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Sanketi BD, Kurpios NA. Avian Embryos as a Model to Study Vascular Development. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2438:183-195. [PMID: 35147943 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2035-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of live imaging is indispensable for advancing our understanding of vascular morphogenesis. Imaging fixed embryos at a series of distinct developmental time points, although valuable, does not reveal the dynamic behavior of cells, as well as their interactions with the underlying ECM. Due to the easy access of chicken embryos to manipulation and high-resolution imaging, this model has been at the origin of key discoveries. In parallel, known through its extensive use in quail-chick chimera studies, the quail embryo is equally poised to genetic manipulations and paramount to direct imaging of transgenic reporter quails. Here we describe ex ovo time-lapse confocal microscopy of transgenic quail embryo slices to image vascular development during gut morphogenesis. This technique is powerful as it allows direct observation of the dynamic endothelial cell behaviors along the left-right (LR) axis of the dorsal mesentery (DM), the major conduit for blood and lymphatic vessels that serve the gut. In combination with in ovo plasmid electroporation and quail-chick transplantation, these methods have allowed us to study the molecular mechanisms underlying blood vessel assembly during the formation of the intestine. Below we describe our protocols for the generation of embryo slices, ex ovo time-lapse imaging of fluorescently labeled cells, and quail-chick chimeras to study the early stages of gut vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargav D Sanketi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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2
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Hauber ME, Louder MI, Griffith SC. Neurogenomic insights into the behavioral and vocal development of the zebra finch. eLife 2021; 10:61849. [PMID: 34106827 PMCID: PMC8238503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) is a socially monogamous and colonial opportunistic breeder with pronounced sexual differences in singing and plumage coloration. Its natural history has led to it becoming a model species for research into sex differences in vocal communication, as well as behavioral, neural and genomic studies of imitative auditory learning. As scientists tap into the genetic and behavioral diversity of both wild and captive lineages, the zebra finch will continue to inform research into culture, learning, and social bonding, as well as adaptability to a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Matthew Im Louder
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Simon C Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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3
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Abstract
For more than 2000 years, the avian embryo has helped scientists understand questions of developmental and cell biology. As early as 350 BC Aristotle described embryonic development inside a chicken egg (Aristotle, Generation of animals. Loeb Classical Library (translated), vol. 8, 1943). In the seventeenth century, Marcello Malpighi, referred to as the father of embryology, first diagramed the microscopic morphogenesis of the chick embryo, including extensive characterization of the cardiovascular system (Pearce Eur Neurol 58(4):253-255, 2007; West, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 304(6):L383-L390, 2016). The ease of accessibility to the embryo and similarity to mammalian development have made avians a powerful system among model organisms. Currently, a unique combination of classical and modern techniques is employed for investigation of the vascular system in the avian embryo. Here, we will introduce the essential techniques of embryonic manipulation for experimental study in vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Asai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Bressan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Takashi Mikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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4
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Tsujino K, Okuzaki Y, Hibino N, Kawamura K, Saito S, Ozaki Y, Ishishita S, Kuroiwa A, Iijima S, Matsuda Y, Nishijima K, Suzuki T. Identification of transgene integration site and anatomical properties of fluorescence intensity in a EGFP transgenic chicken line. Dev Growth Differ 2019; 61:393-401. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Tsujino
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Yuya Okuzaki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hibino
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Kazuki Kawamura
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Seiji Saito
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Yumi Ozaki
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishishita
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuroiwa
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Shinji Iijima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuda
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Kenichi Nishijima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
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Huss DJ, Saias S, Hamamah S, Singh JM, Wang J, Dave M, Kim J, Eberwine J, Lansford R. Avian Primordial Germ Cells Contribute to and Interact With the Extracellular Matrix During Early Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:35. [PMID: 30984757 PMCID: PMC6447691 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During early avian development, primordial germ cells (PGC) are highly migratory, moving from the central area pellucida of the blastoderm to the anterior extra-embryonic germinal crescent. The PGCs soon move into the forming blood vessels by intravasation and travel in the circulatory system to the genital ridges where they participate in the organogenesis of the gonads. This complex cellular migration takes place in close association with a nascent extracellular matrix that matures in a precise spatio-temporal pattern. We first compiled a list of quail matrisome genes by bioinformatic screening of human matrisome orthologs. Next, we used single cell RNA-seq analysis (scRNAseq) to determine that PGCs express numerous ECM and ECM-associated genes in early embryos. The expression of select ECM transcripts and proteins in PGCs were verified by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunofluorescence (IF). Live imaging of transgenic quail embryos injected with fluorescent antibodies against fibronectin and laminin, showed that germinal crescent PGCs display rapid shape changes and morphological properties such as blebbing and filopodia while surrounded by, or in close contact with, an ECM fibril meshwork that is itself in constant motion. Injection of anti-β1 integrin CSAT antibodies resulted in a reduction of mature fibronectin and laminin fibril meshwork in the germinal crescent at HH4-5 but did not alter the active motility of the PGCs or their ability to populate the germinal crescent. These results suggest that integrin β1 receptors are important, but not required, for PGCs to successfully migrate during embryonic development, but instead play a vital role in ECM fibrillogenesis and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Huss
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sasha Saias
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sevag Hamamah
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn Genome Frontiers Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn Genome Frontiers Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mohit Dave
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Junhyong Kim
- Penn Genome Frontiers Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James Eberwine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn Genome Frontiers Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rusty Lansford
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Acebedo AR, Suzuki K, Hino S, Alcantara MC, Sato Y, Haga H, Matsumoto KI, Nakao M, Shimamura K, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Miyagawa S, Nishinakamura R, Adelstein RS, Yamada G. Mesenchymal actomyosin contractility is required for androgen-driven urethral masculinization in mice. Commun Biol 2019; 2:95. [PMID: 30886905 PMCID: PMC6408527 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of mammalian embryonic external genitalia (eExG) shows dynamic differences between males and females. In genotypic males, eExG are masculinized in response to androgen signaling. Disruption of this process can give rise to multiple male reproductive organ defects. Currently, mechanisms of androgen-driven sexually dimorphic organogenesis are still unclear. We show here that mesenchymal-derived actomyosin contractility, by MYH10, is essential for the masculinization of mouse eExG. MYH10 is expressed prominently in the bilateral mesenchyme of male eExG. Androgen induces MYH10 protein expression and actomyosin contractility in the bilateral mesenchyme. Inhibition of actomyosin contractility through blebbistatin treatment and mesenchymal genetic deletion induced defective urethral masculinization with reduced mesenchymal condensation. We also suggest that actomyosin contractility regulates androgen-dependent mesenchymal directional cell migration to form the condensation in the bilateral mesenchyme leading to changes in urethral plate shape to accomplish urethral masculinization. Thus, mesenchymal-derived actomyosin contractility is indispensable for androgen-driven urethral masculinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin R. Acebedo
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
| | - Shinjiro Hino
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Mellissa C. Alcantara
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Hisashi Haga
- Transdisciplinary Life Science Course, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501 Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Nakao
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Kenji Shimamura
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Robert S. Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762 USA
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509 Japan
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8
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Kato M, Narematsu M, Nakajima Y. Anatomy of the coronary artery and cardiac vein in the quail ventricle: patterns are distinct from those in mouse and human hearts. Anat Sci Int 2018; 93:533-539. [PMID: 29948975 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-018-0446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronary vessel development has been investigated in avian and mouse embryonic hearts. Quail embryos are a useful tool to examine vascular development, particularly because the QH1 antibody and transgenic quail line, Tg (tie1:H2B-eYFP), are useful to trace endothelial cells. However, there are only a few descriptions of the quail coronary vessels. Using ink injection coronary angiography, we examined the course of coronary vessels in the fetal quail heart. The major coronary arteries were the right and left septal arteries, which, respectively, branched off from the right and left coronary stems. The right septal artery ran posteriorly (dorsally) and penetrated the ventricular free wall to distribute to the posterior surface of the ventricles. The left septal artery ran anteriorly (ventrally) and penetrated the ventricular free wall to distribute to the anterior surface of the ventricles. The right and left circumflex arteries were directed posteriorly along the atrioventricular sulci. The cardiac veins consisted of three major tributaries: the middle, great, and anterior cardiac veins. The middle cardiac vein ascended along the posterior interventricular sulcus and emptied into the right atrium. The great cardiac vein ran along the anterior interventricular sulcus, entered the space between the left atrium and conus arteriosus and emptied into the right atrium behind the aortic bulb. The anterior cardiac vein drained the anterior surface of the right ventricle and connected to the anterior base of the right atrium. The course of coronary vessels in the quail heart was basically the same as that observed in chick but was different from those of mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kato
- Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abenoku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abenoku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Mayu Narematsu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abenoku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abenoku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
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9
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Flentke GR, Smith SM. The avian embryo as a model for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 96:98-106. [PMID: 29024604 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) remains a leading preventable cause of structural birth defects and permanent neurodevelopmental disability. The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a powerful embryological research model, and was possibly the first in which the teratogenicity of alcohol was demonstrated. Pharmacologically relevant exposure to alcohol in the range of 20-70 mmol/L (20-80 mg/egg) disrupt the growth of chicken embryos, morphogenesis, and behavior, and the resulting phenotypes strongly parallel those of mammalian models. The avian embryo's direct accessibility has enabled novel insights into the teratogenic mechanisms of alcohol. These include the contribution of IGF1 signaling to growth suppression, the altered flow dynamics that reshape valvuloseptal morphogenesis and mediate its cardiac teratogenicity, and the suppression of Wnt and Shh signals thereby disrupting the migration, expansion, and survival of the neural crest, and underlie its characteristic craniofacial deficits. The genetic diversity within commercial avian strains has enabled the identification of unique loci, such as ribosome biogenesis, that modify vulnerability to alcohol. This venerable research model is equally relevant for the future, as the application of technological advances including CRISPR, optogenetics, and biophotonics to the embryo's ready accessibility creates a unique model in which investigators can manipulate and monitor the embryo in real-time to investigate the effect of alcohol on cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Flentke
- UNC-Nutrition Research Institute and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.,UNC-Nutrition Research Institute and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Susan M Smith
- UNC-Nutrition Research Institute and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.,UNC-Nutrition Research Institute and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
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10
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Huss D, Benazeraf B, Wallingford A, Filla M, Yang J, Fraser SE, Lansford R. A transgenic quail model that enables dynamic imaging of amniote embryogenesis. Development 2015; 142:2850-9. [PMID: 26209648 PMCID: PMC4550965 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is the coordinated assembly of tissues during morphogenesis through changes in individual cell behaviors and collective cell movements. Dynamic imaging, combined with quantitative analysis, is ideal for investigating fundamental questions in developmental biology involving cellular differentiation, growth control and morphogenesis. However, a reliable amniote model system that is amenable to the rigors of extended, high-resolution imaging and cell tracking has been lacking. To address this shortcoming, we produced a novel transgenic quail that ubiquitously expresses nuclear localized monomer cherry fluorescent protein (chFP). We characterize the expression pattern of chFP and provide concrete examples of how Tg(PGK1:H2B-chFP) quail can be used to dynamically image and analyze key morphogenetic events during embryonic stages X to 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Huss
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Bertrand Benazeraf
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS (UMR 7104), Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Allison Wallingford
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Michael Filla
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 94720, USA
| | - Scott E Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rusty Lansford
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 94720, USA Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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11
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Simons M, Alitalo K, Annex BH, Augustin HG, Beam C, Berk BC, Byzova T, Carmeliet P, Chilian W, Cooke JP, Davis GE, Eichmann A, Iruela-Arispe ML, Keshet E, Sinusas AJ, Ruhrberg C, Woo YJ, Dimmeler S. State-of-the-Art Methods for Evaluation of Angiogenesis and Tissue Vascularization: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2015; 116:e99-132. [PMID: 25931450 DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Identification of the avian RBP7 gene as a new adipose-specific gene and RBP7 promoter-driven GFP expression in adipose tissue of transgenic quail. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124768. [PMID: 25867079 PMCID: PMC4395105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of an increasing number of new adipose-specific genes has significantly contributed to our understanding of adipose tissue biology and the etiology of obesity and its related diseases. In the present study, comparison of gene expression profiles among various tissues was performed by analysis of chicken microarray data, leading to identification of RBP7 as a novel adipose-specific gene in chicken. Adipose-specific expression of RBP7 in the avian species was further confirmed at the protein and mRNA levels. Examination of the transcription factor binding sites within the chicken RBP7 promoter by Matinspector software revealed potential binding sites for adipogenic transcription factors. This led to the hypothesis that the RBP7 promoter can be utilized to overexpress a transgene in adipose tissue in order to further investigate the function of a transgene in adipose tissue. Several lines of transgenic quail containing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene under the control of the RBP7 promoter were generated using lentivirus-mediated gene transfer. The GFP expression in transgenic quail was specific to adipose tissue and increased after adipocyte differentiation. This expression pattern was consistent with endogenous RBP7 expression, suggesting the RBP7 promoter is sufficient to overexpress a gene of interest in adipose tissue at later developmental stages. These findings will lead to the establishment of a novel RBP7 promoter cassette which can be utilized for overexpressing genes of interest in adipose tissue in vivo to study the function of genes in adipose tissue development and lipid metabolism.
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13
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Loganathan R, Little CD, Joshi P, Filla MB, Cheuvront TJ, Lansford R, Rongish BJ. Identification of emergent motion compartments in the amniote embryo. Organogenesis 2015; 10:350-64. [PMID: 25482403 DOI: 10.4161/org.36315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue scale deformations (≥ 1 mm) required to form an amniote embryo are poorly understood. Here, we studied ∼400 μm-sized explant units from gastrulating quail embryos. The explants deformed in a reproducible manner when grown using a novel vitelline membrane-based culture method. Time-lapse recordings of latent embryonic motion patterns were analyzed after disk-shaped tissue explants were excised from three specific regions near the primitive streak: 1) anterolateral epiblast, 2) posterolateral epiblast, and 3) the avian organizer (Hensen's node). The explants were cultured for 8 hours-an interval equivalent to gastrulation. Both the anterolateral and the posterolateral epiblastic explants engaged in concentric radial/centrifugal tissue expansion. In sharp contrast, Hensen's node explants displayed Cartesian-like, elongated, bipolar deformations-a pattern reminiscent of axis elongation. Time-lapse analysis of explant tissue motion patterns indicated that both cellular motility and extracellular matrix fiber (tissue) remodeling take place during the observed morphogenetic deformations. As expected, treatment of tissue explants with a selective Rho-Kinase (p160ROCK) signaling inhibitor, Y27632, completely arrested all morphogenetic movements. Microsurgical experiments revealed that lateral epiblastic tissue was dispensable for the generation of an elongated midline axis- provided that an intact organizer (node) is present. Our computational analyses suggest the possibility of delineating tissue-scale morphogenetic movements at anatomically discrete locations in the embryo. Further, tissue deformation patterns, as well as the mechanical state of the tissue, require normal actomyosin function. We conclude that amniote embryos contain tissue-scale, regionalized morphogenetic motion generators, which can be assessed using our novel computational time-lapse imaging approach. These data and future studies-using explants excised from overlapping anatomical positions-will contribute to understanding the emergent tissue flow that shapes the amniote embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajprasad Loganathan
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology ; University of Kansas Medical Center ; Kansas City , KS USA
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14
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Abstract
Embryonic cell migration patterns are amazingly complex in the timing and spatial distribution of cells throughout the vertebrate landscape. However, advances in in vivo visualization, cell interrogation, and computational modeling are extracting critical features that underlie the mechanistic nature of these patterns. The focus of this review highlights recent advances in the study of the highly invasive neural crest cells and their migratory patterns during embryonic development. We discuss these advances within three major themes and include a description of computational models that have emerged to more rapidly integrate and test hypothetical mechanisms of neural crest migration. We conclude with technological advances that promise to reveal new insights and help translate results to human neural crest-related birth defects and metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Kulesa
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research1000 E. 50 St, Kansas City, MO 64110USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of MedicineKansas City, KS, 66160USA
| | - Rebecca McLennan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research1000 E. 50 St, Kansas City, MO 64110USA
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15
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Clayton DF, London SE. Advancing avian behavioral neuroendocrinology through genomics. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:58-71. [PMID: 24113222 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genome technologies are transforming all areas of biology, including the study of hormones, brain and behavior. Annotated reference genome assemblies are rapidly being produced for many avian species. Here we briefly review the basic concepts and tools used in genomics. We then consider how these are informing the study of avian behavioral neuroendocrinology, focusing in particular on lessons from the study of songbirds. We discuss the impact of having a complete "parts list" for an organism; the transformational potential of studying large sets of genes at once instead one gene at a time; the growing recognition that environmental and behavioral signals trigger massive shifts in gene expression in the brain; and the prospects for using comparative genomics to uncover the genetic roots of behavioral variation. Throughout, we identify promising new directions for bolstering the application of genomic information to further advance the study of avian brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Clayton
- Biological & Experimental Psychology Division, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Sarah E London
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Biology, Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, 940 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Chick stem cells: current progress and future prospects. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1378-92. [PMID: 24103496 PMCID: PMC3989061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chick embryonic stem cells (cESCs) can be derived from cells obtained from stage X embryos (blastoderm stage); these have the ability to contribute to all somatic lineages in chimaeras, but not to the germ line. However, lines of stem cells that are able to contribute to the germ line can be established from chick primordial germ cells (cPGCs) and embryonic germ cells (cEGCs). This review provides information on avian stem cells, emphasizing different sources of cells and current methods for derivation and culture of pluripotent cells from chick embryos. We also review technologies for isolation and derivation of chicken germ cells and the production of transgenic birds. Chick embryonic stem cells (cESCs) can be derived from a variety of sources. cESCs can contribute to all somatic cell types but not to the germ line. germ cells can be isolated from early embryos, embryonic blood and gonads. germ cells can establish self-renewing lines and contribute to the germline.
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