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Edwards M, Lisgo K, Leroux S, Krawchuk M, Cumming S, Schmiegelow F. Conservation planning integrating natural disturbances: Estimating minimum reserve sizes for an insect disturbance in the boreal forest of eastern Canada. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268236. [PMID: 35533149 PMCID: PMC9084528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large natural disturbances such as insect outbreaks and fire are important processes for biodiversity in forest landscapes. However, few methods exist for incorporating natural disturbances into conservation planning. Intact forest landscapes, such as in the North American boreal forest, can produce large natural disturbance footprints. They also have the potential to support large reserves but size estimates based on natural disturbance are needed to guide reserve design. Historical fire data have been used to estimate minimum dynamic reserves, reserve size estimates based on maintaining natural disturbance dynamics and ensuring resilience to large natural disturbance events. While this has been a significant step towards incorporating natural disturbance into reserve design, managers currently lack guidance on how to apply these concepts in areas where fire is not the dominant natural disturbance. We generalize the minimum dynamic reserve framework to accommodate insect outbreaks and demonstrate the framework in a case study for eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) in the Canadian boreal forest. Our methods use geospatial analysis to identify minimum dynamic reserves based on a set of spatially explicit initial conditions, and simulation models to test for the maintenance of a set of dynamic conditions over time. We found considerable variability in minimum dynamic reserve size depending on the size of historic budworm disturbance events and the spatial patterns of disturbance-prone vegetation types. The minimum dynamic reserve framework provides an approach for incorporating wide-ranging natural disturbances into biodiversity conservation plans for both pro-active planning in intact landscapes, and reactive planning in more developed regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Edwards
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Kim Lisgo
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shawn Leroux
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Meg Krawchuk
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Steve Cumming
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Fiona Schmiegelow
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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2
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Hernandez S, Barnes MD, Duce S, Adams VM. The impact of strictly protected areas in a deforestation hotspot. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hernandez
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Megan D. Barnes
- Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Stephanie Duce
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Vanessa M. Adams
- School of Technology, Environments and Design University of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
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3
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Bayraktarov E, Correa DF, Suarez‐Castro AF, Garnett ST, Macgregor NA, Possingham HP, Tulloch AIT. Variable effects of protected areas on long‐term multispecies trends for Australia's imperiled birds. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bayraktarov
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia, Queensland Australia
| | - Diego F. Correa
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia, Queensland Australia
| | - Andrés F. Suarez‐Castro
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia, Queensland Australia
| | - Stephen T. Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Casuarina Northern Territory Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Macgregor
- Parks Australia Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE) University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia, Queensland Australia
- The Nature Conservancy Arlington Virginia USA
| | - Ayesha I. T. Tulloch
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia, Queensland Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Camperdown New South Wales Australia
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4
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Dornak LL, Aycrigg JL, Sauer J, Conway CJ. Assessing the efficacy of protected and multiple-use lands for bird conservation in the U.S. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239184. [PMID: 32997702 PMCID: PMC7526929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Setting land aside has long been a primary approach for protecting biodiversity; however, the efficacy of this approach has been questioned. We examined whether protecting lands positively influences bird species in the U.S., and thus overall biodiversity. We used the North American Breeding Bird Survey and Protected Areas Database of the U.S. to assess effects of protected and multiple-use lands on the prevalence and long-term population trends of imperiled and non-imperiled bird species. We evaluated whether both presence and proportional area of protected and multiple-use lands surrounding survey routes affected prevalence and population trends for imperiled and non-imperiled species. Regarding presence of these lands surrounding these survey routes, our results suggest that imperiled and non-imperiled species are using the combination of protected and multiple-use lands more than undesignated lands. We found no difference between protected and multiple-use lands. Mean population trends were negative for imperiled species in all land categories and did not differ between the land categories. Regarding proportion of protected lands surrounding the survey routes, we found that neither the prevalence nor population trends of imperiled or non-imperiled species was positively associated with any land category. We conclude that, although many species (in both groups) tend to be using these protected and multiple-use lands more frequently than undesignated lands, this protection does not appear to improve population trends. Our results may be influenced by external pressures (e.g., habitat fragmentation), the size of protected lands, the high mobility of birds that allows them to use a combination of all land categories, and management strategies that result in similar habitat between protected and multiple-use lands, or our approach to detect limited relationships. Overall, our results suggest that the combination of protected and multiple-use lands is insufficient, alone, to prevent declines in avian biodiversity at a national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Lynnette Dornak
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn L. Aycrigg
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - John Sauer
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Courtney J. Conway
- U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
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5
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Estimates of marine turtle nesting populations in the south-west Indian Ocean indicate the importance of the Chagos Archipelago. ORYX 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605319001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGlobal marine turtle population assessments highlight the importance of the south-west Indian Ocean region, despite data gaps for the Chagos Archipelago. The archipelago hosts nesting hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata and green turtles Chelonia mydas, both heavily exploited for 2 centuries until protection in 1968–1970. We assessed available nesting habitat and spatial distribution of nesting activity during rapid surveys of 90% of the archipelago's coastline in 1996, 1999, 2006 and 2016. We quantified seasonality and mean annual egg clutch production from monthly track counts during 2006–2018 along a 2.8 km index beach on Diego Garcia island. An estimated 56% (132 km) of coastline provided suitable nesting habitat. Diego Garcia and Peros Banhos atolls accounted for 90.4% of hawksbill and 70.4% of green turtle nesting. Hawksbill turtles showed distinct nesting peaks during October–February, and green turtles nested year-round with elevated activity during June–October. Estimates of 6,300 hawksbill and 20,500 green turtle clutches laid annually during 2011–2018 indicate that nesting on the Chagos Archipelago has increased 2–5 times for hawksbill turtles and 4–9 times for green turtles since 1996. Regional estimates indicate green turtles produce 10 times more egg clutches than hawksbill turtles, and the Chagos Archipelago accounts for 39–51% of an estimated 12,500–16,000 hawksbill and 14–20% of an estimated 104,000–143,500 green turtle clutches laid in the south-west Indian Ocean. The improved status may reflect > 40 years without significant exploitation. Long-term monitoring is needed to captureinterannual variation in nesting numbers and minimize uncertainty in population estimates.
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6
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The effectiveness of area protection to capture coastal bird richness and occurrence in the Swedish archipelago. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Heywood VH. Plant conservation in the Anthropocene - Challenges and future prospects. PLANT DIVERSITY 2017; 39:314-330. [PMID: 30159525 PMCID: PMC6112326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the massive efforts that have been made to conserve plant diversity across the world during the past few decades, it is becoming increasingly evident that our current strategies are not sufficiently effective to prevent the continuing decline in biodiversity. As a recent report by the CBD indicates, current progress and commitments are insufficient to achieve the Aichi Biodiversity Targets by 2020. Threatened species lists continue to grow while the world's governments fail to meet biodiversity conservation goals. Clearly, we are failing in our attempts to conserve biodiversity on a sufficient scale. The reasons for this situation are complex, including scientific, technical, sociological, economic and political factors. The conservation community is divided about how to respond. Some believe that saving all existing biodiversity is still an achievable goal. On the other hand, there are those who believe that we need to accept that biodiversity will inevitably continue to be lost, despite all our conservation actions and that we must focus on what to save, why and where. It has also been suggested that we need a new approach to conservation in the face of the challenges posed by the Anthropocene biosphere which we now inhabit. Whatever view one holds on the above issues, it is clear that we need to review the effectiveness of our current conservation strategies, identify the limiting factors that are preventing the Aichi goals being met and at the same time take whatever steps are necessary to make our conservation protocols more explicit, operational and efficient so as to achieve the maximum conservation effect. This paper addresses the key issues that underlie our failure to meet agreed targets and discusses the necessary changes to our conservation approaches. While we can justifiably be proud of our many achievements and successes in plant conservation in the past 30 years, which have helped slow the rate of loss, unless we devise a more coherent, consistent and integrated global strategy in which both the effectiveness and limitations of our current policies, action plans and procedures are recognized, and reflect this in national strategies, and then embark on a much bolder and ambitious set of actions, progress will be limited and plant diversity will continue to decline.
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Young BE, Auer S, Ormes M, Rapacciuolo G, Schweitzer D, Sears N. Are pollinating hawk moths declining in the Northeastern United States? An analysis of collection records. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185683. [PMID: 28982152 PMCID: PMC5628844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention to pollinators and their role in providing ecosystem services has revealed a paucity of studies on long-term population trends of most insect pollinators in many parts of the world. Because targeted monitoring programs are resource intensive and unlikely to be performed on most insect pollinators, we took advantage of existing collection records to examine long-term trends in northeastern United States populations of 26 species of hawk moths (family Sphingidae) that are presumed to be pollinators. We compiled over 6,600 records from nine museum and 14 private collections that spanned a 112-year period, and used logistic generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to examine long-term population trends. We controlled for uneven sampling effort by adding a covariate for list length, the number of species recorded during each sampling event. We found that of the 22 species for which there was sufficient data to assess population trends, eight species declined and four species increased in detection probability (the probability of a species being recorded during each year while accounting for effort, climate, and spatial effects in the GLMMs). Of the four species with too few records to statistically assess, two have disappeared from parts of their ranges. None of the four species with diurnal adults showed a trend in detection probability. Two species that are pests of solanaceous crops declined, consistent with a seven-fold drop in the area planted in tobacco and tomato crops. We found some evidence linking susceptibility to parasitoidism by the introduced fly Compsilura concinnata (Tachinidae) to declines. Moths with larvae that feed on vines and trees, where available evidence indicates that the fly is most likely to attack, had a greater propensity to decline than species that use herbs and shrubs as larval host plants. Species that develop in the spring, before Compsilura populations have increased, did not decline. However, restricting the analysis to hawk moth records from areas outside of a "refuge" area where Compsilura does not occur did not significantly increase the intensity of the declines as would be predicted if Compsilura was the primary cause of declines. Forests have recovered over the study period across most of the northeastern U.S., but this does not appear to have been a major factor because host plants of several of the declining species have increased in abundance with forest expansion and maturation. Climate variables used in the GLMMs were not consistently related to moth detection probability. Hawk moth declines may have ecological effects on both the plants pollinated by these species and vertebrate predators of the moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E. Young
- NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Auer
- NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Margaret Ormes
- NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Rapacciuolo
- NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Dale Schweitzer
- NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
- Port Norris, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Nicole Sears
- NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
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9
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Zeilinger AR, Rapacciuolo G, Turek D, Oboyski PT, Almeida RPP, Roderick GK. Museum specimen data reveal emergence of a plant disease may be linked to increases in the insect vector population. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:1827-1837. [PMID: 28459124 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence rate of new plant diseases is increasing due to novel introductions, climate change, and changes in vector populations, posing risks to agricultural sustainability. Assessing and managing future disease risks depends on understanding the causes of contemporary and historical emergence events. Since the mid-1990s, potato growers in the western United States, Mexico, and Central America have experienced severe yield loss from Zebra Chip disease and have responded by increasing insecticide use to suppress populations of the insect vector, the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae). Despite the severe nature of Zebra Chip outbreaks, the causes of emergence remain unknown. We tested the hypotheses that (1) B. cockerelli occupancy has increased over the last century in California and (2) such increases are related to climate change, specifically warmer winters. We compiled a data set of 87,000 museum specimen occurrence records across the order Hemiptera collected between 1900 and 2014. We then analyzed changes in B. cockerelli distribution using a hierarchical occupancy model using changes in background species lists to correct for collecting effort. We found evidence that B. cockerelli occupancy has increased over the last century. However, these changes appear to be unrelated to climate changes, at least at the scale of our analysis. To the extent that species occupancy is related to abundance, our analysis provides the first quantitative support for the hypothesis that B. cockerelli population abundance has increased, but further work is needed to link B. cockerelli population dynamics to Zebra Chip epidemics. Finally, we demonstrate how this historical macro-ecological approach provides a general framework for comparative risk assessment of future pest and insect vector outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Zeilinger
- Berkeley Initiative for Global Change Biology, University of California Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Giovanni Rapacciuolo
- Berkeley Initiative for Global Change Biology, University of California Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Stony Brook University, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York, 11789, USA
| | - Daniel Turek
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, 01267, USA
| | - Peter T Oboyski
- Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California Berkeley, 1101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - George K Roderick
- Berkeley Initiative for Global Change Biology, University of California Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
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10
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Ruete A, Pärt T, Berg Å, Knape J. Exploiting opportunistic observations to estimate changes in seasonal site use: An example with wetland birds. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5632-5644. [PMID: 28808543 PMCID: PMC5551100 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsystematically collected, a.k.a. opportunistic, species observations are accumulating at a high rate in biodiversity databases. Occupancy models have arisen as the main tool to reduce effects of limited knowledge about effort in analyses of opportunistic data. These models are generally using long closure periods (e.g., breeding season) for the estimation of probability of detection and occurrence. Here, we use the fact that multiple opportunistic observations in biodiversity databases may be available even within days (e.g., at popular birding localities) to reduce the closure period to 1 day in order to estimate daily occupancies within the breeding season. We use a hierarchical dynamic occupancy model for daily visits to analyze opportunistic observations of 71 species from nine wetlands during 10 years. Our model derives measures of seasonal site use within seasons from estimates of daily occupancy. Comparing results from our "seasonal site use model" to results from a traditional annual occupancy model (using a closure criterion of 2 months or more) showed that our model provides more detailed biologically relevant information. For example, when the aim is to analyze occurrences of breeding species, an annual occupancy model will over-estimate site use of species with temporary occurrences (e.g., migrants passing by, single itinerary prospecting individuals) as even a single observation during the closure period will be viewed as an occupancy. Alternatively, our model produces estimates of the extent to which sites are actually used. Model validation based on simulated data confirmed that our model is robust to changes and variability in sampling effort and species detectability. We conclude that more information can be gained from opportunistic data with multiple replicates (e.g., several reports per day almost every day) by reducing the time window of the closure criterion to acquire estimates of occupancies within seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ruete
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Tomas Pärt
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Åke Berg
- Swedish Biodiversity Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jonas Knape
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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11
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Hiley JR, Bradbury RB, Thomas CD. Impacts of habitat change and protected areas on alpha and beta diversity of Mexican birds. DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Hiley
- Department of Biology; University of York; York Yorkshire YO10 5DD UK
| | - Richard B. Bradbury
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science; Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge; Sandy Bedfordshire SG19 2DL UK
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science; The David Attenborough Building Pembroke Street Cambridge CB2 3QZ UK
- Conservation Science Group; Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Chris D. Thomas
- Department of Biology; University of York; York Yorkshire YO10 5DD UK
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12
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Geldmann J, Heilmann-Clausen J, Holm TE, Levinsky I, Markussen B, Olsen K, Rahbek C, Tøttrup AP. What determines spatial bias in citizen science? Exploring four recording schemes with different proficiency requirements. DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Geldmann
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate; Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15 2100 Copenhagen E Denmark
| | - Jacob Heilmann-Clausen
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate; Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15 2100 Copenhagen E Denmark
| | - Thomas E. Holm
- Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Grenaavej 14 8410 Roende Denmark
| | - Irina Levinsky
- Dansk Ornitologisk Forening - BirdLife Denmark; Vesterbrogade 140 1620 Copenhagen V Denmark
| | - Bo Markussen
- Laboratory for Applied Statistics; Department of Mathematical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen E Denmark
| | - Kent Olsen
- Natural History Museum Aarhus; Wilhelm Meyers Allé 210; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate; Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15 2100 Copenhagen E Denmark
- Imperial College London; Silwood Park Buckhurst Road Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY UK
| | - Anders P. Tøttrup
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate; Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15 2100 Copenhagen E Denmark
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Watson JEM, Darling ES, Venter O, Maron M, Walston J, Possingham HP, Dudley N, Hockings M, Barnes M, Brooks TM. Bolder science needed now for protected areas. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:243-8. [PMID: 26486683 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recognizing that protected areas (PAs) are essential for effective biodiversity conservation action, the Convention on Biological Diversity established ambitious PA targets as part of the 2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity. Under the strategic goal to "improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity," Target 11 aims to put 17% of terrestrial and 10% of marine regions under PA status by 2020. Additionally and crucially, these areas are required to be of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative, and well-connected and to include "other effective area-based conservation measures" (OECMs). Whereas the area-based targets are explicit and measurable, the lack of guidance for what constitutes important and representative; effective; and OECMs is affecting how nations are implementing the target. There is a real risk that Target 11 may be achieved in terms of area while failing the overall strategic goal for which it is established because the areas are poorly located, inadequately managed, or based on unjustifiable inclusion of OECMs. We argue that the conservation science community can help establish ecologically sensible PA targets to help prioritize important biodiversity areas and achieve ecological representation; identify clear, comparable performance metrics of ecological effectiveness so progress toward these targets can be assessed; and identify metrics and report on the contribution OECMs make toward the target. By providing ecologically sensible targets and new performance metrics for measuring the effectiveness of both PAs and OECMs, the science community can actively ensure that the achievement of the required area in Target 11 is not simply an end in itself but generates genuine benefits for biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Watson
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, 10460, U.S.A
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Emily S Darling
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, 10460, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, U.S.A
| | - Oscar Venter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Martine Maron
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Joe Walston
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, 10460, U.S.A
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nigel Dudley
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- University of Northern British Columbia, School of Ecosystem Sciences and Management, Prince George, Canada
- Equilibrium Research, 47 The Quays, Cumberland Road, Bristol, BS1 6UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Hockings
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Megan Barnes
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas M Brooks
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland
- World Agroforestry Center, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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14
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Murn C, Mundy P, Virani MZ, Borello WD, Holloway GJ, Thiollay JM. Using Africa's protected area network to estimate the global population of a threatened and declining species: a case study of the Critically Endangered White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1092-103. [PMID: 26941945 PMCID: PMC4761783 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The White‐headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis (WhV) is uncommon and largely restricted to protected areas across its range in sub‐Saharan Africa. We used the World Database on Protected Areas to identify protected areas (PAs) likely to contain White‐headed Vultures. Vulture occurrence on road transects in Southern, East, and West Africa was adjusted to nests per km2 using data from areas with known numbers of nests and corresponding road transect data. Nest density was used to calculate the number of WhV nests within identified PAs and from there extrapolated to estimate the global population. Across a fragmented range, 400 PAs are estimated to contain 1893 WhV nests. Eastern Africa is estimated to contain 721 nests, Central Africa 548 nests, Southern Africa 468 nests, and West Africa 156 nests. Including immature and nonbreeding birds, and accounting for data deficient PAs, the estimated global population is 5475 ‐ 5493 birds. The identified distribution highlights are alarming: over 78% (n = 313) of identified PAs contain fewer than five nests. A further 17% (n = 68) of PAs contain 5 ‐ 20 nests and 4% (n = 14) of identified PAs are estimated to contain >20 nests. Just 1% (n = 5) of PAs are estimated to contain >40 nests; none is located in West Africa. Whilst ranging behavior of WhVs is currently unknown, 35% of PAs large enough to hold >20 nests are isolated by more than 100 km from other PAs. Spatially discrete and unpredictable mortality events such as poisoning pose major threats to small localized vulture populations and will accelerate ongoing local extinctions. Apart from reducing the threat of poisoning events, conservation actions promoting linkages between protected areas should be pursued. Identifying potential areas for assisted re‐establishment via translocation offers the potential to expand the range of this species and alleviate risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell Murn
- Hawk Conservancy Trust Andover Hampshire SP11 8DY UK; Centre for Wildlife Assessment and Conservation School of Biological Sciences University of Reading Berkshire RG6 6AS UK
| | - Peter Mundy
- Department of Forest Resources and Wildlife Management National University of Science and Technology Bulawayo Zimbabwe
| | - Munir Z Virani
- Ornithology Section Department of Zoology National Museums of Kenya P.O Box 40658 Nairobi 00100 Kenya; The Peregrine Fund 5688 West Flying Hawk Lane Boise Idaho 83709
| | | | - Graham J Holloway
- Centre for Wildlife Assessment and Conservation School of Biological Sciences University of Reading Berkshire RG6 6AS UK
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15
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Regos A, D'Amen M, Titeux N, Herrando S, Guisan A, Brotons L. Predicting the future effectiveness of protected areas for bird conservation in Mediterranean ecosystems under climate change and novel fire regime scenarios. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Regos
- CEMFOR - CTFC; InForest Joint Research Unit; CSIC-CTFC-CREAF; Solsona 25280 Spain
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallés 08193 Spain
| | - Manuela D'Amen
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Titeux
- CEMFOR - CTFC; InForest Joint Research Unit; CSIC-CTFC-CREAF; Solsona 25280 Spain
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallés 08193 Spain
| | - Sergi Herrando
- European Bird Census Council-Catalan Ornithological Institute; Natural History Museum of Barcelona; Plaça Leonardo da Vinci 4-5 Barcelona 08019 Spain
| | - Antoine Guisan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Geopolis; University of Lausanne; Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Lluís Brotons
- CEMFOR - CTFC; InForest Joint Research Unit; CSIC-CTFC-CREAF; Solsona 25280 Spain
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallés 08193 Spain
- European Bird Census Council-Catalan Ornithological Institute; Natural History Museum of Barcelona; Plaça Leonardo da Vinci 4-5 Barcelona 08019 Spain
- CSIC; Cerdanyola del Vallés 08193 Spain
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Ruete A. Displaying bias in sampling effort of data accessed from biodiversity databases using ignorance maps. Biodivers Data J 2015:e5361. [PMID: 26312050 PMCID: PMC4549634 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.3.e5361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Open-access biodiversity databases including mainly citizen science data make temporally and spatially extensive species' observation data available to a wide range of users. Such data have limitations however, which include: sampling bias in favour of recorder distribution, lack of survey effort assessment, and lack of coverage of the distribution of all organisms. These limitations are not always recorded, while any technical assessment or scientific research based on such data should include an evaluation of the uncertainty of its source data and researchers should acknowledge this information in their analysis. The here proposed maps of ignorance are a critical and easy way to implement a tool to not only visually explore the quality of the data, but also to filter out unreliable results. NEW INFORMATION I present simple algorithms to display ignorance maps as a tool to report the spatial distribution of the bias and lack of sampling effort across a study region. Ignorance scores are expressed solely based on raw data in order to rely on the fewest assumptions possible. Therefore there is no prediction or estimation involved. The rationale is based on the assumption that it is appropriate to use species groups as a surrogate for sampling effort because it is likely that an entire group of species observed by similar methods will share similar bias. Simple algorithms are then used to transform raw data into ignorance scores scaled 0-1 that are easily comparable and scalable. Because of the need to perform calculations over big datasets, simplicity is crucial for web-based implementations on infrastructures for biodiversity information. With these algorithms, any infrastructure for biodiversity information can offer a quality report of the observations accessed through them. Users can specify a reference taxonomic group and a time frame according to the research question. The potential of this tool lies in the simplicity of its algorithms and in the lack of assumptions made about the bias distribution, giving the user the freedom to tailor analyses to their specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ruete
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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