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Yang H, Suh DH, Jung ES, Lee Y, Liu KH, Do IG, Lee CH, Park CY. Ezetimibe, Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 inhibitor, modulates hepatic phospholipid metabolism to alleviate fat accumulation. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1406493. [PMID: 38953111 PMCID: PMC11215075 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1406493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ezetimibe, which lowers cholesterol by blocking the intestinal cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1 like 1, is reported to reduce hepatic steatosis in humans and animals. Here, we demonstrate the changes in hepatic metabolites and lipids and explain the underlying mechanism of ezetimibe in hepatic steatosis. Methods We fed Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats a high-fat diet (60 kcal % fat) with or vehicle (control) or ezetimibe (10 mg kg-1) via stomach gavage for 12 weeks and performed comprehensive metabolomic and lipidomic profiling of liver tissue. We used rat liver tissues, HepG2 hepatoma cell lines, and siRNA to explore the underlying mechanism. Results In OLETF rats on a high-fat diet, ezetimibe showed improvements in metabolic parameters and reduction in hepatic fat accumulation. The comprehensive metabolomic and lipidomic profiling revealed significant changes in phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylcholines (PC), and alterations in the fatty acyl-chain composition in hepatic PCs. Further analyses involving gene expression and triglyceride assessments in rat liver tissues, HepG2 hepatoma cell lines, and siRNA experiments unveiled that ezetimibe's mechanism involves the upregulation of key phospholipid biosynthesis genes, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyl-transferase, and the phospholipid remodeling gene lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3. Conclusion This study demonstrate that ezetimibe improves metabolic parameters and reduces hepatic fat accumulation by influencing the composition and levels of phospholipids, specifically phosphatidylcholines, and by upregulating genes related to phospholipid biosynthesis and remodeling. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular pathways through which ezetimibe mitigates hepatic fat accumulation, emphasizing the role of phospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyekyung Yang
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Suh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sung Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjin Lee
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gu Do
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Young Park
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Simonen P, Öörni K, Sinisalo J, Strandberg TE, Wester I, Gylling H. High cholesterol absorption: A risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases? Atherosclerosis 2023; 376:53-62. [PMID: 37290267 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lowering elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations reduces the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs). However, increasing evidence suggests that cholesterol metabolism may also be involved in the risk reduction of ASCVD events. In this review, we discuss if the different profiles of cholesterol metabolism, with a focus on high cholesterol absorption, are atherogenic, and what could be the possible mechanisms. The potential associations of cholesterol metabolism and the risk of ASCVDs are evaluated from genetic, metabolic, and population-based studies and lipid-lowering interventions. According to these studies, loss-of-function genetic variations in the small intestinal sterol transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 result in high cholesterol absorption associated with low cholesterol synthesis, low cholesterol elimination from the body, and a high risk of ASCVDs. In contrast, loss-of-function genetic variations in another intestinal sterol transporter, NPC1L1 result in low cholesterol absorption associated with high cholesterol synthesis, elevated cholesterol elimination from the body, and low risk of ASCVDs. Statin monotherapy is not sufficient to reduce the ASCVD risk in cases of high cholesterol absorption, and these individuals need combination therapy of statin with cholesterol absorption inhibition. High cholesterol absorption, i.e., >60%, is estimated to occur in approximately one third of a population, so taking it into consideration is important to optimise lipid-lowering therapy to prevent atherosclerosis and reduce the risk of ASCVD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Simonen
- Heart and Lung Center, Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Heart and Lung Center, Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo E Strandberg
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Center for Life-Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Helena Gylling
- Heart and Lung Center, Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Yang J, Zou J, Mai H, Hong T, Liu H, Feng D. Curcumin protects against high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic simple fatty liver by inhibiting intestinal and hepatic NPC1L1 expression via down-regulation of SREBP-2/HNF1α pathway in hamsters. J Nutr Biochem 2023:109403. [PMID: 37307885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) mediates cholesterol absorption and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic simple fatty liver (NASFL). Our previous study showed that curcumin reduced NPC1L1 expression and cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells. This study aimed to investigate whether curcumin could inhibit intestinal and hepatic NPC1L1 expression through suppressing sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) / hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) pathway, then exert anti-NASFL effects. Six-week hamsters were fed high-fat diet (HFD) with or without 0.1% curcumin for 12 weeks. Curcumin supplementation lowered blood total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (20.2%, 48.7% and 36.5%), and reduced liver TC and TG contents (26.1% and 26.5%). Oil Red O staining demonstrated that curcumin significantly alleviated HFD-induced liver fat accumulation and hepatic steatosis, which was accompanied by reduced intestinal and hepatic NPC1L1, SREBP-2 and HNF1α expression (p < 0.05) and increased fecal neutral sterol excretion (114.5%). Furthermore, curcumin decreased cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells and HepG2 cells (49.2 % and 52.7 %). The inhibitory effects of curcumin on NPC1L1 expression and cholesterol absorption could be prevented by blockade of the SREBP-2 and HNF1α pathway. These findings indicated that curcumin protected against HFD-induced NASFL by inhibiting intestinal and hepatic NPC1L1 expression via down-regulation of SREBP-2/HNF1α pathway, thus reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption and hepatic biliary cholesterol reabsorption, consequently alleviating liver cholesterol accumulation and steatosis. Our study provides evidence for curcumin as a potential nutritional therapy for NASFL by regulating NPC1L1 and enterohepatic circulation of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Haiyan Mai
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ting Hong
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Precision medicine integrating whole-genome sequencing, comprehensive metabolomics, and advanced imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3053-3062. [PMID: 31980526 PMCID: PMC7022190 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909378117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the value and clinical impact of surveying genome-wide disease-causing genes and variants, we used a prospective cohort study design that enrolled volunteers who agreed to have their whole genome sequenced and to participate in deep phenotyping using clinical laboratory tests, metabolomics technologies, and advanced noninvasive imaging. The genomic results are integrated with the phenotype results. Approximately 1 in 6 adult individuals (17.3%) had genetic findings and, when integrated with deep phenotyping data, including family/medical histories with genetic findings, 1 in 9 (11.5%) had genotype and phenotype associations. Genomics and metabolomics association analysis revealed 5.1% of heterozygotes with phenotype manifestations affecting serum metabolite levels. We report observations from our study in which health outcomes and benefits were not measured. Genome sequencing has established clinical utility for rare disease diagnosis. While increasing numbers of individuals have undergone elective genome sequencing, a comprehensive study surveying genome-wide disease-associated genes in adults with deep phenotyping has not been reported. Here we report the results of a 3-y precision medicine study with a goal to integrate whole-genome sequencing with deep phenotyping. A cohort of 1,190 adult participants (402 female [33.8%]; mean age, 54 y [range 20 to 89+]; 70.6% European) had whole-genome sequencing, and were deeply phenotyped using metabolomics, advanced imaging, and clinical laboratory tests in addition to family/medical history. Of 1,190 adults, 206 (17.3%) had at least 1 genetic variant with pathogenic (P) or likely pathogenic (LP) assessment that suggests a predisposition of genetic risk. A multidisciplinary clinical team reviewed all reportable findings for the assessment of genotype and phenotype associations, and 137 (11.5%) had genotype and phenotype associations. A high percentage of genotype and phenotype associations (>75%) was observed for dyslipidemia (n = 24), cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and other cardiac diseases (n = 42), and diabetes and endocrine diseases (n = 17). A lack of genotype and phenotype associations, a potential burden for patient care, was observed in 69 (5.8%) individuals with P/LP variants. Genomics and metabolomics associations identified 61 (5.1%) heterozygotes with phenotype manifestations affecting serum metabolite levels in amino acid, lipid and cofactor, and vitamin pathways. Our descriptive analysis provides results on the integration of whole-genome sequencing and deep phenotyping for clinical assessments in adults.
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Lalande C, Drouin-Chartier JP, Tremblay AJ, Couture P, Veilleux A. Plasma biomarkers of small intestine adaptations in obesity-related metabolic alterations. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020; 12:31. [PMID: 32292494 PMCID: PMC7144049 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that pathophysiological conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with morphologic and metabolic alterations in the small intestinal mucosa. Exploring these alterations generally requires invasive methods, limiting data acquisition to subjects with enteropathies or undergoing bariatric surgery. We aimed to evaluate small intestine epithelial cell homeostasis in a cohort of men covering a wide range of adiposity and glucose homoeostasis statuses. METHODS Plasma levels of citrulline, a biomarker of enterocyte mass, and I-FABP, a biomarker of enterocyte death, were measured by UHPLC‑MS and ELISA in 154 nondiabetic men and 67 men with a T2D diagnosis. RESULTS Plasma citrulline was significantly reduced in men with insulin resistance and T2D compared to insulin sensitive men. Decreased citrulline levels were, however, not observed in men with uncontrolled metabolic parameters during T2D. Plasma I-FABP was significantly higher in men with T2D, especially in presence of uncontrolled glycemic and lipid profile parameters. Integration of both parameters, which estimate enterocyte turnover, was associated with glucose homeostasis as well as with T2D diagnosis. Differences in biomarkers levels were independent of age and BMI and glucose filtration rates. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports a decreased functional enterocyte mass and an increased enterocyte death rate in presence of metabolic alterations but emphasizes that epithelial cell homeostasis is especially altered in presence of severe insulin resistance and T2D. The marked changes in small intestine cellularity observed in obesity and diabetes are thus suggested to be part of gut dysfunctions, mainly at an advanced stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lalande
- École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation, Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier
- École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation, Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC Canada
| | - André J. Tremblay
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Patrick Couture
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC Canada
- Centre des maladies lipidiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Alain Veilleux
- École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation, Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, QC Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Québec, QC Canada
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6
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Lopez AM, Ramirez CM, Taylor AM, Jones RD, Repa JJ, Turley SD. Ontogenesis and Modulation of Intestinal Unesterified Cholesterol Sequestration in a Mouse Model of Niemann-Pick C1 Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:158-167. [PMID: 31312996 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the NPC1 gene result in sequestration of unesterified cholesterol (UC) and glycosphingolipids in most tissues leading to multi-organ disease, especially in the brain, liver, lungs, and spleen. Various data from NPC1-deficient mice suggest the small intestine (SI) is comparatively less affected, even in late stage disease. METHODS Using the Npc1nih mouse model, we measured SI weights and total cholesterol (TC) levels in Npc1-/- versus Npc1+/+ mice as a function of age, and then after prolonged ezetimibe-induced inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Next, we determined intestinal levels of UC and esterified cholesterol (EC), and cholesterol synthesis rates in Npc1-/- and Npc1+/+ mice, with and without the cholesterol-esterifying enzyme SOAT2, following a once-only subcutaneous injection with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HPβCD). RESULTS By ~ 42 days of age, intestinal TC levels averaged ~ 2.1-fold more (mostly UC) in the Npc1-/- versus Npc1+/+ mice with no further increase thereafter. Chronic ezetimibe treatment lowered intestinal TC levels in the Npc1-/- mice by only ~ 16%. In Npc1-/- mice given 2HPβCD 24 h earlier, UC levels fell, EC levels increased (although less so in mice lacking SOAT2), and cholesterol synthesis was suppressed equally in the Npc1-/-:Soat2+/+ and Npc1-/-:Soat2-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS The low and static levels of intestinal UC sequestration in Npc1-/- mice likely reflect the continual sloughing of cells from the mucosa. This sequestration is blunted by about the same extent following a single acute treatment with 2HPβCD as it is by a prolonged ezetimibe-induced block of cholesterol absorption.
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MESH Headings
- 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ezetimibe/pharmacology
- Female
- Intestinal Absorption/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Male
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Niemann-Pick C1 Protein
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C/drug therapy
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C/genetics
- Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C/metabolism
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase/genetics
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase/metabolism
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Charina M Ramirez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Anna M Taylor
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ryan D Jones
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Joyce J Repa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Stephen D Turley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Shrestha P, van de Sluis B, Dullaart RP, van den Born J. Novel aspects of PCSK9 and lipoprotein receptors in renal disease-related dyslipidemia. Cell Signal 2019; 55:53-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Drouin-Chartier JP, Tremblay AJ, Lemelin V, Lamarche B, Couture P. Differential associations between plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose and intestinal expression of key genes involved in chylomicron metabolism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G177-G184. [PMID: 29698057 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00108.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the oversecretion of apolipoprotein (apo)B-48-containing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) in insulin-resistance (IR) states in humans remain to be fully understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the plasma levels of insulin and glucose and the intestinal expression of key genes involved in chylomicron metabolism in a large sample of nondiabetic men displaying various degrees of IR. Duodenal biopsies were obtained by gastroduodenoscopy in 127 men free of intestinal disease. Gene expression was measured using quantitative PCR in duodenal samples. Plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were measured in the fasting state. Postprandial TRL apoB-48 kinetics were measured using a primed-constant infusion of l-[5,5,5-D3]leucine for 12 h in a subgroup of 75 subjects maintained in a constant fed state. Plasma insulin levels were negatively associated with intestinal expression of ACS1 (standard β = -0.20, P = 0.007), DGAT1 (β = -0.18, P = 0.001), DGAT2 (β = -0.20, P = 0.02), and MTP (β = -0.27, P = 0.0005), whereas glucose levels were positively associated with MTP expression (β = 0.15, P = 0.04) independent of age, BMI, waist circumference, dietary intake, and duodenal expression of SREBP1c. Insulin levels, but not glucose concentrations, were positively correlated with postprandial TRL apoB-48 production rate ( r = 0.24, P = 0.04) and pool size ( r = 0.27, P = 0.03). In conclusion, plasma insulin and glucose levels are differentially associated with the expression of key genes involved in chylomicron metabolism. These results suggest that alterations in intestinal lipoprotein metabolism associated with IR may be regulated by plasma levels of both insulin and glucose concurrently and are therefore likely modified by the onset of insulin insufficiency. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that plasma insulin and glucose levels are differentially associated with the expression of key genes involved in chylomicron metabolism in men. For instance, intestinal expression of MTP is negatively associated with plasma insulin concentrations and positively associated with plasma glucose concentrations. Alterations in intestinal lipoprotein metabolism associated with insulin resistance may be regulated by plasma levels of both insulin and glucose concurrently and are therefore likely modified by the onset of insulin insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André J Tremblay
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Valéry Lemelin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Patrick Couture
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada.,Lipid Research Centre, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
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