Distinguishing between irritated seborrheic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma in situ using BCL-2 and IMP3 immunohistochemistry

Update of pathophysiology and treatment options of seborrheic keratosis

Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is a common, benign tumor that can occur on everybody site and can be conservatively managed. Cosmetic concerns, especially when a lesion involves the facial area, are the most common reason for excision. SK shows male gender preponderance and increasing age is an independent association with the condition. Even though more prevalent in the elderly, it has also been reported in younger age groups like adolescents and young adults. Precise pathogenesis is still obscure, but ultra-violet exposure represents a predisposing factor to SK by altering the biochemical concentration and expression of factors like Glutamine deaminases, endothelin, and stem cell factor. Moreover, the accumulation of amyloid-associated protein has also been postulated. Involvement of genitalia has been associated with human papillomavirus infection. Recently, Merkel cell polyomavirus nucleic acid was also detected in SK. Several oncogenic mutations involving FGFR-3 and FOXN1 have been identified. SKs are usually classified clinically and histologically. Dermatoscopy is a noninvasive alternative diagnostic technique widely used in differentiating SK from other benign and malignant tumors. In terms of treatment, topical agents, shave dissection, cryosurgery, electrodesiccation, laser application and curettage under local anesthesia are safe methods for eradication of SKs, mostly for cosmetic purposes. Though generally safe, the latter techniques may occasionally cause post-procedure depigmentation, scarring, and recurrence. Nanosecond-pulsed electric field technology is a promising new technique with fewer side-effects.

Prognostic Impact of IGF2BP3 Expression in Patients with Surgically Resected Lung Adenocarcinoma

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) acts as the representative histological subtype regarding lung cancer, and its mortality and morbidity remain high. Therefore, more therapeutic targets are needed. Insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA-binding proteins (IGF2BPs), a class of RNA-binding proteins, including IGF2BP1, IGF2BP2, and IGF2BP3, are considered to be the "reader" of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation and remarkably affects cancer occurrence and development. Studies have shown that IGF2BP3 has prognostic potential in multiple public databases compared with other members of the IGF2BPs family. This research aims to use the expression data of IGF2BP3 in multiple cohorts to explore the expression as well as prognostic significance of IGF2BP3 in LUAD. Based on the six datasets from the Oncomine database, LUAD tissue presented obviously higher IGF2BP3 expression relative to normal tissue. In the three cohorts of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene expression profiling interactive analysis, and Gene Expression Omnibus, IGF2BP3 was abnormally highly expressed in LUAD, and it could lead to a weaker prognosis (p < 0.05). The cohort from National Cancer Center of China (NCC) verified the prognostic value of IGF2BP3, and the high IGF2BP3 expression could be remarkably related to gender, tumor length, differentiation, and T stage (p < 0.05). Cox regression analysis of TCGA and NCC cohorts consistently showed that IGF2BP3 expression could serve for independently predicting the prognosis of LUAD patients (p < 0.05). Ten hallmark pathways with significant enrichment were identified. IGF2BP3 is abnormally highly expressed in LUAD tissue, and can lead to worse overall survival. In summary, IGF2BP3 may be an oncogene and potential prognostic biomarker of LUAD.

IGF2BP3 From Physiology to Cancer: Novel Discoveries, Unsolved Issues, and Future Perspectives

RNA network control is a key aspect of proper cellular homeostasis. In this context, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a major role as regulators of the RNA life cycle due to their capability to bind to RNA sequences and precisely direct nuclear export, translation/degradation rates, and the intracellular localization of their target transcripts. Alterations in RBP expression or functions result in aberrant RNA translation and may drive the emergence and progression of several pathological conditions, including cancer. Among the RBPs, insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) is of particular interest in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms underlying the oncogenic functions of IGF2BP3, summarizes the therapeutic potential related to its inhibition and notes the fundamental issues that remain unanswered. To fully exploit IGF2BP3 for tumor diagnosis and therapy, it is crucial to dissect the mechanisms governing IGF2BP3 re-expression and to elucidate the complex interactions between IGF2BP3 and its target mRNAs as normal cells become tumor cells.

Recent advances in managing and understanding seborrheic keratosis

Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is a common benign epidermal tumor with predominance in adult patients. Whereas common SKs are more frequent in Caucasians, dermatosis papulosa nigra is more prevalent in patients with a Fitzpatrick skin type of at least 3. There seems to be a link between extrinsic skin aging and the occurrence of SK. Mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 and other signaling molecules are a frequent finding in SK lesions. However, this does not translate into any malignant potential. Viral infections are particularly common in genital lesions, although their pathogenetic relevance for SK is questionable. Different histologic and clinical subtypes have been identified. The great variability of SKs raises some difficulties in diagnosis. Dermoscopy is the preferred non-invasive diagnostic method, in particular to differentiate pigmented SKs from other pigment tumors, including cutaneous melanoma. Eruptive SKs can be a paraneoplastic condition known as the Leser–Trélat sign. New targeted cancer treatments can cause a pseudo-Leser–Trélat sign. The treatment in practice is mainly minor surgery, including cryosurgery, shave excisions, and laser-assisted removal. The medical approaches have only limited effects. Recently, two formulations for topical therapy have been evaluated: a product with 40% hydrogen peroxide (HP40) and an aqueous nitric–zinc complex. Based on clinical trials, HP40 seems to be a promising alternative to surgery, in particular for facial lesions.

Seborrheic Keratoses - The Most Common Benign Skin Tumor of Humans. Clinical presentation and an update on pathogenesis and treatment options

Seborrheic keratoses (SK) are the most common skin tumour of humanity. The incidence of this purely benign epithelial proliferation is increasing with age and exposure to ultraviolet light. It has a remarkable variability in its clinical presentation raising some differential diagnoses. Recently, oncogenic mutations have been detected involved in the development of SK, which, however, do not bear the risk of malignant transformation. SK may also develop with the use of modern targeted drugs for the treatment of malignancies. The classical treatment options for SK are cryotherapy and curettage. Recently, topical treatment with 40% hydrogen peroxide and the nitric-zinc complex has been investigated. Ablative laser therapy is an effective treatment as well.