1
|
Abstract
The global impact of childhood malnutrition is staggering. The synergism between malnutrition and infection contributes substantially to childhood morbidity and mortality. Anthropometric indicators of malnutrition are associated with the increased risk and severity of infections caused by many pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths. Since childhood malnutrition commonly involves the inadequate intake of protein and calories, with superimposed micronutrient deficiencies, the causal factors involved in impaired host defense are usually not defined. This review focuses on literature related to impaired host defense and the risk of infection in primary childhood malnutrition. Particular attention is given to longitudinal and prospective cohort human studies and studies of experimental animal models that address causal, mechanistic relationships between malnutrition and host defense. Protein and micronutrient deficiencies impact the hematopoietic and lymphoid organs and compromise both innate and adaptive immune functions. Malnutrition-related changes in intestinal microbiota contribute to growth faltering and dysregulated inflammation and immune function. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding the malnutrition-infection synergism, critical gaps in our understanding remain. We highlight the need for mechanistic studies that can lead to targeted interventions to improve host defense and reduce the morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases in this vulnerable population.
Collapse
|
2
|
Che L, Hu L, Liu Y, Yan C, Peng X, Xu Q, Wang R, Cheng Y, Chen H, Fang Z, Lin Y, Xu S, Feng B, Chen D, Wu D. Dietary Nucleotides Supplementation Improves the Intestinal Development and Immune Function of Neonates with Intra-Uterine Growth Restriction in a Pig Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157314. [PMID: 27304828 PMCID: PMC4909294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to determine whether dietary nucleotides supplementation could improve growth performance, intestinal development and immune function of intra-uterine growth restricted (IUGR) neonate using pig as animal model. A total of 14 pairs of normal birth weight (NBW) and IUGR piglets (7 days old) were randomly assigned to receive a milk-based control diet (CON diet) or diet supplemented with nucleotides (NT diet) for a period of 21 days. Blood samples, intestinal tissues and digesta were collected at necropsy and analyzed for morphology, digestive enzyme activities, microbial populations, peripheral immune cells, expression of intestinal innate immunity and barrier-related genes and proteins. Compared with NBW piglets, IUGR piglets had significantly lower average daily dry matter intake and body weight gain (P<0.05). Moreover, IUGR markedly decreased the villous height and villi: crypt ratio in duodenum (P<0.05), as well as the maltase activity in jejunum (P<0.05). In addition, IUGR significantly decreased the serum concentrations of IgA, IL-1βand IL-10 (P<0.05), as well as the percentage of peripheral lymphocytes (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the down-regulation of innate immunity-related genes such as TOLLIP (P<0.05), TLR-9 (P = 0.08) and TLR-2 (P = 0.07) was observed in the ileum of IUGR relative to NBW piglets. Regardless of birth weight, however, feeding NT diet markedly decreased (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio, increased the villous height in duodenum (P<0.05), activities of lactase and maltase in jejunum (P<0.05), count of peripheral leukocytes (P<0.05), serum concentrations of IgA and IL-1β as well as gene expressions of TLR-9, TLR-4 and TOLLIP in ileum (P<0.05). In addition, expressions of tight junction proteins (Claudin-1 and ZO-1) in ileum were markedly increased by feeding NT diet relative to CON diet (P<0.05). These results indicated that IUGR impaired growth performance, intestinal and immune function, but dietary nucleotides supplementation improved nutrients utilization, intestinal function and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianqiang Che
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Liang Hu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xie Peng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Cheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of livestock nutrition, Tongwei group Co., Ltd., No. 588, Tianfu Road, Gaoxin District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Feng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - De Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim KO, Park H, Kim HS. Effects of High-Protein Diet and/or Resveratrol Supplementation on the Immune Response of Irradiated Rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 19:156-63. [PMID: 25320712 PMCID: PMC4195620 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.3.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a high-protein diet and resveratrol supplementation on immune cells changes induced by abdominal irradiation in rats. Female Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: 1) control diet, 2) control diet with irradiation 3) 30% high-protein diet with irradiation, 4) normal diet with resveratrol supplementation and irradiation, and 5) 30% high-protein diet with resveratrol supplementation and irradiation. We measured blood protein and albumin concentrations, lipid profiles, white blood cell (WBC) counts, proinflammatory cytokine production, and splenocyte proliferation in rats that had been treated with a 17.5 Gy dose of radiation 30 days prior. A high-protein diet affected plasma total cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, which were increased by the radiation treatment. In addition, the lymphocyte percentage and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentration were increased, and the neutrophil percentage was decreased in rats fed a high-protein diet. Resveratrol supplementation decreased the triglyceride (TG) level, but increased the IgM concentration and splenocyte proliferation. Proinflammatory cytokine production was lower in rats fed a high-protein diet supplemented with resveratrol than in rats fed a control diet. The results of the present study indicate that high-protein diets, with or without resveratrol supplementation, might assist with recovery from radiation-induced inflammation by modulating immune cell percentages and cytokine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ok Kim
- Division of Food and Nutritional Science & Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Park
- ICAN Nutrition Education and Research, Seoul 150-877, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Kim
- Division of Food and Nutritional Science & Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea ; Major in Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| |
Collapse
|