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Lisbôa FD, de Aguiar RA, Soares Pereira G, Caputo F. Acute Effects of a Practical Blood Flow Restriction Device During Swimming Exercise. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:466-475. [PMID: 37851855 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2263050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The present study aimed to analyze: 1) the reliability of the tissue saturation index (TSI) and ratings of perceived discomfort (RPD) responses wearing a neoprene practical cuff (PrC), comparing with the responses from traditional (TrC) pneumatic cuffs (study I); 2) the effects of PrC on metabolic (blood lactate concentration, BLC), perceptual (rate of perceived effort, RPE) and kinematic responses at sub-maximal swimming velocities (study II). Methods: Study I; 1) PrC test-retest at rest and during swimming ergometer exercise; 2) BFR at rest with TrC inflated to different percentages of the minimum arterial occlusion pressure (MAOP; 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140%). Test-retest reliability of TSI and RPD was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and comparisons among conditions were analyzed by one-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Study II; 1) 50, 200 and 400 m swimming performances; 2) sub-maximal incremental swimming protocol with and without PrC. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare all variables during sub-maximal velocities. Results: TSI (ICC = 0.81; 95%CI 0.62-0.91) and RPD (ICC = 0.97; 95%CI 0.94-0.99) were reliable under restricted exercise using PrC. TSI during restricted exercise was lower (p <.001) compared to unrestricted exercise (6.8 ± 6.1% vs. 21.6 ± 8.2% of physiological normalization). PrC showed higher BLC only at or above 91% of critical velocity (p < .03), while stroke rate and RPE were higher (p < .005), and stroke length was lower (p < .03) during all swimming velocities. Conclusion: This easy-to-handle and affordable practical BFR device increased physiological stress at sub-maximal efforts which could be an additional training tool for swimmers.
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Mendonca GV, Alves DL, Fitas A, Pezarat-Correia P. Minimum velocity threshold in response to the free-weight back squat: reliability and validity of different submaximal loading schemes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05494-3. [PMID: 38730035 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore if mean concentric velocity (MCV) of the last repetition before set failure differs between free-weight back squat protocols with greater emphasis on metabolic accumulation vs. mechanical loading. The between-set and between-day reliability of terminal MCV obtained with these different loading schemes was also determined. METHODS Fifteen healthy male participants (18-30 years) were included. They all were required to exhibit a relative strength ≥ 1.5 times their body mass. MCVs were obtained at one-repetition maximum (1RM) and with two submaximal protocols (metabolic emphasis: three sets of 40%1RM with blood-flow restriction vs. mechanical emphasis: three sets 80%1RM without blood-flow restriction). Participants were instructed to reach maximal intended concentric velocity in each repetition up to failure. RESULTS Set failure was achieved at a faster MCV with the metabolic protocol (p < 0.05). The reliability of MCV at failure reached higher values for the metabolic loading scheme. However, while the MCV achieved at failure during the metabolic protocol was systematically higher than the MCV at 1RM (p < 0.05), this was not entirely the case for the mechanical protocol (similar to 1RM MCV during the last sets in both testing days). Finally, the absolute error derived from estimating the MCV at 1RM based on the MCV obtained at set failure with the mechanical protocol was considerably high (≥ 0.05 m/s). CONCLUSION This study indicates that MCV obtained at set failure is dependent on the specificity of the physiological demands of exercise. Thus, MCVs obtained at failure with submaximal loads should not be used to estimate 1RM MCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goncalo V Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal.
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal.
| | - Diogo L Alves
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Afonso Fitas
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
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Li SN, Ihsan M, Shaykevich A, Girard O. Exercise responses to heart rate clamped cycling with graded blood flow restriction. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:434-439. [PMID: 37394395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify the acute effects of graded blood flow restriction on the interaction between changes in mechanical output, muscle oxygenation trends and perceptual responses to heart rate clamped cycling. DESIGN Repeated measures. METHODS Twenty-five adults (21 men) performed six, 6-min cycling bouts (24 min of recovery) at a clamped heart rate corresponding to their first ventilatory threshold at 0 % (unrestricted), 15 %, 30 %, 45 %, 60 % and 75 % of arterial occlusion pressure with the cuffs inflated bilaterally from the fourth to the sixth minute. Power output, arterial oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry) and vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy) were monitored during the final 3 min of pedalling, whilst perceptual responses (modified Borg CR10 scales) were obtained immediately after exercise. RESULTS Compared to unrestricted cycling, average power output for minutes 4-6 decreased exponentially for cuff pressures ranging 45-75 % of arterial occlusion pressure (P < 0.001). Peripheral oxygen saturation averaged ∼96 % across all cuff pressures (P = 0.318). Deoxyhemoglobin changes were larger at 45-75 % versus 0 % of arterial occlusion pressure (P < 0.05), whereas higher total haemoglobin values occurred at 60-75 % of arterial occlusion pressure (P < 0.05). Sense of effort, ratings of perceived exertion, pain from cuff pressure, and limb discomfort were exaggerated at 60-75 % versus 0 % of arterial occlusion pressure (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Blood flow restriction of at least 45 % of arterial occlusion pressure is required to reduce mechanical output during heart rate clamped cycling at the first ventilatory threshold. Whilst power decreases non-linearly above this pressure threshold, higher occlusion levels ranging 60-75 % of arterial occlusion pressure also accentuate muscle deoxygenation and exercise-related sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Nam Li
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Human Potential Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Alex Shaykevich
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia.
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Meek AW, Heavrin AM, Mikesky AE, Segal NA, Riley ZA. Subject factors influencing blood flow restriction in the arm at low cuff pressures. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2022; 42:233-240. [PMID: 35319161 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb circumference predicts the pressure needed for complete occlusion. However, that relationship is inconsistent at moderate pressures typical of effective blood flow restriction (BFR) training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of subject factors on BFR at low restriction pressures in the arm. METHODS Fifty subjects had arm anthropometrics assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), sum of skinfold thickness (sumSKF) and Gulick tape (Gulick tape circumference [Gulick Circ.]) at cuff level. Blood flow (BF) was measured with ultrasound at baseline and five restrictive pressures (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mmHg). Relationships between subject characteristics and BFR were assessed using Pearson's correlations and hierarchical regression. RESULTS BF decreased (p < 0.05) at each incremental pressure. Regression models including percent muscle composition (%Muscle), pQCT circumference and systolic blood pressure (SBP), were significant at all five pressures (R2 = 0.18-0.49). %Muscle explained the most variance at each pressure. Regression models including sumSKF, Gulick Circ. and SBP, were significant at 30-60 mmHg (R2 = 0.28-0.49). SumSKF explained the most variance at each pressure. CONCLUSIONS At low pressures (20-60 mmHg), there is considerable variability in the magnitude of BFR across individuals. Arm composition factors (muscle and fat) explained the greatest variance at each cuff pressure and may be the most important consideration when using BFR protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Meek
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Adam M Heavrin
- Department of Exercise Science, Franklin College, Franklin, Indiana, USA
| | - Alan E Mikesky
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Neil A Segal
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Zachary A Riley
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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5
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Bemben DA, Sherk VD, Buchanan SR, Kim S, Sherk K, Bemben MG. Acute and Chronic Bone Marker and Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercise With and Without Blood Flow Restriction in Young Men. Front Physiol 2022; 13:837631. [PMID: 35370772 PMCID: PMC8969015 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared acute and chronic bone marker and hormone responses to 6 weeks of low intensity (20% 1RM) blood flow restriction (BFR20) resistance training to high intensity (70% 1RM) traditional resistance training (TR70) and moderate intensity (45% 1RM) traditional resistance training (TR45) in young men (18–35 years). Participants were randomized to one of the training groups or to a control group (CON). The following training programs were performed 3 days per week for 6 weeks for knee extension and knee flexion exercises: BFR20, 20%1RM, 4 sets (30, 15, 15, 15 reps) wearing blood flow restriction cuffs around the proximal thighs; TR70, 70% 1RM 3 sets 10 reps; and TR45, 45% 1RM 3 sets 15 reps. Muscle strength and thigh cross-sectional area were assessed at baseline, between week 3 and 6 of training. Acute bone marker (Bone ALP, CTX-I) and hormone (testosterone, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, cortisol) responses were assessed at weeks 1 and 6, with blood collection done in the morning after an overnight fast. The main findings were that the acute bone formation marker (Bone ALP) showed significant changes for TR70 and BFR20 but there was no difference between weeks 1 and 6. TR70 had acute increases in testosterone, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 (weeks 1 and 6). BFR20 had significant acute increases in testosterone (weeks 1 and 6) and in IGF-1 at week 6, while TR45 had significant acute increases in testosterone (week 1), IGF-1 (week 6), and IGFBP-3 (week 6). Strength and muscle size gains were similar for the training groups. In conclusion, low intensity BFR resistance training was effective for stimulating acute bone formation marker and hormone responses, although TR70 showed the more consistent hormone responses than the other training groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A. Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- *Correspondence: Debra A. Bemben,
| | - Vanessa D. Sherk
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Samuel R. Buchanan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - SoJung Kim
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Kyle Sherk
- Hanger Clinic, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Michael G. Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
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Freitas EDS, Karabulut M, Bemben MG. The Evolution of Blood Flow Restricted Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 12:747759. [PMID: 34925056 PMCID: PMC8674694 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.747759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of blood flow restricted (BFR) exercise has become an accepted alternative approach to improve skeletal muscle mass and function and improve cardiovascular function in individuals that are not able to or do not wish to use traditional exercise protocols that rely on heavy loads and high training volumes. BFR exercise involves the reduction of blood flow to working skeletal muscle by applying a flexible cuff to the most proximal portions of a person’s arms or legs that results in decreased arterial flow to the exercising muscle and occluded venous return back to the central circulation. Safety concerns, especially related to the cardiovascular system, have not been consistently reported with a few exceptions; however, most researchers agree that BFR exercise can be a relatively safe technique for most people that are free from serious cardiovascular disease, as well as those with coronary artery disease, and also for people suffering from chronic conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s, and osteoarthritis. Potential mechanisms to explain the benefits of BFR exercise are still mostly speculative and may require more invasive studies or the use of animal models to fully explore mechanisms of adaptation. The setting of absolute resistive pressures has evolved, from being based on an individual’s systolic blood pressure to a relative measure that is based on various percentages of the pressures needed to totally occlude blood flow in the exercising limb. However, since several other issues remain unresolved, such as the actual external loads used in combination with BFR, the type of cuff used to induce the blood flow restriction, and whether the restriction is continuous or intermittent, this paper will attempt to address these additional concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D S Freitas
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Murat Karabulut
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Michael G Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
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7
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Bielitzki R, Behrendt T, Behrens M, Schega L. Current Techniques Used for Practical Blood Flow Restriction Training: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2936-2951. [PMID: 34319939 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bielitzki, R, Behrendt, T, Behrens, M, and Schega, L. Current techniques used for practical blood flow restriction training: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2936-2951, 2021-The purpose of this article was to systematically review the available scientific evidence on current methods used for practical blood flow restriction (pBFR) training together with application characteristics as well as advantages and disadvantages of each technique. A literature search was conducted in different databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library) for the period from January 2000 to December 2020. Inclusion criteria for this review were (a) original research involving humans, (b) the use of elastic wraps or nonpneumatic cuffs, and (c) articles written in English. Of 26 studies included and reviewed, 15 were conducted using an acute intervention (11 in the lower body and 4 in the upper body), and 11 were performed with a chronic intervention (8 in the lower body, 1 in the upper body, and 2 in both the upper and the lower body). Three pBFR techniques could be identified: (a) based on the perceptual response (perceived pressure technique), (b) based on the overlap of the cuff (absolute and relative overlap technique), and (c) based on the cuffs' maximal tensile strength (maximal cuff elasticity technique). In conclusion, the perceived pressure technique is simple, valid for the first application, and can be used independently of the cuffs' material properties, but is less reliable within a person over time. The absolute and relative overlap technique as well as the maximal cuff elasticity technique might be applied more reliably due to markings, but require a cuff with constant material properties over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; and
| | - Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; and
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; and
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; and
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8
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Davids CJ, Raastad T, James LP, Gajanand T, Smith E, Connick M, McGorm H, Keating S, Coombes JS, Peake JM, Roberts LA. Similar Morphological and Functional Training Adaptations Occur Between Continuous and Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1784-1793. [PMID: 34027913 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Davids, CJ, Raastad, T, James, L, Gajanand, T, Smith, E, Connick, M, McGorm, H, Keating, S, Coombes, JS, Peake, JM, and Roberts, LA. Similar morphological and functional training adaptations occur between continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1784-1793, 2021-The aim of the study was to compare skeletal muscle morphological and functional outcomes after low-load resistance training using 2 differing blood flow restriction (BFR) protocols. Recreationally active men and women (n = 42 [f = 21], 24.4 ± 4.4 years) completed 21 sessions over 7 weeks of load-matched and volume-matched low-load resistance training (30% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) with either (a) no BFR (CON), (b) continuous BFR (BFR-C, 60% arterial occlusion pressure [AOP]), or (c) intermittent BFR (BFR-I, 60% AOP). Muscle mass was assessed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography before and after training. Muscular strength, endurance, and power were determined before and after training by assessing isokinetic dynamometry, 1RM, and jump performance. Ratings of pain and effort were taken in the first and final training session. An alpha level of p < 0.05 was used to determine significance. There were no between-group differences for any of the morphological or functional variables. The muscle cross sectional area (CSA) increased pre-post training (p = 0.009; CON: 1.6%, BFR-C: 1.1%, BFR-I: 2.2%). Maximal isometric strength increased pre-post training (p < 0.001; CON: 9.6%, BFR-C: 14.3%, BFR-I: 19.3%). Total work performed during an isokinetic endurance task increased pre-post training (p < 0.001, CON: 3.6%, BFR-C: 9.6%, BFR-I: 11.3%). Perceptions of pain (p = 0.026) and effort (p = 0.033) during exercise were higher with BFR-C; however, these reduced with training (p = 0.005-0.034). Overall, these data suggest that when 30% 1RM loads are used with a frequency of 3 times per week, the addition of BFR does not confer superior morphological or functional adaptations in recreationally active individuals. Furthermore, the additional metabolic stress that is proposed to occur with a continuous BFR protocol does not seem to translate into proportionally greater training adaptations. The current findings promote the use of both intermittent BFR and low-load resistance training without BFR as suitable alternative training methods to continuous BFR. These approaches may be practically applicable for those less tolerable to pain and discomfort associated with ischemia during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie J Davids
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia.,School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lachlan P James
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trishan Gajanand
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emily Smith
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Connick
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hamish McGorm
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia
| | - Shelley Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Llion A Roberts
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia.,School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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9
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Morley WN, Ferth S, Debenham MIB, Boston M, Power GA, Burr JF. Training response to 8 weeks of blood flow restricted training is not improved by preferentially altering tissue hypoxia or lactate accumulation when training to repetition failure. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1257-1264. [PMID: 33930277 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite compelling muscular structure and function changes resulting from blood flow restricted (BFR) resistance training, mechanisms of action remain poorly characterized. Alterations in tissue O2 saturation (TSI%) and metabolites are potential drivers of observed changes, but their relationships with degree of occlusion pressure are unclear. We examined local TSI% and blood lactate (BL) concentration during BFR training to failure using different occlusion pressures on strength, hypertrophy, and muscular endurance over an 8-week training period. Twenty participants (11M:9F) trained 3/wk for 8wk using high pressure (100% resting limb occlusion pressure, LOP, 20%1RM), moderate pressure (50% LOP, 20%1RM), or traditional resistance training (70%1RM). Strength, size, and muscular endurance were measured pre/post training. TSI% and BL were quantified during a training session. Despite overall increases, no group preferentially increased strength, hypertrophy, or muscular endurance (p>0.05). Neither TSI% nor BL concentration differed between groups (p>0.05). Moderate pressure resulted in greater accumulated deoxygenation stress (TSI%*time) (-6352±3081, -3939±1835, -2532±1349 au for moderate pressure, high pressure, and TRT, p=0.018). We demonstrate that BFR training to task-failure elicits similar strength, hypertrophy, and muscular endurance changes to traditional resistance training. Further, varied occlusion pressure does not impact these outcomes, nor elicit changes in TSI% or BL concentrations. Novelty Bullets • Training to task failure with low-load blood flow restriction elicits similar improvements to traditional resistance training, regardless of occlusion pressure. • During blood flow restriction, altering occlusion pressure does not proportionally impact tissue O2 saturation nor blood lactate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Neil Morley
- University of Guelph, 3653, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Shane Ferth
- University of Guelph, 3653, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;
| | | | - Matthew Boston
- University of Guelph, 3653, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Geoffrey Alonzo Power
- University of Guelph, 3653, Human Health & Nutritional Sciences , Guelph, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Jamie F Burr
- University of Guelph, 3653, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Guelph, Canada;
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10
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Sumi D, Yamaguchi K, Goto K. Impact of Three Consecutive Days of Endurance Training Under Hypoxia on Muscle Damage and Inflammatory Responses. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:663095. [PMID: 33937753 PMCID: PMC8082451 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.663095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 3 consecutive days of endurance training under hypoxia on muscle damage, inflammation, and performance responses. Methods: Nine active healthy males completed two trials in different periods, consisting of either 3 consecutive days of endurance training under hypoxia [fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2): 14.5%, HYP] or normoxia (Fio2: 20.9%, NOR). They performed daily 90-min sessions of endurance training consisting of high-intensity endurance interval pedaling [10 × 4-min pedaling at 80% of maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o2max) with 2 min of active rest at 30% of V˙o2max] followed by 30-min continuous pedaling at 60% of V˙o2max during 3 consecutive days (days 1–3). Venous blood sample, muscular performance of lower limb, and score of subjective feelings were determined every morning (days 1–4) to evaluate muscle damage and inflammation. On day 4, subjects performed an incremental exercise test (IET) to evaluate the performance response. Results: Pedaling workload during daily endurance training was significantly lower in the HYP trial (interval exercise: 166 ± 4 W) than in the NOR trial (194 ± 8 W; P < 0.0001). Serum creatine kinase (CK) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations did not significantly change during days 1–4 in either trial. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee extension (P < 0.0001) and drop jump (DJ) index (P = 0.004) were significantly decreased with training in both trials, with no significant difference between trials. The muscle soreness and fatigue scores significantly increased in both trials (P < 0.0001). However, the HYP trial showed a significantly lower score of fatigue on day 4 compared with the NOR trial (P = 0.004). Maximal aerobic power output during IET on day 4 did not significantly differ between trials. Conclusion: Three consecutive days of endurance training under hypoxia induced comparable levels of muscle damage, inflammation, and performance responses compared with the same training under normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sumi
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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11
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Karabulut M, Esparza B, Dowllah IM, Karabulut U. The impact of low-intensity blood flow restriction endurance training on aerobic capacity, hemodynamics, and arterial stiffness. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:877-884. [PMID: 33314880 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the effects of short-term low-intensity blood flow restriction (BFR) endurance training (ET) programs on measures of aerobic capacity, hemodynamics, and arterial stiffness in healthy young males. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy young recreationally active males participated in this short-term training study. They were randomly assigned to a high-intensity (HI; N.=11; trained at 60-70% of VO<inf>2</inf> reserve [VO<inf>2</inf>R]), low-intensity (LI; N.=8; trained at 30-40% of VO<inf>2</inf>R), low-intensity with BFR (LI-BFR; N.=10; trained at 30-40% of VO<inf>2</inf>R with BFR) or a non-exercising control group (N.=10). The exercising subjects completed a 6-wk training protocol on a treadmill. Assessment of aerobic capacity (VO<inf>2max</inf>), hemodynamics and arterial stiffness were done before and after training. RESULTS Statistical analyses revealed a significant condition main effect (P<0.05) for VO<inf>2max</inf>, indicating significant increase (P<0.05) in VO<inf>2max</inf> in LI-BFR group compared to control. There were no significant changes for resting heart rate (RHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), carotid-radial pulse wave velocity (PWV), and carotid-femoral PWV (P>0.05). However, femoral-tibial PWV decreased significantly (P<0.05) from baseline to post-training. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the application of BFR during ET may cause faster and/or greater adaptations in one or more physiological systems resulting in improved cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Karabulut
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA -
| | - Brittany Esparza
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Imtiaz M Dowllah
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Ulku Karabulut
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
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Cirilo-Sousa MDS, Lemos JB, Poderoso R, Araújo RCTD, Aniceto RR, Pereira PMG, Araújo JP, Lucena PHM, Paz CR, Araújo Júnior ATD. PREDICTIVE EQUATION FOR BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION TRAINING. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220192506186803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction No research has investigated predictive equations for application in blood flow restriction (BFR) training using a cuff with a circumference of 18 cm for the lower limbs, and including age and sex as predictor variables. Objectives To develop an equation to predict cuff pressure levels for use in BFR training for the lower limbs. Methods A total of 51 adults (age 23.23 ± 5.24 years) of both sexes (males, n= 32; females, n= 19) underwent a series of tests and anthropometric (body mass, height, body mass index – BMI, and thigh circumference – TC) and hemodynamic (brachial systolic – SBP – and diastolic – DBP – blood pressure) measurements. The arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) of the lower limbs was measured using a Doppler probe. Results The predictive equation was developed based on a hierarchical linear regression model consisting of six blocks, corresponding to TC (β = 0.380; p = 0.005), SBP (β = 0.091; p = 0.482), age (β = 0.320; p = 0.015), and sex (β = -0.207; p = 0.105), which explained 39.7% of the variation in arterial occlusion pressure. DBP and BMI were not associated with AOP. As a result, the predictive equation is as follows: AOP (mmHg) = 65.290 + 1.110 (TC in cm) + 0.178 (SBP in mmHg) + 1.153 (age in years) – 7.984 (sex, 1 – male and 2 – female), reporting values of r = 0.630, r2 = 0.397 and SEE = 15,289. Conclusion Cuff pressure for BFR training of the lower limbs may be selected based on TC, SBP, age and sex, and thigh circumference is considered the main predictor. Level of Evidence III, Non-consecutive studies, or studies without consistently applied reference standard.
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Reis JF, Fatela P, Mendonca GV, Vaz JR, Valamatos MJ, Infante J, Mil-Homens P, Alves FB. Tissue Oxygenation in Response to Different Relative Levels of Blood-Flow Restricted Exercise. Front Physiol 2019; 10:407. [PMID: 31031637 PMCID: PMC6470188 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restrictive (BFR) exercise elicits a localized hypoxic environment compatible with greater metabolic stress. We intended to compare the acute changes in muscle microvascular oxygenation following low-intensity knee extension exercise, combined with different levels of BFR. Thirteen active young men (age: 23.8 ± 5.4 years) were tested for unilateral knee extension exercise (30 + 15 + 15 + 15 reps at 20% one repetition maximum) on four different conditions: no-BFR (NOBFR), 40, 60, and 80% of arterial occlusion pressure (AOP). Deoxyhemoglobin+myoglobin concentration Deoxy[Hb+Mb], total hemoglobin [T(H+Mb)] and tissue oxygen saturation [TOI] were measured on the vastus lateralis muscle using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIMO, Nirox srl, Brescia, Italy). The magnitude of change in Deoxy[Hb+Mb]during exercise was similar between 60 and 80% AOP. Overall, compared to that seen during 60 and 80% AOP, NOBFR as well as 40% AOP resulted in a lower magnitude of change in Deoxy[Hb+Mb] (p < 0.05). While the oxygen extraction decreased during each inter-set resting interval in NOBFR and 40% AOP, this was not the case for 60 or 80% AOP. Additionally, TOI values obtained during recovery from each set of exercise were similarly affected by all conditions. Finally, our data also show that, when performed at higher restrictive values (60 and 80%), BFR exercise increases total Deoxy[Hb+Mb] extraction (p < 0.05). Taken together, we provide evidence that BFR is effective for increasing deoxygenation and reducing tissue oxygenation during low-intensity exercise. We also showed that when using low loads, a relative pressure above 40% of the AOP at rest is required to elicit changes in microvascular oxygenation compared with the same exercise with unrestricted conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F. Reis
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Ciper, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fatela
- Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory, Faculdade de Motrocidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Goncalo V. Mendonca
- Ciper, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joao R. Vaz
- Ciper, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Maria J. Valamatos
- Ciper, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory, Faculdade de Motrocidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Infante
- Spertlab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Mil-Homens
- Ciper, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory, Faculdade de Motrocidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco B. Alves
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Ciper, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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14
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Törpel A, Herold F, Hamacher D, Müller NG, Schega L. Strengthening the Brain-Is Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction an Effective Strategy for Cognitive Improvement? J Clin Med 2018; 7:E337. [PMID: 30304785 PMCID: PMC6210989 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a decrease in physical capabilities (e.g., strength loss) and cognitive decline. The observed bidirectional relationship between physical activity and brain health suggests that physical activities could be beneficial to maintain and improve brain functioning (e.g., cognitive performance). However, the exercise type (e.g., resistance training, endurance training) and their exercise variables (e.g., load, duration, frequency) for an effective physical activity that optimally enhance cognitive performance are still unknown. There is growing evidence that resistance training induces substantial brain changes which contribute to improved cognitive functions. A relative new method in the field of resistance training is blood flow restriction training (BFR). While resistance training with BFR is widely studied in the context of muscular performance, this training strategy also induces an activation of signaling pathways associated with neuroplasticity and cognitive functions. Based on this, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that resistance training with BFR is a promising new strategy to boost the effectiveness of resistance training interventions regarding cognitive performance. To support our hypothesis, we provide rationales of possible adaptation processes induced by resistance training with BFR. Furthermore, we outline recommendations for future studies planning to investigate the effects of resistance training with BFR on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Törpel
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Dennis Hamacher
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Notger G Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Lutz Schega
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany.
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15
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Groennebaek T, Vissing K. Impact of Resistance Training on Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Content, and Function. Front Physiol 2017; 8:713. [PMID: 28966596 PMCID: PMC5605648 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle metabolic and contractile properties are reliant on muscle mitochondrial and myofibrillar protein turnover. The turnover of these specific protein pools is compromised during disease, aging, and inactivity. Oppositely, exercise can accentuate muscle protein turnover, thereby counteracting decay in muscle function. According to a traditional consensus, endurance exercise is required to drive mitochondrial adaptations, while resistance exercise is required to drive myofibrillar adaptations. However, concurrent practice of traditional endurance exercise and resistance exercise regimens to achieve both types of muscle adaptations is time-consuming, motivationally demanding, and contended to entail practice at intensity levels, that may not comply with clinical settings. It is therefore of principle interest to identify effective, yet feasible, exercise strategies that may positively affect both mitochondrial and myofibrillar protein turnover. Recently, reports indicate that traditional high-load resistance exercise can stimulate muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial respiratory function. Moreover, fatiguing low-load resistance exercise has been shown capable of promoting muscle hypertrophy and expectedly entails greater metabolic stress to potentially enhance mitochondrial adaptations. Consequently, fatiguing low-load resistance exercise regimens may possess the ability to stimulate muscle mitochondrial adaptations without compromising muscle myofibrillar accretion. However, the exact ability of resistance exercise to drive mitochondrial adaptations is debatable, not least due to some methodological challenges. The current review therefore aims to address the evidence on the effects of resistance exercise on skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, content and function. In prolongation, a perspective is taken on the specific potential of low-load resistance exercise on promoting mitochondrial adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Groennebaek
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Vissing
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
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16
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Corvino RB, Rossiter HB, Loch T, Martins JC, Caputo F. Physiological responses to interval endurance exercise at different levels of blood flow restriction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 117:39-52. [PMID: 27826654 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to identify a blood flow restriction (BFR) endurance exercise protocol that would both maximize cardiopulmonary and metabolic strain, and minimize the perception of effort. METHODS Twelve healthy males (23 ± 2 years, 75 ± 7 kg) performed five different exercise protocols in randomized order: HI, high-intensity exercise starting at 105% of the incremental peak power (P peak); I-BFR30, intermittent BFR at 30% P peak; C-BFR30, continuous BFR at 30% P peak; CON30, control exercise without BFR at 30% P peak; I-BFR0, intermittent BFR during unloaded exercise. Cardiopulmonary, gastrocnemius oxygenation (StO2), capillary lactate ([La]), and perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. RESULTS V̇O2, ventilation (V̇ E), heart rate (HR), [La] and RPE were greater in HI than all other protocols. However, muscle StO2 was not different between HI (set1-57.8 ± 5.8; set2-58.1 ± 7.2%) and I-BRF30 (set1-59.4 ± 4.1; set2-60.5 ± 6.6%, p < 0.05). While physiologic responses were mostly similar between I-BFR30 and C-BFR30, [La] was greater in I-BFR30 (4.2 ± 1.1 vs. 2.6 ± 1.1 mmol L-1, p = 0.014) and RPE was less (5.6 ± 2.1 and 7.4 ± 2.6; p = 0.014). I-BFR30 showed similar reduced muscle StO2 compared with HI, and increased blood lactate compared to C-BFR30 exercise. CONCLUSION Therefore, this study demonstrate that endurance cycling with intermittent BFR promotes muscle deoxygenation and metabolic strain, which may translate into increased endurance training adaptations while minimizing power output and RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério B Corvino
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Exercise Science, UDESC, Florianopolis, Brazil. .,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Center at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.
| | - Harry B Rossiter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Center at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Thiago Loch
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Exercise Science, UDESC, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Jéssica C Martins
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Exercise Science, UDESC, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Fabrizio Caputo
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Exercise Science, UDESC, Florianopolis, Brazil
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17
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Cumming KT, Ellefsen S, Rønnestad BR, Ugelstad I, Raastad T. Acute and long-term effects of blood flow restricted training on heat shock proteins and endogenous antioxidant systems. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1190-1201. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. T. Cumming
- Department of Physical Performance; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - S. Ellefsen
- Lillehammer University College; Lillehammer Norway
- Innlandet Hospital Trust; Brumunddal Norway
| | | | - I. Ugelstad
- Department of Physical Performance; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - T. Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
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NATSUME TOSHIHARU, OZAKI HAYAO, NAKAGATA TAKASHI, MACHIDA SHUICHI, NAITO HISASHI. Acute Changes in Blood Lactate Concentration, Muscle Thickness, and Strength After Walking with Blood Flow Restriction in Older Adults. JUNTENDO IJI ZASSHI 2016. [DOI: 10.14789/jmj.62.s237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- TOSHIHARU NATSUME
- Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine, Juntendo University
| | - HAYAO OZAKI
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University
| | | | - SHUICHI MACHIDA
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University
| | - HISASHI NAITO
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University
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19
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Karabulut M, Garcia SD. Hemodynamic responses and energy expenditure during blood flow restriction exercise in obese population. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 37:1-7. [PMID: 26046808 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study investigated the acute effects of different initial restrictive pressures (IRP; tightness of cuffs before inflation with air) on heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and energy expenditure (EE) during constant-load upright cycling. METHODS In a within subject study design, 34 obese men (age = 24·3, n = 18) and women (age = 23·1, n = 16) completed three cycling sessions (two blood flow restriction and one control sessions). The cycling exercise was performed with an external load of 1kp at 50 rpm for 20 min with 1-min rest after the 10th-min. The blood flow restriction (BFR) cuffs were placed on the thigh of both legs during BFR sessions and IRP and IRP of ~40 or ~60 mmHg were applied in random order. RESULTS There were significant condition × time interactions for HR, SBP, RPE and RER and time × gender interactions for HR and SBP. There were also significant condition and time main effects for HR, SBP, RPE and RER (P<0·01) and a significant condition effect for EE (P<0·05). CONCLUSION The intensity of exercise with BFR was higher and affected by IRP, but the subjects perceived the effort as 'light'. Low-intensity cycling with BFR shows potential to reduce the time requirement per session to elicit greater EE while placing greater demands on the circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Karabulut
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas at Brownsville, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Sonio D Garcia
- Institute for Health Promotion Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Brownsville, TX, USA
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Park SY, Kwak YS, Harveson A, Weavil JC, Seo KE. Low intensity resistance exercise training with blood flow restriction: insight into cardiovascular function, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy in humans. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:191-6. [PMID: 25954122 PMCID: PMC4422957 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated functional exercise capacity in elderly and diseased populations is a common problem, and stems primarily from physical inactivity. Decreased function and exercise capacity can be restored by maintaining muscular strength and mass, which are key factors in an independent and healthy life. Resistance exercise has been used to prevent muscle loss and improve muscular strength and mass. However, the intensities necessary for traditional resistance training to increase muscular strength and mass may be contraindicated for some at risk populations, such as diseased populations and the elderly. Therefore, an alternative exercise modality is required. Recently, blood flow restriction (BFR) with low intensity resistance exercise (LIRE) has been used for such special populations to improve their function and exercise capacity. Although BFR+LIRE has been intensively studied for a decade, a comprehensive review detailing the effects of BFR+LIRE on both skeletal muscle and vascular function is not available. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss previous studies documenting the effects of BFR+LIRE on hormonal and transcriptional factors in muscle hypertrophy and vascular function, including changes in hemodynamics, and endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Young Park
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City 84148, USA. ; Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84148, USA
| | - Yi Sub Kwak
- Department of Physical Education, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
| | - Andrew Harveson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84148, USA
| | - Joshua C Weavil
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City 84148, USA. ; Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84148, USA
| | - Kook E Seo
- Department of Sports Science, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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