1
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Hall AE, Klompstra D, Nance J. C. elegans Afadin is required for epidermal morphogenesis and functionally interfaces with the cadherin-catenin complex and RhoGAP PAC-1/ARHGAP21. Dev Biol 2024; 511:12-25. [PMID: 38556137 PMCID: PMC11088504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
During epithelial morphogenesis, the apical junctions connecting cells must remodel as cells change shape and make new connections with their neighbors. In the C. elegans embryo, new apical junctions form when epidermal cells migrate and seal with one another to encase the embryo in skin ('ventral enclosure'), and junctions remodel when epidermal cells change shape to squeeze the embryo into a worm shape ('elongation'). The junctional cadherin-catenin complex (CCC), which links epithelial cells to each other and to cortical actomyosin, is essential for C. elegans epidermal morphogenesis. RNAi genetic enhancement screens have identified several genes encoding proteins that interact with the CCC to promote epidermal morphogenesis, including the scaffolding protein Afadin (AFD-1), whose depletion alone results in only minor morphogenesis defects. Here, by creating a null mutation in afd-1, we show that afd-1 provides a significant contribution to ventral enclosure and elongation on its own. Unexpectedly, we find that afd-1 mutant phenotypes are strongly modified by diet, revealing a previously unappreciated parental nutritional input to morphogenesis. We identify functional interactions between AFD-1 and the CCC by demonstrating that E-cadherin is required for the polarized distribution of AFD-1 to cell contact sites in early embryos. Finally, we show that afd-1 promotes the enrichment of polarity regulator, and CCC-interacting protein, PAC-1/ARHGAP21 to cell contact sites, and we identify genetic interactions suggesting that afd-1 and pac-1 regulate epidermal morphogenesis at least in part through parallel mechanisms. Our findings reveal that C. elegans AFD-1 makes a significant contribution to epidermal morphogenesis and functionally interfaces with core and associated CCC proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Hall
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Regis University, Biology Department, Denver, CO, 80221, USA.
| | - Diana Klompstra
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jeremy Nance
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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2
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Hall AE, Klompstra D, Nance J. C. elegans Afadin is required for epidermal morphogenesis and functionally interfaces with the cadherin-catenin complex and RhoGAP PAC-1/ARHGAP21. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.28.551013. [PMID: 37546884 PMCID: PMC10402129 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.28.551013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
During epithelial morphogenesis, the apical junctions connecting cells must remodel as cells change shape and make new connections with their neighbors. In the C. elegans embryo, new apical junctions form when epidermal cells migrate and seal with one another to encase the embryo in skin ('ventral enclosure'), and junctions remodel when epidermal cells change shape to squeeze the embryo into a worm shape ('elongation'). The junctional cadherin-catenin complex (CCC), which links epithelial cells to each other and to cortical actomyosin, is essential for C. elegans epidermal morphogenesis. RNAi genetic enhancement screens have identified several proteins that interact with the CCC to promote epidermal morphogenesis, including the scaffolding protein Afadin (AFD-1), whose depletion alone results in only minor morphogenesis defects. Here, by creating a null mutation in afd-1 , we show that afd-1 provides a significant contribution to ventral enclosure and elongation on its own. Unexpectedly, we find that afd-1 mutant phenotypes are strongly modified by diet, revealing a previously unappreciated maternal nutritional input to morphogenesis. We identify functional interactions between AFD-1 and the CCC by demonstrating that E-cadherin is required for the polarized distribution of AFD-1 to cell contact sites in early embryos. Finally, we show that afd-1 promotes the enrichment of polarity regulator and CCC-interacting protein PAC-1/ARHGAP21 to cell contact sites, and identify genetic interactions suggesting that afd-1 and pac-1 regulate epidermal morphogenesis at least in part through parallel mechanisms. Our findings reveal that C. elegans AFD-1 makes a significant contribution to epidermal morphogenesis and functionally interfaces with core and associated CCC proteins.
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3
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Fuji K, Tanida S, Sano M, Nonomura M, Riveline D, Honda H, Hiraiwa T. Computational approaches for simulating luminogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 131:173-185. [PMID: 35773151 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lumens, liquid-filled cavities surrounded by polarized tissue cells, are elementary units involved in the morphogenesis of organs. Theoretical modeling and computations, which can integrate various factors involved in biophysics of morphogenesis of cell assembly and lumens, may play significant roles to elucidate the mechanisms in formation of such complex tissue with lumens. However, up to present, it has not been documented well what computational approaches or frameworks can be applied for this purpose and how we can choose the appropriate approach for each problem. In this review, we report some typical lumen morphologies and basic mechanisms for the development of lumens, focusing on three keywords - mechanics, hydraulics and geometry - while outlining pros and cons of the current main computational strategies. We also describe brief guidance of readouts, i.e., what we should measure in experiments to make the comparison with the model's assumptions and predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Fuji
- Universal Biology Institute, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sakurako Tanida
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Sano
- Institute of Natural Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Makiko Nonomura
- Department of Mathematical Information Engineering, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumicho, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-8575, Japan
| | - Daniel Riveline
- Laboratory of Cell Physics IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hisao Honda
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hiraiwa
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
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4
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Nishimura R, Kato K, Saida M, Kamei Y, Takeda M, Miyoshi H, Yamagata Y, Amano Y, Yonemura S. Appropriate tension sensitivity of α-catenin ensures rounding morphogenesis of epithelial spheroids. Cell Struct Funct 2022; 47:55-73. [PMID: 35732428 PMCID: PMC10511042 DOI: 10.1247/csf.22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adherens junction (AJ) is an actin filament-anchoring junction. It plays a central role in epithelial morphogenesis through cadherin-based recognition and adhesion among cells. The stability and plasticity of AJs are required for the morphogenesis. An actin-binding α-catenin is an essential component of the cadherin-catenin complex and functions as a tension transducer that changes its conformation and induces AJ development in response to tension. Despite much progress in understanding molecular mechanisms of tension sensitivity of α-catenin, its significance on epithelial morphogenesis is still unknown. Here we show that the tension sensitivity of α-catenin is essential for epithelial cells to form round spheroids through proper multicellular rearrangement. Using a novel in vitro suspension culture model, we found that epithelial cells form round spheroids even from rectangular-shaped cell masses with high aspect ratios without using high tension and that increased tension sensitivity of α-catenin affected this morphogenesis. Analyses of AJ formation and cellular tracking during rounding morphogenesis showed cellular rearrangement, probably through AJ remodeling. The rearrangement occurs at the cell mass level, but not single-cell level. Hypersensitive α-catenin mutant-expressing cells did not show cellular rearrangement at the cell mass level, suggesting that the appropriate tension sensitivity of α-catenin is crucial for the coordinated round morphogenesis.Key words: α-catenin, vinculin, adherens junction, morphogenesis, mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kagayaki Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Misako Saida
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeda
- Ultra High Precision Optics Technology Team/Advanced Manufacturing Support Team, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Miyoshi
- Ultra High Precision Optics Technology Team/Advanced Manufacturing Support Team, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Applied Mechanobiology Laboratory, Faculty of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamagata
- Ultra High Precision Optics Technology Team/Advanced Manufacturing Support Team, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yu Amano
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
- Ultrastructural Research Team, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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5
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Vectorial Release of Human RNA Viruses from Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020231. [PMID: 35215825 PMCID: PMC8875463 DOI: 10.3390/v14020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are apico-basolateral polarized cells that line all tubular organs and are often targets for infectious agents. This review focuses on the release of human RNA virus particles from both sides of polarized human cells grown on transwells. Most viruses that infect the mucosa leave their host cells mainly via the apical side while basolateral release is linked to virus propagation within the host. Viruses do this by hijacking the cellular factors involved in polarization and trafficking. Thus, understanding epithelial polarization is essential for a clear understanding of virus pathophysiology.
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6
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Kuyyamudi C, Menon SN, Casares F, Sinha S. Disorder in cellular packing can alter proliferation dynamics to regulate growth. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:L052401. [PMID: 34942790 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.l052401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which an organ regulates its growth are not yet fully understood, especially when the cells are closely packed as in epithelial tissues. We explain growth arrest as a collective dynamical transition in coupled oscillators on disordered lattices. As the cellular morphologies become homogeneous over the course of development, the signals induced by cell-cell contact increase beyond a critical value that triggers coordinated cessation of the cell-cycle oscillators driving cell division. Thus, control of cell proliferation is causally related to the geometry of cellular packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekar Kuyyamudi
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Shakti N Menon
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Fernando Casares
- CABD, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-JA, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Sitabhra Sinha
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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7
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Alam CM, Baghestani S, Pajari A, Omary MB, Toivola DM. Keratin 7 Is a Constituent of the Keratin Network in Mouse Pancreatic Islets and Is Upregulated in Experimental Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157784. [PMID: 34360548 PMCID: PMC8346022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin (K) 7 is an intermediate filament protein expressed in ducts and glands of simple epithelial organs and in urothelial tissues. In the pancreas, K7 is expressed in exocrine ducts, and apico-laterally in acinar cells. Here, we report K7 expression with K8 and K18 in the endocrine islets of Langerhans in mice. K7 filament formation in islet and MIN6 β-cells is dependent on the presence and levels of K18. K18-knockout (K18‒/‒) mice have undetectable islet K7 and K8 proteins, while K7 and K18 are downregulated in K8‒/‒ islets. K7, akin to F-actin, is concentrated at the apical vertex of β-cells in wild-type mice and along the lateral membrane, in addition to forming a fine cytoplasmic network. In K8‒/‒ β-cells, apical K7 remains, but lateral keratin bundles are displaced and cytoplasmic filaments are scarce. Islet K7, rather than K8, is increased in K18 over-expressing mice and the K18-R90C mutation disrupts K7 filaments in mouse β-cells and in MIN6 cells. Notably, islet K7 filament networks significantly increase and expand in the perinuclear regions when examined in the streptozotocin diabetes model. Hence, K7 represents a significant component of the murine islet keratin network and becomes markedly upregulated during experimental diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina M. Alam
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, BioCity 2nd Floor, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland; (S.B.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.A.); (D.M.T.)
| | - Sarah Baghestani
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, BioCity 2nd Floor, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland; (S.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Ada Pajari
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, BioCity 2nd Floor, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland; (S.B.); (A.P.)
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Diana M. Toivola
- Department of Biosciences, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, BioCity 2nd Floor, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland; (S.B.); (A.P.)
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: (C.M.A.); (D.M.T.)
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8
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Futenma T, Akiyama Y, Tanaka S, Honda M, Toriumi T. Epithelial Cell Differentiation from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Single-Cell Culture Method. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.30.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Futenma
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Yasunori Akiyama
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Sho Tanaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Taku Toriumi
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
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9
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Ljubicic S, Cottet-Dumoulin D, Bosco D. Loss of cell-cell and cell-substrate contacts in single pancreatic β-cells divert insulin release to intracellular vesicular compartments. Biol Cell 2020; 112:427-438. [PMID: 32857433 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cell-cell or cell-substrate interactions are lost when cells are dissociated in culture, or during pathophysiological breakdowns, therefore impairing their structure and polarity, and affecting their function. We show that single rat β-cells, cultured under non-adhesive conditions, form intracytoplasmic vacuoles increasing in number and size over time. We characterized these structures and their implication in β-cell function. RESULTS Ultrastructurally, the vacuoles resemble vesicular apical compartments and are delimited by a membrane, containing microvilli and expressing markers of the plasma membrane, including glucose transporter 2 and actin. When insulin secretion is stimulated, insulin accumulates in the lumen of the vacuoles. By contrast, when the cells are incubated under low calcium levels, the hormone is undetectable in vesicular compartments. Insulin release studies from single cells revealed that vacuole-containing cells release less insulin as compared to control cells. When added to the medium, a non-permeant fluid phase marker becomes trapped within vacuoles. Inhibition of vesicular trafficking and exocytosis as well as dynamin-dependent endocytosis changed the percentage of vacuole-containing cells, suggesting that both endocytic and exocytic track contribute to their formation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that loss of cell-cell and cell-substrate contacts in isolated β-cells affect normal vesicular trafficking and redirects insulin secretion to intracellular vesicular compartments. SIGNIFICANCE Our study reveals for the first time that single β-cells develop vacuolar compartments when cultured in suspension and redirect their insulin secretion to these vacuoles. This may underlie a compensatory process for cultured cells who lost their interactions with adhesive substrates or neighbouring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Ljubicic
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Cottet-Dumoulin
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Loganathan R, Little CD, Rongish BJ. Extracellular matrix dynamics in tubulogenesis. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109619. [PMID: 32247774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Biological tubes form in a variety of shapes and sizes. Tubular topology of cells and tissues is a widely recognizable histological feature of multicellular life. Fluid secretion, storage, transport, absorption, exchange, and elimination-processes central to metazoans-hinge on the exquisite tubular architectures of cells, tissues, and organs. In general, the apparent structural and functional complexity of tubular tissues and organs parallels the architectural and biophysical properties of their constitution, i.e., cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, cellular and ECM dynamics determine the developmental trajectory, topological characteristics, and functional efficacy of biological tubes. In this review of tubulogenesis, we highlight the multifarious roles of ECM dynamics-the less recognized and poorly understood morphogenetic counterpart of cellular dynamics. The ECM is a dynamic, tripartite composite spanning the luminal, abluminal, and interstitial space within the tubulogenic realm. The critical role of ECM dynamics in the determination of shape, size, and function of tubes is evinced by developmental studies across multiple levels-from morphological through molecular-in model tubular organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles D Little
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Brenda J Rongish
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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11
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Martin AC. The Physical Mechanisms of Drosophila Gastrulation: Mesoderm and Endoderm Invagination. Genetics 2020; 214:543-560. [PMID: 32132154 PMCID: PMC7054018 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.301292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical juncture in early development is the partitioning of cells that will adopt different fates into three germ layers: the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm. This step is achieved through the internalization of specified cells from the outermost surface layer, through a process called gastrulation. In Drosophila, gastrulation is achieved through cell shape changes (i.e., apical constriction) that change tissue curvature and lead to the folding of a surface epithelium. Folding of embryonic tissue results in mesoderm and endoderm invagination, not as individual cells, but as collective tissue units. The tractability of Drosophila as a model system is best exemplified by how much we know about Drosophila gastrulation, from the signals that pattern the embryo to the molecular components that generate force, and how these components are organized to promote cell and tissue shape changes. For mesoderm invagination, graded signaling by the morphogen, Spätzle, sets up a gradient in transcriptional activity that leads to the expression of a secreted ligand (Folded gastrulation) and a transmembrane protein (T48). Together with the GPCR Mist, which is expressed in the mesoderm, and the GPCR Smog, which is expressed uniformly, these signals activate heterotrimeric G-protein and small Rho-family G-protein signaling to promote apical contractility and changes in cell and tissue shape. A notable feature of this signaling pathway is its intricate organization in both space and time. At the cellular level, signaling components and the cytoskeleton exhibit striking polarity, not only along the apical-basal cell axis, but also within the apical domain. Furthermore, gene expression controls a highly choreographed chain of events, the dynamics of which are critical for primordium invagination; it does not simply throw the cytoskeletal "on" switch. Finally, studies of Drosophila gastrulation have provided insight into how global tissue mechanics and movements are intertwined as multiple tissues simultaneously change shape. Overall, these studies have contributed to the view that cells respond to forces that propagate over great distances, demonstrating that cellular decisions, and, ultimately, tissue shape changes, proceed by integrating cues across an entire embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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12
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Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein 4 on epithelial tissue. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 14:283-292. [PMID: 31912367 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-019-00537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues provide tissue barriers and specialize in organs and glands. When epithelial homeostasis is physiologically or pathologically stimulated, epithelial cells produce mesenchymal cells through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, forming new tissues, promoting the cure of diseases or leading to illness. A variety of cytokines are involved in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), especially the bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) has a variety of biological functions and plays a prominent role in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation. BMP4 is an important regulatory factor of a series of life activities in vertebrates, which is also related to cell proliferation, differentiation and mobility, it also has relation with tumor development. This paper mainly reviews the mechanism of BMP4's regulation on epithelial tissues, as well as its effect on the growth, differentiation, benign lesions and malignant lesions of epithelial tissues, and expounds the function of BMP4 in epithelial tissues, to provide theoretical support for the research on reducing epithelial diseases.
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13
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Żaczek M, Górski A, Skaradzińska A, Łusiak-Szelachowska M, Weber-Dąbrowska B. Phage penetration of eukaryotic cells: practical implications. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The inability to infect eukaryotic cells has been considered as the most undeniable feature of all bacterial viruses. Such specificity, limited only for bacterial hosts, raises questions about the paths and challenges phages should overcome when circulating through the human body. Recently, it has been shown that phages are able to continually penetrate human organs and tissues. Latest reports revealed that phages can cross eukaryotic cell barriers both para- and transcellularly and even reach the nucleus. Further, phages are capable of internalizing within cells through different endocytic mechanisms. Such phenomenon indicates that phages could shape human microbiome composition and affect all aspects of human health. Thus, herein, we summarize the current state of knowledge and describe this phenomenon with a particular emphasis on endocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Żaczek
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Górski
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
- Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aneta Skaradzińska
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology & Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental & Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marzanna Łusiak-Szelachowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Beata Weber-Dąbrowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
- Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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14
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Chandrasekaran K, Bose B. Percolation in a reduced equilibrium model of planar cell polarity. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:032408. [PMID: 31639912 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.032408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is a biological phenomenon where a large number of cells get polarized and coordinatedly align in a plane. PCP is an example of self-organization through local and global interactions between cells. In this work, we have used a lattice-based spin model for PCP that mimics the alignment of cells through local interactions. We have investigated the equilibrium behavior of this model. In this model, alignment of cells leads to the formation of clusters of aligned cells, and such clustering exhibits percolation transition. Even though the alignment of a cell in this model depends upon its neighbors, finite-size scaling analysis shows that this model belongs to the universality class of simple two-dimensional random percolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamleswar Chandrasekaran
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Biplab Bose
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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15
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Schliffka MF, Maître JL. Stay hydrated: basolateral fluids shaping tissues. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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16
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ya||a: GPU-Powered Spheroid Models for Mesenchyme and Epithelium. Cell Syst 2019; 8:261-266.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Skouloudaki K, Papadopoulos DK, Tomancak P, Knust E. The apical protein Apnoia interacts with Crumbs to regulate tracheal growth and inflation. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007852. [PMID: 30645584 PMCID: PMC6333334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organs of multicellular organisms are built from epithelial tubes. To exert their functions, tubes rely on apico-basal polarity, on junctions, which form a barrier to separate the inside from the outside, and on a proper lumen, required for gas or liquid transport. Here we identify apnoia (apn), a novel Drosophila gene required for tracheal tube elongation and lumen stability at larval stages. Larvae lacking Apn show abnormal tracheal inflation and twisted airway tubes, but no obvious defects in early steps of tracheal maturation. apn encodes a transmembrane protein, primarily expressed in the tracheae, which exerts its function by controlling the localization of Crumbs (Crb), an evolutionarily conserved apical determinant. Apn physically interacts with Crb to control its localization and maintenance at the apical membrane of developing airways. In apn mutant tracheal cells, Crb fails to localize apically and is trapped in retromer-positive vesicles. Consistent with the role of Crb in apical membrane growth, RNAi-mediated knockdown of Crb results in decreased apical surface growth of tracheal cells and impaired axial elongation of the dorsal trunk. We conclude that Apn is a novel regulator of tracheal tube expansion in larval tracheae, the function of which is mediated by Crb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassiani Skouloudaki
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (EK); (KS)
| | | | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (EK); (KS)
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