - Dylan J. Fraser
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara Mathevon
- Natural Resources Management Program, Gret Professionals for Fair Development, Nogent sur Marne Cedex, France
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Oyanedel R, Gelcich S, Milner-Gulland EJ. A framework for assessing and intervening in markets driving unsustainable wildlife use. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148328. [PMID: 34147800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how markets drive unsustainable wildlife use is key for biodiversity conservation. Yet most approaches to date look at isolated components of wildlife markets, hindering our ability to intervene effectively to improve sustainability. To better assess and intervene in wildlife markets, we propose a framework that integrates three analytical levels. The first level, "actor", assesses the underlying motivations and mechanisms that allow or constrain how actors benefit from wildlife markets. The second level, "inter-actor", assesses the configuration of wildlife product supply-chains and the type of competition between actors participating in wildlife markets. The third level, "market", evaluates supply-demand dynamics, quantity and price determinants, and the presence and effect of illegal products flowing into markets. We showcase the utility of the framework in a data-limited small-scale fishery case study (common hake, Merluccius gayi gayi in Chile); our mixed-method analysis provided relevant, tailored management recommendations for improving sustainability. Tackling markets driving unsustainable wildlife use needs integrated approaches that bring together the diversity of factors affecting wildlife market dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Oyanedel
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8320000, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Silva MRO, Pennino MG, Lopes PFM. Predicting potential compliance of small-scale fishers in Brazil: The need to increase trust to achieve fisheries management goals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 288:112372. [PMID: 33756387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many global management and conservation initiatives fail to prevent overfishing either because they do not plan for local engagement, surveillance, and enforcement, and/or because they fail to include alternatives for short-term losses. Thus, these initiatives do not gain support among fishers. In this study, we interviewed fishers to investigate their stated behavior toward fisheries regulations. We assessed possible (non)compliant behavior under scenarios where fishers would face a moratorium on some of their target species. Additionally, we investigated the consequences of such a moratorium on the food web if it were to lead to fishing alternative species. Using data from two Brazilian coastal sites, we found that younger fishers and those who demonstrated a trustworthy relationship with stakeholders were inclined to comply with the rules. The level of potential compliance also varied between the studied places, probably due to unidentified local idiosyncrasies. Fishers tended to trust community actors (e.g., the leader or head of the fishing community) more than institutional actors (e.g., environmental agencies). When fishers were asked why they would choose specific replacement species in the event of a moratorium, they most often cited expected profitability and ease of capture as reasons. Fishers also tended to say that they would replace endangered species with species in the same and/or lower trophic categories. We suggest working toward stronger stakeholder engagement, given that an overall sense of trust in a community appears to be an important asset toward successful management. Higher levels of trust could promote more transparency in the decision-making process, which could facilitate information dissemination, awareness, and the need for compliance. The mixed methods approach used here could help predict responses to new and existing management policies and support adaptive fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R O Silva
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Fishing Ecology, management and economics group, Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - M G Pennino
- Fishing Ecology, management and economics group, Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Spain
| | - P F M Lopes
- Fishing Ecology, management and economics group, Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Cheung H, Mazerolle L, Possingham HP, Biggs D. China's Legalization of Domestic Rhino Horn Trade: Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioner Perspectives and the Likelihood of Prescription. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.607660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the international ban on the trade of rhino horn that has been in place since 1977, persistent demand for horn in Asia has driven a spike in poaching over the past decade. This has embroiled the conservation community in a debate over the efficacy of banning trade relative to other solutions. Proposals for trade to be legalized and supplied through the dehorning of live rhinos or the production of synthetic horn are contentious. The need for empirical research into the potential impacts of legalization on demand was made more urgent in 2018 when China publicized its intentions to reopen its domestic trade and permit the use of rhino horn in medical treatment. In this study, we interviewed 84 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practitioners in the Chinese province of Guangdong. While 58 (69.05%, n = 84) of our interviewees were in favor of trade legalization, only 32 (38.10%, n = 84) thought it likely that trade legalization would cause them to increase their prescription of rhino horn over current levels. This is probably because clinical cases in which rhino horn is medically appropriate are uncommon. We also found that 33 (39.29%, n = 84) practitioners were open to using synthetic horn for patient treatment, which has implications for the viability of synthetic horn as a conservation tool. This research contributes empirical insight to advance the discourse on rhino horn trade policy.
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Booth H, Arias M, Brittain S, Challender DWS, Khanyari M, Kuiper T, Li Y, Olmedo A, Oyanedel R, Pienkowski T, Milner-Gulland EJ. “Saving Lives, Protecting Livelihoods, and Safeguarding Nature”: Risk-Based Wildlife Trade Policy for Sustainable Development Outcomes Post-COVID-19. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.639216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused huge loss of life, and immense social and economic harm. Wildlife trade has become central to discourse on COVID-19, zoonotic pandemics, and related policy responses, which must focus on “saving lives, protecting livelihoods, and safeguarding nature.” Proposed policy responses have included extreme measures such as banning all use and trade of wildlife, or blanket measures for entire Classes. However, different trades pose varying degrees of risk for zoonotic pandemics, while some trades also play critical roles in delivering other key aspects of sustainable development, particularly related to poverty and hunger alleviation, decent work, responsible consumption and production, and life on land and below water. Here we describe how wildlife trade contributes to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in diverse ways, with synergies and trade-offs within and between the SDGs. In doing so, we show that prohibitions could result in severe trade-offs against some SDGs, with limited benefits for public health via pandemic prevention. This complexity necessitates context-specific policies, with multi-sector decision-making that goes beyond simple top-down solutions. We encourage decision-makers to adopt a risk-based approach to wildlife trade policy post-COVID-19, with policies formulated via participatory, evidence-based approaches, which explicitly acknowledge uncertainty, complexity, and conflicting values across different components of the SDGs. This should help to ensure that future use and trade of wildlife is safe, environmentally sustainable and socially just.
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Booth H, Mardhiah U, Siregar H, Hunter J, Giyanto, Putra MIH, Marlow J, Cahyana A, Boysandi, Demoor AYL, Lewis S, Adhiasto D, Adrianto L, Yulianto I. An integrated approach to tackling wildlife crime: Impact and lessons learned from the world's largest targeted manta ray fishery. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hollie Booth
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA
| | - Ulfah Mardhiah
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Hanifah Siregar
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | | | - Giyanto
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | | | - Jo Marlow
- Misool Foundation, Savu Sea Program Larantuka Indonesia
| | - Andi Cahyana
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Boysandi
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | | | | | - Dwi Adhiasto
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Luky Adrianto
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Irfan Yulianto
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
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