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Zhu K, Wu Q, Ni C, Zhang P, Zhong Z, Wu Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Kong M, Cheng H, Tao Z, Yang Q, Liang H, Jiang Y, Li Q, Zhao J, Huang J, Zhang F, Chen Q, Li Y, Chen J, Zhu W, Yu H, Zhang J, Yang HT, Hu X, Wang J. Lack of Remuscularization Following Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiovascular Progenitor Cells in Infarcted Nonhuman Primates. Circ Res 2018; 122:958-969. [PMID: 29343525 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiovascular progenitor cells (hPSC-CVPCs) should be thoroughly investigated in large animal studies before testing in clinical trials. OBJECTIVE The main of this study is to clarify whether hPSC-CVPCs can engraft for long time in the heart of primates after myocardial infarction (MI) and compare the effectiveness and safety of immunosuppression with cyclosporine alone or multiple-drug regimen (MDR) containing cyclosporine, methylprednisolone, and basiliximab in cynomolgus monkeys that had received intramyocardial injections of 1×107 EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein)-expressing hPSC-CVPCs after MI. A third group of animals received the immunosuppression MDR but without cell therapy after MI (MI+MDR group). METHODS AND RESULTS Measurements of EGFP gene levels and EGFP immunofluorescence staining indicated that the hPSC-CVPC engraftment rate was greater in the MI+MDR+CVPC group than that in the MI+cyclosporine+CVPC group. However, even in the MI+MDR+CVPC group, no transplanted cells could be detected at 140 days after transplantation. Concomitantly, immunofluorescent analysis of CD3, CD4, and CD8 expression indicated that T-lymphocyte infiltration in the CVPC-transplanted hearts was less in the MDR-treated animals than in the cyclosporine-alone-treated animals. The recovery of left ventricular function on day 28 post-MI in the MI+MDR+CVPC group was better than that in the MI+MDR group. Apoptotic cardiac cells were also less common in the MI+MDR+CVPC group than in the MI+MDR group, although both immunosuppression regimens were associated with transient hepatic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study of hPSCs in nonhuman primates in cardiovascular field to date (n=32). Compared with cyclosporine alone, MDR attenuates immune rejection and improves survival of hPSC-CVPCs in primates; this is associated with less apoptosis of native cardiac cells and better recovery of left ventricular function at 28 days. However, even with MDR, transplanted hPSC-CVPCs do not engraft and do not survive at 140 days after transplantation, thereby excluding remuscularization as a mechanism for the functional effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Qiang Wu
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Cheng Ni
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Peng Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Zhiwei Zhong
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Yan Wu
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Yingchao Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Yinchuan Xu
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Minjian Kong
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Haifeng Cheng
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Zhihua Tao
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Qian Yang
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - He Liang
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Yun Jiang
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Qingju Li
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Jing Zhao
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Jijun Huang
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Fengjiang Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Qi Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Yi Li
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Jinghai Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Wei Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Hong Yu
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang)
| | - Huang-Tian Yang
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang).
| | - Xinyang Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang).
| | - Jian'an Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.Y., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., J.W.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (M.K., H.C.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (Z.T.), and Department of Anesthesiology (F.Z., Q.C., Y.L.), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai, University of CAS, Beijing, PR China (Q.W., P.Z., H.L., Y.J., J.H., H.-T.Y.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (K.Z., C.N., Z.Z., Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Y.X., Q.L., J. Zhao, J.C., W.Z., H.Y., X.H., Y.W.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J. Zhang).
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