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Athni TS, Childs ML, Glidden CK, Mordecai EA. Temperature dependence of mosquitoes: Comparing mechanistic and machine learning approaches. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012488. [PMID: 39283940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquito vectors of pathogens (e.g., Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex spp. which transmit dengue, Zika, chikungunya, West Nile, malaria, and others) are of increasing concern for global public health. These vectors are geographically shifting under climate and other anthropogenic changes. As small-bodied ectotherms, mosquitoes are strongly affected by temperature, which causes unimodal responses in mosquito life history traits (e.g., biting rate, adult mortality rate, mosquito development rate, and probability of egg-to-adult survival) that exhibit upper and lower thermal limits and intermediate thermal optima in laboratory studies. However, it remains unknown how mosquito thermal responses measured in laboratory experiments relate to the realized thermal responses of mosquitoes in the field. To address this gap, we leverage thousands of global mosquito occurrences and geospatial satellite data at high spatial resolution to construct machine-learning based species distribution models, from which vector thermal responses are estimated. We apply methods to restrict models to the relevant mosquito activity season and to conduct ecologically plausible spatial background sampling centered around ecoregions for comparison to mosquito occurrence records. We found that thermal minima estimated from laboratory studies were highly correlated with those from the species distributions (r = 0.87). The thermal optima were less strongly correlated (r = 0.69). For most species, we did not detect thermal maxima from their observed distributions so were unable to compare to laboratory-based estimates. The results suggest that laboratory studies have the potential to be highly transportable to predicting lower thermal limits and thermal optima of mosquitoes in the field. At the same time, lab-based models likely capture physiological limits on mosquito persistence at high temperatures that are not apparent from field-based observational studies but may critically determine mosquito responses to climate warming. Our results indicate that lab-based and field-based studies are highly complementary; performing the analyses in concert can help to more comprehensively understand vector response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas S Athni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Marissa L Childs
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Caroline K Glidden
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Stanford Institute for Human-centered Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Farooq MA, Zeeshan Ul Haq M, Zhang L, Wu S, Mushtaq N, Tahir H, Wang Z. Transcriptomic Insights into Salt Stress Response in Two Pepper Species: The Role of MAPK and Plant Hormone Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9355. [PMID: 39273302 PMCID: PMC11394676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Salt stress imposes significant plant limitations, altering their molecular, physiological, and biochemical functions. Pepper, a valuable herbaceous plant species of the Solanaceae family, is particularly susceptible to salt stress. This study aimed to elucidate the physiological and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of salt tolerance in two pepper species (Capsicum baccatum (moderate salt tolerant) and Capsicum chinense (salt sensitive)) through a transcriptome and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) approach to provide detailed insights. A continuous increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in C. chinense and higher activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) in C. baccatum indicated more tissue damage in C. chinense than in C. baccatum. In transcriptome analysis, we identified 39 DEGs related to salt stress. Meanwhile, KEGG pathway analysis revealed enrichment of MAPK and hormone signaling pathways, with six DEGs each. Through WGCNA, the ME.red module was identified as positively correlated. Moreover, 10 genes, A-ARR (CQW23_24856), CHIb (CQW23_04881), ERF1b (CQW23_08898), PP2C (CQW23_15893), ABI5 (CQW23_29948), P450 (CQW23_16085), Aldedh1 (CQW23_06433), GDA (CQW23_12764), Aldedh2 (CQW23_14182), and Aldedh3 (CQW23_11481), were validated by qRT-PCR. This study provides valuable insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying salt stress tolerance in pepper. It offers potential targets for future breeding efforts to enhance salt stress resilience in this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aamir Farooq
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Ul Haq
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Naveed Mushtaq
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hassam Tahir
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Castillo-Lorenzo E, Breman E, Gómez Barreiro P, Viruel J. Current status of global conservation and characterisation of wild and cultivated Brassicaceae genetic resources. Gigascience 2024; 13:giae050. [PMID: 39110621 PMCID: PMC11304946 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The economic importance of the globally distributed Brassicaceae family resides in the large diversity of crops within the family and the substantial variety of agronomic and functional traits they possess. We reviewed the current classifications of crop wild relatives (CWRs) in the Brassicaceae family with the aim of identifying new potential cross-compatible species from a total of 1,242 species using phylogenetic approaches. RESULTS In general, cross-compatibility data between wild species and crops, as well as phenotype and genotype characterisation data, were available for major crops but very limited for minor crops, restricting the identification of new potential CWRs. Around 70% of wild Brassicaceae did not have genetic sequence data available in public repositories, and only 40% had chromosome counts published. Using phylogenetic distances, we propose 103 new potential CWRs for this family, which we recommend as priorities for cross-compatibility tests with crops and for phenotypic characterisation, including 71 newly identified CWRs for 10 minor crops. From the total species used in this study, more than half had no records of being in ex situ conservation, and 80% were not assessed for their conservation status or were data deficient (IUCN Red List Assessments). CONCLUSIONS Great efforts are needed on ex situ conservation to have accessible material for characterising and evaluating the species for future breeding programmes. We identified the Mediterranean region as one key conservation area for wild Brassicaceae species, with great numbers of endemic and threatened species. Conservation assessments are urgently needed to evaluate most of these wild Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Castillo-Lorenzo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Partnerships department, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Elinor Breman
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Partnerships department, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Pablo Gómez Barreiro
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Science Operations, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Juan Viruel
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Research department, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
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Poulicard N, Pagán I, González-Jara P, Mora MÁ, Hily JM, Fraile A, Piñero D, García-Arenal F. Repeated loss of the ability of a wild pepper disease resistance gene to function at high temperatures suggests that thermoresistance is a costly trait. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:845-860. [PMID: 37920100 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Specificity in plant-pathogen gene-for-gene (GFG) interactions is determined by the recognition of pathogen proteins by the products of plant resistance (R) genes. The evolutionary dynamics of R genes in plant-virus systems is poorly understood. We analyse the evolution of the L resistance locus to tobamoviruses in the wild pepper Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum (chiltepin), a crop relative undergoing incipient domestication. The frequency, and the genetic and phenotypic diversity, of the L locus was analysed in 41 chiltepin populations under different levels of human management over its distribution range in Mexico. The frequency of resistance was lower in Cultivated than in Wild populations. L-locus genetic diversity showed a strong spatial structure with no isolation-by-distance pattern, suggesting environment-specific selection, possibly associated with infection by the highly virulent tobamoviruses found in the surveyed regions. L alleles differed in recognition specificity and in the expression of resistance at different temperatures, broad-spectrum recognition of P0 + P1 pathotypes and expression above 32°C being ancestral traits that were repeatedly lost along L-locus evolution. Overall, loss of resistance co-occurs with incipient domestication and broad-spectrum resistance expressed at high temperatures has apparent fitness costs. These findings contribute to understand the role of fitness trade-offs in plant-virus coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Poulicard
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo González-Jara
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Mora
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Michel Hily
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC) and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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Athni TS, Childs ML, Glidden CK, Mordecai EA. Temperature dependence of mosquitoes: comparing mechanistic and machine learning approaches. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.04.569955. [PMID: 38105988 PMCID: PMC10723351 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.04.569955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito vectors of pathogens (e.g., Aedes , Anopheles , and Culex spp. which transmit dengue, Zika, chikungunya, West Nile, malaria, and others) are of increasing concern for global public health. These vectors are geographically shifting under climate and other anthropogenic changes. As small-bodied ectotherms, mosquitoes are strongly affected by temperature, which causes unimodal responses in mosquito life history traits (e.g., biting rate, adult mortality rate, mosquito development rate, and probability of egg-to-adult survival) that exhibit upper and lower thermal limits and intermediate thermal optima in laboratory studies. However, it remains unknown how mosquito thermal responses measured in laboratory experiments relate to the realized thermal responses of mosquitoes in the field. To address this gap, we leverage thousands of global mosquito occurrences and geospatial satellite data at high spatial resolution to construct machine-learning based species distribution models, from which vector thermal responses are estimated. We apply methods to restrict models to the relevant mosquito activity season and to conduct ecologically-plausible spatial background sampling centered around ecoregions for comparison to mosquito occurrence records. We found that thermal minima estimated from laboratory studies were highly correlated with those from the species distributions (r = 0.90). The thermal optima were less strongly correlated (r = 0.69). For most species, we did not detect thermal maxima from their observed distributions so were unable to compare to laboratory-based estimates. The results suggest that laboratory studies have the potential to be highly transportable to predicting lower thermal limits and thermal optima of mosquitoes in the field. At the same time, lab-based models likely capture physiological limits on mosquito persistence at high temperatures that are not apparent from field-based observational studies but may critically determine mosquito responses to climate warming.
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Martínez‐Ainsworth NE, Scheppler H, Moreno‐Letelier A, Bernau V, Kantar MB, Mercer KL, Jardón‐Barbolla L. Fluctuation of ecological niches and geographic range shifts along chile pepper's domestication gradient. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10731. [PMID: 38034338 PMCID: PMC10682905 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestication is an ongoing well-described process. However, while many have studied the changes domestication causes in plant genetics, few have explored its impact on the portion of the geographic landscape in which the plants exist. Therefore, the goal of this study was to understand how the process of domestication changed the geographic space suitable for chile pepper (Capsicum annuum) in its center of origin (domestication). C. annuum is a major crop species globally whose center of domestication, Mexico, has been well-studied. It provides a unique opportunity to explore the degree to which ranges of different domestication classes diverged and how these ranges might be altered by climate change. To this end, we created ecological niche models for four domestication classes (wild, semiwild, landrace, modern cultivar) based on present climate and future climate scenarios for 2050, 2070, and 2090. Considering present environment, we found substantial overlap in the geographic niches of all the domestication classes. Yet, environmental and geographic aspects of the current ranges did vary among classes. Wild and commercial varieties could grow in desert conditions, while landraces could not. With projections into the future, habitat was lost asymmetrically, with wild, semiwild, and landraces at greater risk of territorial declines than modern cultivars. Further, we identified areas where future suitability overlap between landraces and wilds is expected to be lost. While range expansion is widely associated with domestication, we found little support of a constant niche expansion (either in environmental or geographical space) throughout the domestication gradient in chile peppers in Mexico. Instead, particular domestication transitions resulted in loss, followed by capturing or recapturing environmental or geographic space. The differences in environmental characterization among domestication gradient classes and their future potential range shifts increase the need for conservation efforts to preserve landraces and semiwild genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia E. Martínez‐Ainsworth
- Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencias y HumanidadesUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Hannah Scheppler
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceOhio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Alejandra Moreno‐Letelier
- Jardín Botánico del Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad UniversitariaCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Vivian Bernau
- Plant Introduction Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service (USDA‐ARS), and Department of AgronomyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Michael B. Kantar
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of Hawai'iHonoluluHawaiiUSA
| | - Kristin L. Mercer
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceOhio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Lev Jardón‐Barbolla
- Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencias y HumanidadesUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceOhio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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Nalla MK, Schafleitner R, Pappu HR, Barchenger DW. Current status, breeding strategies and future prospects for managing chilli leaf curl virus disease and associated begomoviruses in Chilli ( Capsicum spp.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1223982. [PMID: 37936944 PMCID: PMC10626458 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1223982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Chilli leaf curl virus disease caused by begomoviruses, has emerged as a major threat to global chilli production, causing severe yield losses and economic harm. Begomoviruses are a highly successful and emerging group of plant viruses that are primarily transmitted by whiteflies belonging to the Bemisia tabaci complex. The most effective method for mitigating chilli leaf curl virus disease losses is breeding for host resistance to Begomovirus. This review highlights the current situation of chilli leaf curl virus disease and associated begomoviruses in chilli production, stressing the significant issues that breeders and growers confront. In addition, the various breeding methods used to generate begomovirus resistant chilli cultivars, and also the complicated connections between the host plant, vector and the virus are discussed. This review highlights the importance of resistance breeding, emphasising the importance of multidisciplinary approaches that combine the best of traditional breeding with cutting-edge genomic technologies. subsequently, the article highlights the challenges that must be overcome in order to effectively deploy begomovirus resistant chilli varieties across diverse agroecological zones and farming systems, as well as understanding the pathogen thus providing the opportunities for improving the sustainability and profitability of chilli production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Nalla
- World Vegetable Center, South and Central Asia Regional Office, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Mandal SK, Rath SK, Logesh R, Mishra SK, Devkota HP, Das N. Capsicum annuum L. and its bioactive constituents: A critical review of a traditional culinary spice in terms of its modern pharmacological potentials with toxicological issues. Phytother Res 2023; 37:965-1002. [PMID: 36255140 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Capsicum annuum L., commonly known as chili pepper, is used as an important spice globally and as a crude drug in many traditional medicine systems. The fruits of C. annuum have been used as a tonic, antiseptic, and stimulating agent, to treat dyspepsia, appetites, and flatulence, and to improve digestion and circulation. The article aims to critically review the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of C. annuum and its major compounds. Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and some carotenoids are reported as the major active compounds with several pharmacological potentials especially as anticancer and cardioprotectant. The anticancer effect of capsaicinoids is mainly mediated through mechanisms involving the interaction of Ca2+ -dependent activation of the MAPK pathway, suppression of NOX-dependent reactive oxygen species generation, and p53-mediated activation of mitochondrial apoptosis in cancer cells. Similarly, the cardioprotective effects of capsaicinoids are mediated through their interaction with cellular transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel, and restoration of calcitonin gene-related peptide via Ca2+ -dependent release of neuropeptides and suppression of bradykinin. In conclusion, this comprehensive review presents detailed information about the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of major bioactive principles of C. annuum with special emphasis on anticancer, cardioprotective effects, and plausible toxic adversities along with food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Kumar Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. B. C. Roy College of Pharmacy and AHS, Durgapur, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Rath
- School of Pharmaceuticals and Population Health Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, India
| | - Rajan Logesh
- TIFAC CORE in Herbal Drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rockland's, Ooty, India
| | | | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Niranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Ramthakur College, Agartala, India
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Wang D, Shi C, Alamgir K, Kwon S, Pan L, Zhu Y, Yang X. Global assessment of the distribution and conservation status of a key medicinal plant (Artemisia annua L.): The roles of climate and anthropogenic activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153378. [PMID: 35085641 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a medicinal plant, Artemisia annua L. is the main source of artemisinin in malaria drugs, but the lack of understanding of its distribution, environmental conditions and protection status limits the mass acquisition of artemisinin. Therefore, we used the ensemble forecast method to model the current and future global distribution areas of A. annua, evaluated the changes in suitable distribution areas on each continent under impacts of human activities and climate change, and its protection status on each continent in the corresponding period. The results showed that the main distribution areas of A. annua were concentrated in mid-latitudes in western and central Europe, southeastern Asia, southeastern North America and southeastern South America. Under the current climate scenario, human modifications have greatly reduced the suitable distribution area of A. annua, which was projected to expand inland with climate change and human socioeconomic impacts of CMIP6 in the future, but the effects of increasing temperature were different in different periods. Among all continents, the suitable distribution area in Europe was the most affected. However, at present and in the future, A. annua needs high priority protection on all continents. Asia and Europe have slightly better protection status scores than other continents, but the protection status scores of all continents are still very low. Our findings can be useful to guide development of protective measures for medicinal plants such as A. annua to further support drug production and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Wang
- Institute of Desertification Studies and Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Chaoyi Shi
- Institute of Desertification Studies and Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Khan Alamgir
- Department of Forestry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper, KPK, 25000, Pakistan
| | - SeMyung Kwon
- Dept. of Forest Science, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, 54 Daehak-ro, Yesan-eup, Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, 32439, R.O.Republic of Korea
| | - Leilei Pan
- Dept. of Forest Science, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, 54 Daehak-ro, Yesan-eup, Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, 32439, R.O.Republic of Korea
| | - Yuanjun Zhu
- Institute of Desertification Studies and Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Institute of Desertification Studies and Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
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Lozada DN, Bosland PW, Barchenger DW, Haghshenas-Jaryani M, Sanogo S, Walker S. Chile Pepper ( Capsicum) Breeding and Improvement in the "Multi-Omics" Era. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:879182. [PMID: 35592583 PMCID: PMC9113053 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.879182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chile pepper (Capsicum spp.) is a major culinary, medicinal, and economic crop in most areas of the world. For more than hundreds of years, chile peppers have "defined" the state of New Mexico, USA. The official state question, "Red or Green?" refers to the preference for either red or the green stage of chile pepper, respectively, reflects the value of these important commodities. The presence of major diseases, low yields, decreased acreages, and costs associated with manual labor limit production in all growing regions of the world. The New Mexico State University (NMSU) Chile Pepper Breeding Program continues to serve as a key player in the development of improved chile pepper varieties for growers and in discoveries that assist plant breeders worldwide. Among the traits of interest for genetic improvement include yield, disease resistance, flavor, and mechanical harvestability. While progress has been made, the use of conventional breeding approaches has yet to fully address producer and consumer demand for these traits in available cultivars. Recent developments in "multi-omics," that is, the simultaneous application of multiple omics approaches to study biological systems, have allowed the genetic dissection of important phenotypes. Given the current needs and production constraints, and the availability of multi-omics tools, it would be relevant to examine the application of these approaches in chile pepper breeding and improvement. In this review, we summarize the major developments in chile pepper breeding and present novel tools that can be implemented to facilitate genetic improvement. In the future, chile pepper improvement is anticipated to be more data and multi-omics driven as more advanced genetics, breeding, and phenotyping tools are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis N. Lozada
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
- Chile Pepper Institute, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Paul W. Bosland
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
- Chile Pepper Institute, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | | | - Mahdi Haghshenas-Jaryani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Soumaila Sanogo
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Stephanie Walker
- Chile Pepper Institute, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
- Department of Extension Plant Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
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11
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Capsicum Leaves under Stress: Using Multi-Omics Analysis to Detect Abiotic Stress Network of Secondary Metabolism in Two Species. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040671. [PMID: 35453356 PMCID: PMC9029244 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant kingdom contains an enormous diversity of bioactive compounds which regulate plant growth and defends against biotic and abiotic stress. Some of these compounds, like flavonoids, have properties which are health supporting and relevant for industrial use. Many of these valuable compounds are synthesized in various pepper (Capsicum sp.) tissues. Further, a huge amount of biomass residual remains from pepper production after harvest, which provides an important opportunity to extract these metabolites and optimize the utilization of crops. Moreover, abiotic stresses induce the synthesis of such metabolites as a defense mechanism. Two different Capsicum species were therefore exposed to chilling temperature (24/18 ℃ vs. 18/12 ℃), to salinity (200 mM NaCl), or a combination thereof for 1, 7 and 14 days to investigate the effect of these stresses on the metabolome and transcriptome profiles of their leaves. Both profiles in both species responded to all stresses with an increase over time. All stresses resulted in repression of photosynthesis genes. Stress involving chilling temperature induced secondary metabolism whereas stresses involving salt repressed cell wall modification and solute transport. The metabolome analysis annotated putatively many health stimulating flavonoids (apigetrin, rutin, kaempferol, luteolin and quercetin) in the Capsicum biomass residuals, which were induced in response to salinity, chilling temperature or a combination thereof, and supported by related structural genes of the secondary metabolism in the network analysis.
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12
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Khoury CK, Brush S, Costich DE, Curry HA, de Haan S, Engels JMM, Guarino L, Hoban S, Mercer KL, Miller AJ, Nabhan GP, Perales HR, Richards C, Riggins C, Thormann I. Crop genetic erosion: understanding and responding to loss of crop diversity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:84-118. [PMID: 34515358 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crop diversity underpins the productivity, resilience and adaptive capacity of agriculture. Loss of this diversity, termed crop genetic erosion, is therefore concerning. While alarms regarding evident declines in crop diversity have been raised for over a century, the magnitude, trajectory, drivers and significance of these losses remain insufficiently understood. We outline the various definitions, measurements, scales and sources of information on crop genetic erosion. We then provide a synthesis of evidence regarding changes in the diversity of traditional crop landraces on farms, modern crop cultivars in agriculture, crop wild relatives in their natural habitats and crop genetic resources held in conservation repositories. This evidence indicates that marked losses, but also maintenance and increases in diversity, have occurred in all these contexts, the extent depending on species, taxonomic and geographic scale, and region, as well as analytical approach. We discuss steps needed to further advance knowledge around the agricultural and societal significance, as well as conservation implications, of crop genetic erosion. Finally, we propose actions to mitigate, stem and reverse further losses of crop diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin K Khoury
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, Apartado Aéreo 6713, 763537, Cali, Colombia
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, 1 N. Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO, 63103, USA
- San Diego Botanic Garden, 230 Quail Gardens Dr., Encinitas, CA, 92024, USA
| | - Stephen Brush
- University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Denise E Costich
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México-Veracruz, Km. 45, El Batán, 56237, Texcoco, México
| | - Helen Anne Curry
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, CB2 3RH, UK
| | - Stef de Haan
- International Potato Center (CIP), Avenida La Molina 1895, La Molina, Apartado Postal 1558, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Luigi Guarino
- Global Crop Diversity Trust, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sean Hoban
- The Morton Arboretum, The Center for Tree Science, 4100 IL-53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
| | - Kristin L Mercer
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Allison J Miller
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, 1 N. Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO, 63103, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Gary P Nabhan
- Southwest Center and Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, 1401 E. First St., PO Box 210185, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0185, USA
| | - Hugo R Perales
- Departamento de Agroecología, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal, Chiapas, 29290, México
| | - Chris Richards
- National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Chance Riggins
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 331 Edward R. Madigan Lab, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Imke Thormann
- Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE), Information and Coordination Centre for Biological Diversity (IBV), Deichmanns Aue 29, 53179, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Kallow S, Mertens A, Janssens SB, Vandelook F, Dickie J, Swennen R, Panis B. Banana seed genetic resources for food security: Status, constraints, and future priorities. Food Energy Secur 2021; 11:e345. [PMID: 35866053 PMCID: PMC9285888 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Storing seed collections of crop wild relatives, wild plant taxa genetically related to crops, is an essential component in global food security. Seed banking protects genetic resources from degradation and extinction and provides material for use by breeders. Despite being among the most important crops in the world, banana and plantain crop wild relatives are largely under‐represented in genebanks. Nevertheless, banana crop wild relative seed collections are in fact held in different countries, but these have not previously been part of reporting or analysis. To fill this gap, we firstly collated banana seed accession data from 13 institutions in 10 countries. These included 537 accessions containing an estimated 430,000 seeds of 56 species. We reviewed their taxonomic coverage and seed storage conditions including viability estimates. We found that seed accessions have low viability (25% mean) representing problems in seed storage and processing. Secondly, we surveyed 22 institutions involved in banana genetic resource conservation regarding the key constraints and knowledge gaps that institutions face related to banana seed conservation. Major constraints were identified including finding suitable material and populations to collect seeds from, lack of knowledge regarding optimal storage conditions and germination conditions. Thirdly, we carried out a conservation prioritization and gap analysis of Musaceae taxa, using established methods, to index representativeness. Overall, our conservation assessment showed that despite this extended data set banana crop wild relatives are inadequately conserved, with 51% of taxa not represented in seed collections at all; the average conservation assessment showing high priority for conservation according to the index. Finally, we provide recommendations for future collecting, research, and management, to conserve banana and plantain crop wild relatives in seed banks for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kallow
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Millennium Seed Bank Ardingly UK
- Department of Biosystems Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Meise Botanic Garden Meise Belgium
| | - Arne Mertens
- Department of Biosystems Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Meise Botanic Garden Meise Belgium
| | - Steven B. Janssens
- Meise Botanic Garden Meise Belgium
- Biology Department Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | | | - John Dickie
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Millennium Seed Bank Ardingly UK
| | - Rony Swennen
- Department of Biosystems Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven Belgium
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Kampala Uganda
| | - Bart Panis
- Department of Biosystems Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Bioversity International Leuven Belgium
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14
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González‐Orozco CE, Sosa CC, Thornhill AH, Laffan SW. Phylogenetic diversity and conservation of crop wild relatives in Colombia. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2603-2617. [PMID: 34815742 PMCID: PMC8591330 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop wild relatives (CWR) are an important agricultural resource as they contain genetic traits not found in cultivated species due to localized adaptation to unique environmental and climatic conditions. Phylogenetic diversity (PD) measures the evolutionary relationship of species using the tree of life. Our knowledge of CWR PD in neotropical regions is in its infancy. We analysed the distribution of CWR PD across Colombia and assessed its conservation status. The areas with the largest concentration of PD were identified as being in the northern part of the central and western Andean mountain ranges and the Pacific region. These centres of high PD were comprised of predominantly short and closely related branches, mostly of species of wild tomatoes and black peppers. In contrast, the CWR PD in the lowland ecosystems of the Amazon and Orinoquia regions had deeply diverging clades predominantly represented by long and distantly related branches (i.e. tuberous roots, grains and cacao). We categorized 50 (52.6%) of the CWR species as 'high priority', 36 as 'medium priority' and nine as 'low priority' for further ex-situ and in situ conservation actions. New areas of high PD and richness with large ex-situ gap collections were identified mainly in the northern part of the Andes of Colombia. We found that 56% of the grid cells with the highest PD values were unprotected. These baseline data could be used to create a comprehensive national strategy of CWR conservation in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. González‐Orozco
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA)Centro de Investigación La LibertadVillavicencioColombia
| | - Chrystian C. Sosa
- Departamento de Ciencias naturales y MatemáticasPontificia Universidad Javeriana CaliCaliColombia
- Grupo de Investigación en EvoluciónEcología y Conservación EECOPrograma de BiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Básicas y TecnologíasUniversidad del QuindíoArmeniaColombia
| | - Andrew H. Thornhill
- Environment InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
- Department for Environment and WaterState Herbarium of South AustraliaBotanic Gardens and State HerbariumAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Shawn W. Laffan
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research CentreSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of New South WalesKensingtonNSWAustralia
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15
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Kallow S, Panis B, Vu DT, Vu TD, Paofa J, Mertens A, Swennen R, Janssens SB. Maximizing genetic representation in seed collections from populations of self and cross-pollinated banana wild relatives. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:415. [PMID: 34503446 PMCID: PMC8431884 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conservation of plant genetic resources, including the wild relatives of crops, plays an important and well recognised role in addressing some of the key challenges faced by humanity and the planet including ending hunger and biodiversity loss. However, the genetic diversity and representativeness of ex situ collections, especially that contained in seed collections, is often unknown. This limits meaningful assessments against conservation targets, impairs targeting of future collecting and limits their use. We assessed genetic representation of seed collections compared to source populations for three wild relatives of bananas and plantains. Focal species and sampling regions were M. acuminata subsp. banksii (Papua New Guinea), M. balbisiana (Viet Nam) and M. maclayi s.l. (Bougainville, Papua New Guinea). We sequenced 445 samples using suites of 16-20 existing and newly developed taxon-specific polymorphic microsatellite markers. Samples of each species were from five populations in a region; 15 leaf samples from different individuals and 16 seed samples from one infructescence ('bunch') were analysed for each population. RESULTS Allelic richness of seeds compared to populations was 51, 81 and 93% (M. acuminata, M. balbisiana and M. maclayi respectively). Seed samples represented all common alleles in populations but omitted some rarer alleles. The number of collections required to achieve the 70% target of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation was species dependent, relating to mating systems. Musa acuminata populations had low heterozygosity and diversity, indicating self-fertilization; many bunches were needed (> 15) to represent regional alleles to 70%; over 90% of the alleles from a bunch are included in only two seeds. Musa maclayi was characteristically cross-fertilizing; only three bunches were needed to represent regional alleles; within a bunch, 16 seeds represent alleles. Musa balbisiana, considered cross-fertilized, had low genetic diversity; seeds of four bunches are needed to represent regional alleles; only two seeds represent alleles in a bunch. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate empirical measurement of representation of genetic material in seeds collections in ex situ conservation towards conservation targets. Species mating systems profoundly affected genetic representation in seed collections and therefore should be a primary consideration to maximize genetic representation. Results are applicable to sampling strategies for other wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kallow
- Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860, Meise, Belgium.
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Millennium Seed Bank, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK.
| | - Bart Panis
- Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Bioversity International, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dang Toan Vu
- Plant Resources Center, Ankhanh, Hoaiduc, Hà Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Tuong Dang Vu
- Plant Resources Center, Ankhanh, Hoaiduc, Hà Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Janet Paofa
- National Agricultural Research Institute, Laloki, Port Moresby, 121, Papua New Guinea
| | - Arne Mertens
- Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860, Meise, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rony Swennen
- Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Plot 15B Naguru East Road, Upper Naguru, 7878, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Steven B Janssens
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860, Meise, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Parry C, Wang YW, Lin SW, Barchenger DW. Reproductive compatibility in Capsicum is not necessarily reflected in genetic or phenotypic similarity between species complexes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243689. [PMID: 33760824 PMCID: PMC8508556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild relatives of domesticated Capsicum represent substantial
genetic diversity and thus sources of traits of potential interest. Furthermore,
the hybridization compatibility between members of Capsicum
species complexes remains unresolved. Improving our understanding of the
relationship between Capsicum species relatedness and their
ability to form hybrids is a highly pertinent issue. Through the development of
novel interspecific hybrids in this study, we demonstrate interspecies
compatibility is not necessarily reflected in relatedness according to
established Capsicum genepool complexes. Based on a phylogeny
constructed by genotyping using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and with a
portion of the waxy locus, and through principal component
analysis (PCA) of phenotypic data, we clarify the relationships among wild and
domesticated Capsicum species. Together, the phylogeny and
hybridization studies provide evidence for the misidentification of a number of
species from the World Vegetable Center genebank included in this study. The
World Vegetable Center holds the largest collection of Capsicum
genetic material globally, therefore this may reflect a wider issue in the
misidentification of Capsicum wild relatives. The findings
presented here provide insight into an apparent disconnect between compatibility
and relatedness in the Capsicum genus, which will be valuable
in identifying candidates for future breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Parry
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Yen-Wei Wang
- World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Tainan, 74151, Taiwan
| | - Shih-wen Lin
- World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Tainan, 74151, Taiwan
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17
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Mertens A, Swennen R, Rønsted N, Vandelook F, Panis B, Sachter‐Smith G, Vu DT, Janssens SB. Conservation status assessment of banana crop wild relatives using species distribution modelling. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Mertens
- Department of Biosystems Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement KU Leuven Belgium
- Crop Wild Relatives and Useful Plants Meise Botanic Garden Meise Belgium
| | - Rony Swennen
- Department of Biosystems Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement KU Leuven Belgium
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Arusha Tanzania
- Bioversity International Heverlee Belgium
| | - Nina Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Science and Conservation National Tropical Botanical Garden Kalaheo HI United States
| | - Filip Vandelook
- Crop Wild Relatives and Useful Plants Meise Botanic Garden Meise Belgium
| | - Bart Panis
- Bioversity International Heverlee Belgium
| | | | - Dang Toan Vu
- Research Planning and International Department Plant Resources Centre Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Steven B. Janssens
- Crop Wild Relatives and Useful Plants Meise Botanic Garden Meise Belgium
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18
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Khoury CK, Carver D, Greene SL, Williams KA, Achicanoy HA, Schori M, León B, Wiersema JH, Frances A. Crop wild relatives of the United States require urgent conservation action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33351-33357. [PMID: 33318205 PMCID: PMC7776777 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007029117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The contributions of crop wild relatives (CWR) to food security depend on their conservation and accessibility for use. The United States contains a diverse native flora of CWR, including those of important cereal, fruit, nut, oil, pulse, root and tuber, and vegetable crops, which may be threatened in their natural habitats and underrepresented in plant conservation repositories. To determine conservation priorities for these plants, we developed a national inventory, compiled occurrence information, modeled potential distributions, and conducted threat assessments and conservation gap analyses for 600 native taxa. We found that 7.1% of the taxa may be critically endangered in their natural habitats, 50% may be endangered, and 28% may be vulnerable. We categorized 58.8% of the taxa as of urgent priority for further action, 37% as high priority, and 4.2% as medium priority. Major ex situ conservation gaps were identified for 93.3% of the wild relatives (categorized as urgent or high priority), with 83 taxa absent from conservation repositories, while 93.1% of the plants were equivalently prioritized for further habitat protection. Various taxonomic richness hotspots across the US represent focal regions for further conservation action. Related needs include facilitating greater access to and characterization of these cultural-genetic-natural resources and raising public awareness of their existence, value, and plight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin K Khoury
- National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO 80521;
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture, 763537 Cali, Colombia
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103
| | - Daniel Carver
- National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO 80521
- Geospatial Centroid, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1019
| | - Stephanie L Greene
- National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Karen A Williams
- National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | | | - Melanie Schori
- National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350
| | - Blanca León
- Museo de Historia Natural Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 14, Peru
- Department of Geography and the Environment, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - John H Wiersema
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560
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19
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Barboza GE, García CC, Scaldaferro M, Bohs L. An amazing new Capsicum (Solanaceae) species from the Andean-Amazonian Piedmont. PHYTOKEYS 2020; 167:13-29. [PMID: 33304116 PMCID: PMC7695674 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.167.57751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Capsicum regale Barboza & Bohs, sp. nov., a new species from the tropical wet forests of the eastern Andean slopes (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru) is described and illustrated. This new species belongs to the Andean clade (all species 2n = 26) of Capsicum and is similar to C. longifolium Barboza & S.Leiva in its glabrescence, calyx morphology, and corolla and seed color but differs in its membranous and elliptic leaves, fleshy calyces, deeper stellate corollas, longer filaments, longer and purple fruiting pedicels, purple berries, and larger seeds. Its chromosome number was counted (2n = 26), a preliminary assessment of conservation status is given and discussed, and an updated identification key to the species of the Andean clade is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria E. Barboza
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina & Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Carrizo García
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina & Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marisel Scaldaferro
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina & Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lynn Bohs
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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20
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The Potential of Payment for Ecosystem Services for Crop Wild Relative Conservation. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101305. [PMID: 33023207 PMCID: PMC7601374 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Crop wild relatives (CWR) have proven to be very valuable in agricultural breeding programs but remain a relatively under-utilized and under-protected resource. CWR have provided resistance to pests and diseases, abiotic stress tolerance, quality improvements and yield increases with the annual contribution of these traits to agriculture estimated at USD 115 billion globally and are considered to possess many valuable traits that have not yet been explored. The use of the genetic diversity found in CWR for breeding provides much-needed resilience to modern agricultural systems and has great potential to help sustainably increase agricultural production to feed a growing world population in the face of climate change and other stresses. A number of CWR taxa are at risk, however, necessitating coordinated local, national, regional and global efforts to preserve the genetic diversity of these plants through complementary in situ and ex situ conservation efforts. We discuss the absence of adequate institutional frameworks to incentivize CWR conservation services and propose payment for ecosystem services (PES) as an under-explored mechanism for financing these efforts. Such mechanisms could serve as a potentially powerful tool for enhancing the long-term protection of CWR.
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21
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Myrans H, Diaz MV, Khoury CK, Carver D, Henry RJ, Gleadow R. Modelled distributions and conservation priorities of wild sorghums (
Sorghum
Moench). DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harry Myrans
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. Australia
| | - Maria V. Diaz
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Cali Colombia
| | - Colin K. Khoury
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Cali Colombia
- Department of Biology Saint Louis University St. Louis MO USA
- National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Daniel Carver
- National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Fort Collins CO USA
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Robert J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation The University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Roslyn Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation The University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
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22
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Zhang P, Dong X, Grenouillet G, Lek S, Zheng Y, Chang J. Species range shifts in response to climate change and human pressure for the world's largest amphibian. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139543. [PMID: 32485455 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus, the world's largest amphibian, is critically endangered and has an extremely unique evolutionary history. Therefore, this species represents a global conservation priority and will be impacted by future climate and human pressures. Understanding the range and response to environmental change of this species is a priority for the identification of targeted conservation activities. We projected future range shifts of the Chinese giant salamander under the independent and combined impacts of climate change and human population density (HPD) variations by using ensemble species distribution models. We further evaluated the sustainability of existing nature reserves and identified priority areas for the mitigation or prevention of such pressures. Both climate change and increasing HPD tended to reduce the species range, with the latter leading to greater range losses and fragmentation of the range. Notably, 65.6%, 18.0% and 18.4% of the range loss were attributed solely to HPD change, solely to climate change and to their overlapping impacts, respectively. Overall, the average total and net losses of the species range were 52.5% and 23.4%, respectively, and HPD and climate changes were responsible for 71.4% and 28.6% of the net losses, respectively. We investigated the stability of the remaining species range and found that half of the nature reserves are likely vulnerable, with 57.1% and 66.7% of them likely to lose their conservation value in 2050 and 2070, respectively. To effectively protect this salamander, conservation policies should address both pressures simultaneously, especially considering the negative impact of human pressures in both contemporary periods and the near future. The species range shifts over space and time projected by this research could help guide long-term surveys and the sustainable conservation of wild habitats and populations of this ancient and endangered amphibian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; UMR Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France.
| | - Xianghong Dong
- UMR Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Gaël Grenouillet
- UMR Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75231, France
| | - Sovan Lek
- UMR Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Yichen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianbo Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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