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Mu J, Zhang Z, Wu X, Chen S, Geng H, Duan J. Refraction and ocular biometric parameters in 3-to 6-year-old preschool children : a large-scale population-based study in Chengdu, China. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:207. [PMID: 38711043 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03467-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the ocular biometric parameters characteristics and refractive errors in 3-to 6-year-old preschool children in Chengdu, China, and to investigate the prevalence of refractive errors. METHOD A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Chengdu from 2020 to2022 with a total of 666 kindergartens. All children were measured by non-cycloplegic autorefraction and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and ocular biometric parameters. Finally, univariate linear regression models were used to analyze the relationship between ocular biometric parameters and refraction. RESULTS A total of 108,578 preschool children aged 3-6 underwent examinations, revealing a myopia prevalence of 6.1%. The mean axial length (AL), keratometry (K), corneal radius (CR), axial length/corneal radius (AL/CR) Ratio, central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) were 22.35 ± 0.69 mm, 43.35 ± 1.58 D, 7.80 ± 0.28 mm, 2.87 ± 0.08, 533.31 ± 32.51 μm, 2.70 ± 0.28 mm, 3.91 ± 0.27 mm, and 15.20 ± 0.68 mm, respectively. With increasing age, AL, CR, AL/CR ratio, CCT, ACD, LT, and VCD also increased. Regardless of age, males consistently exhibited longer AL, flatter corneal curvature, shallower ACD, thicker CCT, thinner LT, and longer VCD compared to females. AL, K, CR, LT, and VCD all showed significant linear relationships with SE (all P < 0.001) in univariate linear regression analysis after adjusting for gender and age. CONCLUSION The prevalence of myopia among preschool children aged 3-6 in Chengdu is relatively low. Ocular biometric parameters affecting refractive errors include AL, K, CR, LT, and VCD. The preschool period serves as a critical phase for myopia prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Mu
- Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Eye college of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Retinal Image Technology and Chronic Vascular Disease Prevention & Control and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Xiaoxiao Wu
- Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Eye college of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Retinal Image Technology and Chronic Vascular Disease Prevention & Control and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoming Geng
- Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junguo Duan
- Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Eye college of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection with TCM Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Retinal Image Technology and Chronic Vascular Disease Prevention & Control and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Chen X, Li M, Li J, Wu M, Liu X, Yu C, Guo X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Lu W, Li L, Wang Y. One-year efficacy of myopia control by the defocus distributed multipoint lens: a multicentric randomised controlled trial. Br J Ophthalmol 2024:bjo-2023-324243. [PMID: 38503477 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-324243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To report the 1-year results of the efficacy of a defocus distributed multipoint (DDM) lens in controlling myopia progression in a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. METHODS Overall, 168 children aged 6-13 years were recruited and randomly assigned to wear a DDM lens (n=84) or single-vision (SV) lens (n=84) in three centres. Cycloplegic autorefraction (spherical equivalent refraction (SER)) and axial length (AL) were measured. Linear mixed model analysis was performed to compare between-group SER and AL changes. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the between-group difference in rapid myopia progression (SER increase≥0.75 D per year or AL growth≥0.40 mm per year). RESULTS After 1 year, mean changes in SER were significantly lower in the DDM group (-0.47±0.37 D) than in the SV group (-0.71±0.42 D) (p<0.001). Similarly, mean changes in AL were significantly lower in the DDM group (0.21±0.17 mm) than in the SV group (0.34±0.16 mm) (p<0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, daily wearing time and parental myopia, rapid myopia progression risk was higher in the SV group than in the DDM group (OR=3.51, 95% CI: 1.77 to 6.99), especially for children who wore a lens for >12 hours per day, boys and younger children (6-9 years) with ORs (95% CIs) of 10.82 (3.22 to 36.37), 5.34 (1.93 to 14.78) and 8.73 (2.6 to 29.33), respectively. CONCLUSIONS After 1 year, DDM lenses effectively retarded myopia progression in children. Longer daily wearing time of DDM lens improved the efficacy of myopia control. Future long-term studies are needed for validation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05340699.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Chen
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University affiliated Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Li
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Wu
- Tongren Eye Care Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Cui Yu
- He Eye Specialist Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingyi Guo
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Wenli Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University affiliated Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University affiliated Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
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Luo F, Hao J, Li L, Liu J, Chen W, Fu J, Congdon N. Baseline Refractive Error, Habitual Accommodative Tone, and Its Association With Myopia in Children: The Lhasa Childhood Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:4. [PMID: 37535008 PMCID: PMC10408770 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe the baseline refractive error, habitual accommodative tone (HAT) in Tibetan children and its longitudinal association with incident myopia and myopia progression. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study. From 7 elementary schools, 1440 children with mean age of 6.83 ± 0.46 years were included with full noncycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction data at baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-up in the Lhasa Childhood Eye Study. Noncycloplegic and cycloplegic automated refraction were performed at baseline and annually over the next 2 years. HAT was measured as the difference in spherical equivalent (DSE) between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction. RESULTS The mean HAT decreased from a baseline value of 0.92 ± 0.82 diopters (D) to 0.55 ± 0.65 D, P < 0.0001 at 2 years. In multivariable logistic regression models, only baseline spherical equivalent (SE; P < 0.0001) was significantly (negatively) associated with 1- and 2-year incident myopia. Among 1386 children without myopia at baseline, 271 developed myopia over 2 years. For hyperopic children, baseline HAT was significantly associated with the incidence of myopia over 2 years (odds ratio [OR] = 0.43, P < 0.001), and the incidence of myopia was significantly lower with baseline HAT ≥0.5 D, compared to children <0.5 D. For 54 (3.75%) children who were myopic at baseline, SE was significant positively associated with myopic progression in univariable (P = 0.03) and multivariable general mixed linear regression analysis (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Baseline SE was an independent influencing factor for the incidence of myopia and its progression. The incidence of myopia was significantly higher with lower baseline HAT among hyperopic children, indicating that lower HAT was potentially associated with myopic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luo
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nathan Congdon
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Orbis International, New York, New York, United States
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Guan J, Zhu Y, Hu Q, Ma S, Mu J, Li Z, Fang D, Zhuo X, Guan H, Sun Q, An L, Zhang S, Qin P, Zhuo Y. Prevalence Patterns and Onset Prediction of High Myopia for Children and Adolescents in Southern China via Real-World Screening Data: Retrospective School-Based Study. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e39507. [PMID: 36857115 PMCID: PMC10018376 DOI: 10.2196/39507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with high myopia have an increased lifetime risk of complications. The prevalence patterns of high myopia in children and adolescents in southern China are unclear. Early identification of high-risk individuals is critical for reducing the occurrence and development of high myopia and avoiding the resulting complications. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the prevalence of high myopia in children and adolescents in southern China via real-world screening data and to predict its onset by studying the risk factors for high myopia based on machine learning. METHODS This retrospective school-based study was conducted in 13 cities with different gross domestic products in southern China. Through data acquisition and filtering, we analyzed the prevalence of high myopia and its association with age, school stage, gross domestic product, and risk factors. A random forest algorithm was used to predict high myopia among schoolchildren and then assessed in an independent hold-out group. RESULTS There were 1,285,609 participants (mean age 11.80, SD 3.07, range 6-20 years), of whom 658,516 (51.2%) were male. The overall prevalence of high myopia was 4.48% (2019), 4.88% (2020), and 3.17% (2021), with an increasing trend from the age of 11 to 17 years. The rates of high myopia increased from elementary schools to high schools but decreased at all school stages from 2019 to 2021. The coastal and southern cities had a higher proportion of high myopia, with an overall prevalence between 2.60% and 5.83%. Age, uncorrected distance visual acuity, and spherical equivalents were predictive factors for high myopia onset in schoolchildren. The random forest algorithm achieved a high accuracy of 0.948. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.975. Both indicated sufficient model efficacy. The performance of the model was validated in an external test with high accuracy (0.971) and a high AUC (0.957). CONCLUSIONS High myopia had a high incidence in Guangdong Province. Its onset in children and adolescents was well predicted with the random forest algorithm. Efficient use of real-world data can contribute to the prevention and early diagnosis of high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieying Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyue Hu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuyue Ma
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingfeng Mu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhidong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Fang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haifei Guan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin An
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peiwu Qin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
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Ye L, Yang YQ, Zhang GY, Wang WJ, Ren MX, Ge P, Zhang J, Zhang N, Liu XZ, Zhang ML, Tong YJ, Lu LC, Lv MQ, Zhou DX, Pei C. Increasing prevalence of myopia and the impact of education in primary-school students in Xi'an, north-western of China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1070984. [PMID: 36600934 PMCID: PMC9806175 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1070984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study was performed to detect the prevalence of myopia among primary-school students in Xi'an, north-western of China. Methods The present study was a school-based study with students aged from 6 to 13 years old. All the individuals underwent ophthalmological examination and spherical equivalent (SE) of refractive error were measured with non-cycloplegic refraction. Myopia was defined as a SE of ≤ -0.5 diopters (D), and further divided into three stratified groups based on SE: low myopia (≤ -0.5 to >-3.0 D), moderate myopia (≤ -3.0 to >-6.0 D), and high myopia (≤ -6.0 D). Relative risk factors, including age, sex, grade and ethnicity were investigated using questionnaire. Results A total of 4,680 individuals were eligible for this survey and 4,654 (99.4% participation rate) were finally included (51.2% boys). The mean age of participants was 8.756 ± 1.727 years. The whole city-level prevalence of total myopia was 57.1% (95% CI: 55.7-58.6%). Additionally, the prevalence of low, moderate, and high myopia was 45.0% (95% CI: 43.5-46.4%), 11.1% (95% CI: 10.2-12.0%), and 1.0% (95% CI: 0.7-1.3%), respectively. Moreover, grade (education level) instead of age, sex and ethnicity was the most essential risk factor for prevalence of overall myopia (OR = 1.844, 95% CI: 1.605-2.119), and an increase of prevalence by 84.4% per grade was seen. Furthermore, similar associations of grade were significant with low myopia (OR = 1.613, 95% CI: 1.385-1.877) and moderate myopia (OR = 2.186, 95% CI: 1.693-2.823), meanwhile, prevalence of low myopia and moderate myopia demonstrated an increase of prevalence by 61.3 and 118.6% per grade, respectively. None of the factors included in the present study was significant risk factor for high myopia. Conclusions The present study investigated a non-negligible high prevalence of myopia among primary-school students in Xi'an, north-western of China, and a gradual increasing in proportion with education level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ye
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-qi Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-yun Zhang
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-jun Wang
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Mei-xia Ren
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Ge
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing-zhou Liu
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming-lei Zhang
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-jiao Tong
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang-cai Lu
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mo-qi Lv
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,*Correspondence: Mo-qi Lv
| | - Dang-xia Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Dang-xia Zhou
| | - Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Cheng Pei
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Zhang J, Li Z, Ren J, Wang W, Dai J, Li C, Huang X, Sun X, Liu L, Wang C. Prevalence of myopia: A large-scale population-based study among children and adolescents in weifang, china. Front Public Health 2022; 10:924566. [PMID: 35958863 PMCID: PMC9358211 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.924566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of myopia among school-aged children and adolescents at the whole city level of Weifang, China.MethodsThis study was a large scale school-based cross-sectional study among children and adolescents aged 5–20 years old. Participants were selected by the school-based registration system in 2020. All the subjects underwent spherical equivalent (SE) error with non-cycloplegic autorefraction measurement. Myopia was defined as an SE refraction of ≤-0.75 diopters (D) and graded into low myopia (−0.75 to −3.00 D), moderate myopia (−3.01 to −5.99 D), and high myopia (≤-6.00 D).ResultsA total of 1,059,838 participants were eligible for this survey and 1,013,206 (95.6% participation rate) were selected through data quality control, which comprised 17 districts/counties and 1,254 schools, including 861 elementary schools, 313 middle schools, and 80 high schools. The mean age of participants was 11.57 ± 3.36 years (5–20 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 1.11. The whole city-level prevalence of total myopia was 75.35%. The prevalence of total myopia among the students in the Hanting District was 45.47%, but ≈82.37% of students living in Changyi have myopia. The overall prevalence of low myopia in elementary, middle, and high school students was 48.56, 47.30, and 31.62%, respectively, while high myopia (SE ≤ −6.00 D) prevalence was 1.12, 8.89, and 20.12%, respectively. The overall prevalence of myopia increased fastest in children aged 7–9 years old. The prevalence of high myopia was 7.59% for girls and 6.43% for boys, respectively (p < 0.001). The prevalence of myopia increased with increasing age and grade, but SE decreased with increasing age and grade.ConclusionsThe current investigation demonstrated a high proportion of myopia among school students in the city of Weifang, and gradually increased with age, and the prevalence of myopia was the highest in Changyi areas. The high myopia prevalence for girls was higher than that in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jiantao Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Wenting Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Jiazhen Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Xianyong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Xianyong Sun
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jincheng People's Hospital, Jincheng, China
- Lei Liu
| | - Chunping Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Chunping Wang
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Matsumura S, Dannoue K, Kawakami M, Uemura K, Kameyama A, Takei A, Hori Y. Prevalence of Myopia and Its Associated Factors Among Japanese Preschool Children. Front Public Health 2022; 10:901480. [PMID: 35812505 PMCID: PMC9257008 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.901480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the prevalence of myopia and factors associated with spherical equivalent (SE), axial length (AL), and axial length to corneal radius of curvature (AL/CR) ratio among Japanese preschool children. Study Design Prospective observational study. Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated subjects aged 4–6 years from a preschool. Non-cycloplegic autorefraction was measured using the Spot Vision Screener, while AL and corneal radius (CR) were measured using the Myopia Master. Parental myopia and environmental factors were investigated using the myopia-related factor questionnaire. The worse eye with higher myopic SE was chosen for analysis, and multiple linear regression models was performed using AL, SE, and AL/CR ratio as dependent variables. Results A total of 457 out of 514 participants (239 males, 52.3%) aged 4–6 years (mean 4.77 ± 0.65 years) were included. The mean SE was 0.13 ± 0.63 D, AL was 22.35 ± 0.67 mm, CR was 7.76 ± 0.25 mm, and AL/CR ratio was 2.88 ± 0.72. The overall prevalence of myopia and high myopia were 2.9 and 0.2%, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that myopic SE was significantly associated with male sex (β = −0.14, p = 0.02) and parental myopia (β = −0.15, p = 0.04). Meanwhile, longer AL was significantly associated with older age (β = 0.13, p = 0.02), male sex (β = 0.44, p < 0.001), parental myopia (β = 0.24, p = 0.01), and screen time (including smartphones, tablets, and computers) (>1 h, β = 0.14, p = 0.04). A higher AL/CR was significantly associated with older age (β = 0.02, p < 0.001), male sex (β = 0.03, p < 0.001), ratio and parental myopia (β = 0.03, p = 0.02). Conclusion The prevalence of myopia and high myopia were 2.9 and 0.2%, respectively, among Japanese preschool children in 2021. Longer AL was associated with older age, male sex, parental myopia, and screen time in children aged 4–6 years. Children with a high risk of myopia can be identified early based on parental myopia information for early prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiko Matsumura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Saiko Matsumura
| | | | - Momoko Kawakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yuichi Hori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Li Y, Xing Y, Jia C, Ma J, Li X, Zhou J, Zhao C, Zhang H, Wang L, Wang W, Qu J, Zhao M, Wang K, Guo X. Beijing Pinggu Childhood Eye Study: The Baseline Refractive Characteristics in 6- to 12-Year-Old Chinese Primary School Students. Front Public Health 2022; 10:890261. [PMID: 35712315 PMCID: PMC9196872 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.890261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report the design and baseline data of a 3-year cohort study in Beijing Pinggu District primary school students in China after COVID-19. Methods Noncycloplegic and cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) were measured, ocular biometry, including the axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and corneal power (CP), were collected before cycloplegia. Corneal radius (CR), AL-to-CR ratio, and lens power (LP) were calculated. Results Among the 4,806 (89.1%) eligible students (51.5% male), the prevalence of emmetropia, myopia, mild hyperopia, and mild-to-high hyperopia was 12.8, 30.8, 53.0, and 3.3% after cycloplegia, respectively. Myopia increased from 2.5% in 6- to 71.6% in 12-year-old students, with 9- and 10-year-olds showing the most prominent increases. The median of cycloplegic SER was 0.50 (IQR = 1.63), and the noncycloplegic SER was −0.38 D (IQR = 1.50), which is more negative than the cycloplegic refraction. The mean AL increased with age, from 22.46 ± 0.70 mm to 24.26 ± 1.07 mm. The ACD increased from 3.38 ± 0.28 mm to 3.70 ± 0.30 mm, and the AL-to-CR ratio increased from 2.91 ± 0.08 to 3.12 ± 0.13 between 6- and 12-year-old students. AL, CR and LP explained the SER variance with R2 of 86.4% after adjusting the age and gender. Conclusions and Relevance The myopia prevalence since emergence of COVID-19 rapidly increased from 6- to 12-year primary school Chinese children, especially after 7 years of age. The non-cycloplegia SER overestimated the prevalence of myopia, and the cycloplegic SER is a more accurate and reliable method to assess the prevalence of refractive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xing
- School of Public Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlin Jia
- Pinggu District Primary and Secondary School Health Care Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Pinggu District Primary and Secondary School Health Care Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Children and Adolescent Health, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Pinggu Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kai Wang
| | - Xin Guo
- Children and Adolescent Health, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
- Xin Guo
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Jing S, Yi X, Lei Y, Hu L, Cheng W, Wen T, Liu X, Luo M. Prevalence and risk factors for myopia and high myopia: A cross-sectional study among Han and Uyghur students in Xinjiang, China. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 42:28-35. [PMID: 34704612 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for myopia and high myopia among Han and Uyghur students in Xinjiang, China. METHODS This cross-sectional study with a multistage, stratified cluster sampling method was completed in Xinjiang, China. Visual acuity and noncycloplegic refraction were measured. The crude and sex- and age-adjusted prevalence of myopia and high myopia in Han and Uyghur students were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to identify risk factors associated with myopia and high myopia. RESULTS In total, 84,033 participants were included in the final analysis, comprising 64,110 Han and 19,923 Uyghur participants. The overall age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of myopia and high myopia were 47.70% (95% CI: 47.67-47.74) and 2.55% (95% CI: 2.54-2.56), respectively. Compared to the Uyghur population, the Han population had a higher prevalence of myopia (63.59% vs. 21.34%, p < 0.0001) and high myopia (4.68% vs. 0.6%, p < 0.0001). Han ethnicity, age, female sex, higher education level and living in urban areas were found to be positively associated with myopia and high myopia. Living in northern Xinjiang was found to be positively associated with myopia but negatively associated with high myopia. CONCLUSIONS Our study investigated the prevalence of myopia and high myopia among Han and Uyghur students aged 4-23 years in Xinjiang, China. The Han population had a higher prevalence of myopia and high myopia than the Uyghur population. However, the prevalence of myopia among the Uyghur population showed a more remarkable increasing trend than that among the Han population in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sili Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
| | - Xianglong Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
| | | | - Lumei Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
| | - Wenbo Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
| | - Tao Wen
- Menicon Eye Clinic, Urumchi, China
| | | | - Mei Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
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10
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Gui X, Zhang R, Li S, Zhao N, Zhang HR, Zhou YK, Huan CY, Zhao CY, Wang HY, Song HY, Shen W, Zhang JH. Comparative analysis of the clinical outcomes between wavefront-guided and conventional femtosecond LASIK in myopia and myopia astigmatism. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1581-1588. [PMID: 34667736 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the clinical outcomes of wavefront guided femtosecond LASIK (WFG LASIK) and conventional femtosecond LASIK (NWFG LASIK) in eyes with myopia and myopia astigmatism. METHODS This was a retrospective, nonrandomized, comparative investigation enrolling 236 eyes of 122 patients (18-50y) with low & moderate and high myopia. The WFG group including 97 eyes (50 patients) undergone WFG LASIK and the NWFG group including 139 eyes (72 patients) undergone conventional LASIK. Mean efficacy index, high order aberrations (HOAs), pupil size and the quality of visual questionnaire were evaluated 6mo postoperatively. RESULTS There is no difference between WFG group (-0.054±0.049 in logMAR) and NWFG group (-0.040±0.056) in uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) postoperatively. The myopia astigmatism is higher in WFG group than that in NWFG group (P<0.05). However, the mean efficacy index (MEI) in the WFG group (1.09±0.106) is better than that in the NWFG group (1.036±0.124; P<0.001). Increased HOAs were observed in NWFG group (0.30±0.196) than that in WFG group (0.146±0.188; P<0.001). The pupil size is larger in WFG group (5.15±0.76 mm) than that in NWFG group (4.32±0.52 mm). The patients are satisfied with the clinical surgery, yet WFG group showed better visual quality using the questionnaire survey. Meanwhile, high myopia would result in worse MEI, HOAs and visual quality than low & moderate myopia. CONCLUSION WFG and NWFG FS-LASIK are both effective and safe procedures to correct low & moderate and high myopia, but WFG FS-LASIK gives a better postoperative MEI, aberrometric control and predictable outcome. Meanwhile, WFG FS-LASIK is better than NWFG FS-LASIK in correction of myopia astigmatism. Low & moderate myopia allow better clinical outcomes than high myopia using any surgical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gui
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao-Rui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu-Kun Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chen-Yang Huan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong-Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Wu Q, Tian Q, Zhang X, Xu J, Tang G, Li R, Guo X, Xu Z, Feng J, Song J, Bi H. Prevalence of Refractive Error and Visual Acuity Among School Children in the Plateau Region of Qinghai, China. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:5795-5805. [PMID: 34557031 PMCID: PMC8453643 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s326046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of refractive error and visual acuity among school children in the plateau region of Qinghai, China. Methods The school-based, cross-sectional study was performed in Menyuan, Qinghai, China. Three kindergartens and three primary schools were randomly enrolled from both rural areas and county towns. The participants had undergone ophthalmic examinations of the intraocular pressure (IOP), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), presenting visual acuity (PVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cycloplegic refraction, and axial length (AL). Regression analysis was applied to investigate the potential risk factors affecting the prevalence of various refractive errors. Results A total of 3770 children were invited to participate, and 3524 (93.5%) had undergone examination. Among the 3524 children (51.8% boys) with a mean age of 8.3±2.3 years, 1049 (29.8%) had myopia, 30 (0.9%) had high myopia, 1692 (48.0%) had mild hyperopia, 152 (4.3%) had medium to marked hyperopia and 925 (26.2%) had astigmatism. The mean SER was −0.16±1.86 D and decreased with age. The AL increased with age from 21.80±0.59 mm at 4-years to 23.53±1.05 mm at 12-years. The myopia prevalence increased with age from 2.0% at 4 years to 62.8% at 12-years. Myopia was associated with increasing age, county town habitation and girls. Among the 723 participants with PVA 20/40 or worse in one eye, 564 (78.0%) were due to uncorrected refractive error, and 83 (22.0%) were due to undercorrected refractive error. Among the 1049 children with myopia, only 254 wore glasses, and 151 children with PVA had a worse BCVA and did not have accurate spectacles. Conclusion The prevalence of myopia is very high among school children in Menyuan. Only 24.2% of myopic children wore glasses, and 59.4% of children did not have accurate spectacles. Strategies to improve access to eye care and affordable glasses are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxin Wu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmei Tian
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyan Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Tang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Runkuan Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongqing Xu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Feng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jike Song
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine for Eye Diseases, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmology and Children Visual Impairment Prevention and Control, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center of Visual Intelligence, Shandong Institute of Children Health and Myopia Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine for Eye Diseases, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmology and Children Visual Impairment Prevention and Control, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center of Visual Intelligence, Shandong Institute of Children Health and Myopia Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
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12
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Leng L, Zhang J, Xie S, Ding W, Ji R, Tian Y, Long K, Yu H, Guo Z. Effect of Sunshine Duration on Myopia in Primary School Students from Northern and Southern China. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:4913-4922. [PMID: 34483681 PMCID: PMC8409785 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s328281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To assess the current myopia prevalence rate and evaluate the effect of sunshine duration on myopia among primary school students in the north and south of China. Methods This prospective cross-sectional study pooled data from 9171 primary school students (grades from 1 to 6) from four cities in the north and south of China. National Geomatics Center of China (NGCC) and China Meteorological Administration provided data about altitude, latitude, longitude, average annual temperature, and average annual sunshine duration. Non-cycloplegic refraction was recorded, and prevalence rates in primary school students and factors associated with myopia were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the independent association of risk factors of myopia. Results The overall myopia prevalence was 28.0%, from 7.5% to 50.6% for first and sixth grades, respectively. Low, moderate and high myopia significantly increased with school grades from 7.30% to 35.0%, 0.3% to 13.60% and 0.00% to 1.9%, respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed that longer average cumulative daylight hours were connected to lower myopia prevalence in primary school students (OR, 0.721; 95% CI, [0.593–0.877]; P=0.001), whereas girls and higher grade was independently associated with higher myopia prevalence (girls: β=0.189; OR, 1.208; 95% CI, [1.052–1.387]; P=0.007; higher grade: β=0.502; OR, 1.652; 95% CI, [1.580–1.726]; P<0.001). Conclusion This study demonstrated that myopia was highly prevalent in southern Chinese cities over northern ones, linked to shorter light exposure, higher education level, and female gender. Such findings reinforced the beneficial impact of daylight exposure with a protective role against myopia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Leng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhi Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongyuan Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyin Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Keli Long
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenyang Eye Docloud Internet Hospital, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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13
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Wang J, Liu J, Ma W, Zhang Q, Li R, He X, Liu L. Prevalence of myopia in 3-14-year-old Chinese children: a school-based cross-sectional study in Chengdu. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:318. [PMID: 34470605 PMCID: PMC8411514 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of myopia among children in Chengdu is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of myopia in 3- to 14-year-old Chinese children in Chengdu. Methods This study was a school-based cross-sectional study in children aged 3–14 years. Visual acuity (VA), spherical equivalent error (SER) with noncycloplegic autorefraction, axial length (AL) and corneal radius (CR) were measured. Results A total of 19,455 children were recruited for this study. The prevalence of myopia was 38.1 %; the prevalence of low myopia was 26.6 %, that of moderate myopia was 9.8 %, and that of high myopia was 1.7 %. The prevalence of myopia and SER increased with age from 6 years old. The prevalence of myopia was higher, and the SER indicated more severe myopia in the girls than in the boys (40.1 % vs. 36.2 %, χ2 = 30.67, df = 1, P < 0.001; -0.93 D ± 1.75 D vs. -0.84 D ± 1.74 D, t = 3.613, df=19,453, P < 0.001). The girls had a higher prevalence of myopia and myopic SER than did the boys aged 9 years and older (P < 0.05). Among the myopic children, the rates of uncorrected, undercorrected and fully corrected myopia were 54.8 %, 31.1 and 14.1 %, respectively. AL and AL/CR increased with age from 6 years old, but CR remained stable after 4 years old. The AL was longer, and the CR was flatter in the boys than in the girls aged 3 to 14 years old (P < 0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of myopia, AL and AL/CR increased, and the SER became more myopic with age from 6 years old. The girls had a higher prevalence of myopia and myopic SER than did the boys, but the boys had a longer AL, flatter CR and higher AL/CR ratio than did the girls. The rate of uncorrected myopia was very high in the myopic children. More actions need to be taken to decrease the prevalence of myopia, especially uncorrected myopia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglan Wang
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinnan Liu
- EyeSee Medical Science & Technology Chengdu Co, Ltd. 49 Dongfu street, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- EyeSee Medical Science & Technology Chengdu Co, Ltd. 49 Dongfu street, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rong Li
- EyeSee Medical Science & Technology Chengdu Co, Ltd. 49 Dongfu street, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao He
- West China Clinical Skills Training Center, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Sichuan Province, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Longqian Liu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Xiang, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
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Tao Z, Deng H, Zhong H, Yu Y, Zhao J, Chen S, Li S, Zhu M. A longitudinal study of the effect of ocular biometrics measures on myopia onset. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:999-1008. [PMID: 33201354 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-05010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between ocular biometrics (OB) and myopia onset. METHODS OB data from students in 4 grades (aged from 6 to 14 years) in China were collected in a 1.5-year longitudinal study. Refractive error was assessed with cycloplegic autorefraction. RESULTS At baseline, 934 (56.33%) of the subjects (right eye) had myopia. The mean spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length to corneal radius (AL/CR) were - 2.14 ± 1.49 and 3.14 ± 0.11, respectively, in the subjects with myopia and - 0.09 ± 0.21 and 2.98 ± 0.07, respectively, in the subjects without myopia. The correlation between the SE and AL/CR was r = - 0.823 (P < 0.001). The slopes of the SE changing with the AL/CR (and R-squares) were - 0.28 to - 1.80 (0.01-0.14) in the no myopia group, - 3.40 to - 6.20 (0.20-0.48) in the low myopia group, and - 3.37 to - 11.34 (0.16-0.74) in the moderate and high myopia groups. The baseline AL/CR values in grades 1, 3, and 5 were higher in those who developed myopia within 1.5 years. The odds ratio of the AL/CR to myopia onset in 1.5 years was 1.096 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.060-1.135). CONCLUSIONS Of the five indicators, the AL/CR showed the best correlation with the SE. The adjoint and linear relationship between the AL/CR and the SE tended to increase with SE progression. When myopia progressed beyond a certain range, the AL/CR was significantly different in those without initial myopia who developed it within 1.5 years compared with those who did not. After adjusting for age, sex, school, and grade, the interpretation capability of the current AL/CR to myopia onset in 1.5 years was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Tao
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongwei Deng
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Huahong Zhong
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Nanshan Educational Science Research Institute of ShenZhen, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuiqiang Chen
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shan Li
- Nanshan Educational Science Research Institute of ShenZhen, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minjuan Zhu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
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Recent Epidemiology Study Data of Myopia. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:4395278. [PMID: 33489329 PMCID: PMC7803099 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4395278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia, a pandemic refractive error, is affecting more and more people. The progression of myopia could cause numerously serious complications, even leading to blindness. This review summarizes the epidemiological studies on myopia after 2018 and analyzes the risk factors associated with myopia. The prevalence of myopia varies in different regions, age, and observation time. East Asia has been gripped by an unprecedented rise in myopia, and other parts of the world have also seen an increase. The prevalence of myopia in children continues to rise and aggravates with age. The prevalence of high myopia has also increased along with myopia. Racial dependence and family aggregation can be seen frequently in myopia patients. Increased outdoor activities are proven to be protective factors for myopia, as near-distance work and higher education levels affect in the opposite. The impact of gender or urbanization on myopia is controversial. The relationship between nutrition, digital screens, Kawasaki disease, pregnant women smoking during pregnancy, and myopia is still not clear for lack of sufficient evidence. Understanding the various factors that affect myopia helps to clarify the mechanism of myopia formation and also to formulate reasonable prevention and control measures of myopia to protect people's health, especially for adolescents.
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