1
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Kelly CJ, Verdegaal AA, Anderson BW, Shaw WL, Bencivenga-Barry NA, Folta-Stogniew E, Goodman AL. Metformin inhibits digestive proteases and impairs protein digestion in mice. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105363. [PMID: 37863262 PMCID: PMC10663847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is among the most prescribed medications worldwide and the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes. However, gastrointestinal side effects are common and can be dose limiting. The total daily metformin dose frequently reaches several grams, and poor absorption results in high intestinal drug concentrations. Here, we report that metformin inhibits the activity of enteropeptidase and other digestive enzymes at drug concentrations predicted to occur in the human duodenum. Treatment of mouse gastrointestinal tissue with metformin reduces enteropeptidase activity; further, metformin-treated mice exhibit reduced enteropeptidase activity, reduced trypsin activity, and impaired protein digestion within the intestinal lumen. These results indicate that metformin-induced protein maldigestion could contribute to the gastrointestinal side effects and other impacts of this widely used drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Kelly
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA; Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew A Verdegaal
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brent W Anderson
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - William L Shaw
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Natasha A Bencivenga-Barry
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ewa Folta-Stogniew
- Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew L Goodman
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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2
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Kikuchi F, Ikeda Z, Kakegawa K, Nishikawa Y, Sasaki S, Fukuda K, Takami K, Banno Y, Nishikawa H, Taya N, Nakahata T, Itono S, Yashiro H, Tsuchimori K, Hiyoshi H, Sasaki M, Tohyama K, Matsumiya K, Ishihara Y, Kawamoto T, Kamaura M, Watanabe M, Kitazaki T, Maekawa T, Sasaki M. Discovery of a novel series of medium-sized cyclic enteropeptidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 93:117462. [PMID: 37683572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Enteropeptidase is located in the duodenum that involved in intestinal protein digestion. We have reported enteropeptidase inhibitors with low systemic exposure. The aim of this study was to discover novel enteropeptidase inhibitors showing more potent in vivo efficacy while retaining low systemic exposure. Inhibitory mechanism-based drug design led us to cyclize ester 2 to medium-sized lactones, showing potent enteropeptidase inhibitory activity and improving the ester stability, thus increasing fecal protein output in vivo. Optimization on the linker between two benzene rings resulted in discovery of ether lactone 6b, exhibiting further enhanced enteropeptidase inhibitory activity and long duration of inhibitory state. Oral administration of 6b in mice significantly elevated fecal protein output compared with the lead 2. In addition, 6b showed low systemic exposure along with low intestinal absorption. Furthermore, we identified the 10-membered lactonization method for scale-up synthesis of 6b, which does not require high-dilution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Kikuchi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Zenichi Ikeda
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Kakegawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Youichi Nishikawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Koichiro Fukuda
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takami
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Banno
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoaki Nishikawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naohiro Taya
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahata
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itono
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hiyoshi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masako Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kouta Matsumiya
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Youko Ishihara
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kawamoto
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kamaura
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Watanabe
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kitazaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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3
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Zhang BT, Xu JY, Wang W, Zeng Y, Jiang J. Obesity and cancer: Mouse models used in studies. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1125178. [PMID: 37007087 PMCID: PMC10061215 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1125178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that obesity is associated with the occurrence and development of malignant tumors. When studying the relationship between obesity and malignant tumors, it is very important to choose an appropriate animal model. However, BALB/c nude mice and other animals commonly used to study tumor xenograft (human-derived tumor cell lines) transplantation models are difficult to induce obesity, while C57BL/6 mice and other model animals commonly used for obesity research are not suitable for tumor xenograft transplantation. Therefore, it is difficult to replicate both obesity and malignancy in animal models at the same time. This review summarizes several experimental animal models and protocols that can simultaneously induce obesity and tumor xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery (Thyroid Surgery), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ying Xu
- Department of General Surgery (Thyroid Surgery), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of General Surgery (Thyroid Surgery), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- Department of Orthodontic, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Jiang, ; Yang Zeng,
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of General Surgery (Thyroid Surgery), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Jiang, ; Yang Zeng,
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4
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Nie L, Yan Q, Zhang S, Cao Y, Zhou X. Duodenal Mucosa: A New Target for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Endocr Pract 2023; 29:53-59. [PMID: 36309189 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2022.10.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After a high-fat and high-sugar diet, the duodenal mucosa of rodents proliferate and trigger the signal of insulin resistance, which may be the cause of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In response to this phenomenon, researchers have designed the duodenal mucosal resurfacing (DMR) procedure, mainly through the hydrothermal ablation procedure, to restore the normal mucosal surface, thereby correcting this abnormal metabolic signal. This article aims to understand the changes in duodenum before and after the onset or treatment of T2D, and the potential mechanisms of DMR procedure. METHODS A literature search of PubMed and Web of Science was conducted using appropriate keywords. RESULTS Both animal and clinical studies have shown that the villus thickness, intestinal cells, glucose transporters, enteric nerves, and gut microbiota and their metabolites in the duodenum undergo corresponding changes before and after the onset or treatment of T2D. These changes may be related to the pathogenesis of T2D. DMR procedure may produce beneficial glycemic and hepatic metabolic effects by regulating these changes. CONCLUSION The duodenum is an important metabolic signaling center, and limiting nutrient exposure to this critical region will have powerful metabolic benefits. The DMR procedure may regulate glycemic and hepatic parameters through various mechanisms, which needs to be further confirmed by a large number of animal and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiJuan Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - QianHua Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - YuTian Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - XiQiao Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Cryo-EM structures reveal the activation and substrate recognition mechanism of human enteropeptidase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6955. [PMID: 36376282 PMCID: PMC9663175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropeptidase (EP) initiates intestinal digestion by proteolytically processing trypsinogen, generating catalytically active trypsin. EP dysfunction causes a series of pancreatic diseases including acute necrotizing pancreatitis. However, the molecular mechanisms of EP activation and substrate recognition remain elusive, due to the lack of structural information on the EP heavy chain. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of human EP in inactive, active, and substrate-bound states at resolutions from 2.7 to 4.9 Å. The EP heavy chain was observed to clamp the light chain with CUB2 domain for substrate recognition. The EP light chain N-terminus induced a rearrangement of surface-loops from inactive to active conformations, resulting in activated EP. The heavy chain then served as a hinge for light-chain conformational changes to recruit and subsequently cleave substrate. Our study provides structural insights into rearrangements of EP surface-loops and heavy chain dynamics in the EP catalytic cycle, advancing our understanding of EP-associated pancreatitis.
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6
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Kagawa T, Sugama J, Nishizaki H, Moritoh Y, Watanabe M. An Exploratory Randomized Trial of SCO-792, an Enteropeptidase Inhibitor, in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Albuminuria. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 8:115-125. [PMID: 36644351 PMCID: PMC9831944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elevated plasma amino acid levels overload kidney function by increasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Inhibiting gut amino acid intake may have therapeutic benefits for patients with kidney dysfunction. For a prospective phase 2a trial, we carried out an exploratory evaluation of the safety and efficacy of SCO-792, an enteropeptidase inhibitor that blocks gut amino acid intake, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and albuminuria. Methods Seventy-two patients with T2DM, a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) of 200-5000 mg/g, and an estimated GFR >30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 were included. Patients were randomly assigned (1:2:2) to the following groups and received treatment for 12 weeks: placebo (n = 15), SCO-792 500 mg once daily (SCO-792 QD; n = 29), or SCO-792 500 mg 3 times daily (SCO-792 3 times a day (TID); n = 28) by following a double-blind approach. We evaluated UACR changes from the baseline along with safety as the primary end points and other parameters as secondary or exploratory end points. Results SCO-792 was safe and well tolerated up to 1500 mg/day for 12 weeks. UACR changes from baseline were -14% (P = 0.4407), -27% (P = 0.0271), and -28% (P = 0.0211) in placebo, SCO-792 QD, and SCO-792 TID, respectively, whereas UACR changes in SCO-792 groups were not statistically significant compared with placebo. The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels from baseline, an exploratory end point, decreased in the SCO-792 TID group. Conclusion SCO-792 was safe and well tolerated for 12 weeks and may be associated with decreased UACR in patients with T2DM and albuminuria. Further clinical studies are essential to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kagawa
- Clinical Development Department, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Sugama
- Drug Discovery Laboratories, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Yusuke Moritoh
- Drug Discovery Laboratories, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan,Business Development Department, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan,Correspondence: Yusuke Moritoh or Masanori Watanabe, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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7
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Ikeda Z, Kakegawa K, Kikuchi F, Itono S, Oki H, Yashiro H, Hiyoshi H, Tsuchimori K, Hamagami K, Watanabe M, Sasaki M, Ishihara Y, Tohyama K, Kitazaki T, Maekawa T, Sasaki M. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Series of 4-Guanidinobenzoate Derivatives as Enteropeptidase Inhibitors with Low Systemic Exposure for the Treatment of Obesity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8456-8477. [PMID: 35686954 PMCID: PMC9234964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
To discover a novel
series of potent inhibitors of enteropeptidase,
a membrane-bound serine protease localized to the duodenal brush border,
4-guanidinobenzoate derivatives were evaluated with minimal systemic
exposure. The 1c docking model enabled the installation
of an additional carboxylic acid moiety to obtain an extra interaction
with enteropeptidase, yielding 2a. The oral administration
of 2a significantly elevated the fecal protein output,
a pharmacodynamic marker, in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, whereas
subcutaneous administration did not change this parameter. Thus, systemic
exposure of 2a was not required for its pharmacological
effects. Further optimization focusing on the in vitro IC50 value and T1/2, an indicator of dissociation
time, followed by enhanced in vivo pharmacological activity based
on the ester stability of the compounds, revealed two series of potent
enteropeptidase inhibitors, a dihydrobenzofuran analogue ((S)-5b, SCO-792) and phenylisoxazoline (6b), which exhibited potent anti-obesity effects despite their low
systemic exposure following their oral administration to DIO rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenichi Ikeda
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Kakegawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kikuchi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itono
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Oki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hiyoshi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hamagami
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Watanabe
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masako Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Youko Ishihara
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kitazaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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8
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Finer N. Future directions in obesity pharmacotherapy. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 93:13-20. [PMID: 34024701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing unmet need for more effective treatment of obesity and its complications. While current anti-obesity medications are effective and offer real clinical benefits over diet and lifestyle interventions, they cannot meet the levels of efficacy and reduction of hard endpoint outcomes seen with bariatric surgery. As knowledge on the control of body weight unravels, the complexity of this physiology opens the opportunity to new druggable targets. Currently, gut peptide analogues such as semaglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, and the dual agonist GLP-1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) tirzepatide are the furthest advanced in clinical development and seem likely to meet current regulatory requirements within the next year or so. However, current regulatory requirements are out of step with the efficacy of new compounds and concepts relating to obesity and its complications. Many other drugs in early development will target different pathways of energy balance, raising the possibility of drug combinations to maximise efficacy as for other chronic disease such as hypertension and diabetes. This will allow more complex and personalised guidelines to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Finer
- Hon. Clinical Professor National Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention and Outcomes, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Nomura House, 1 St Martin's le Grand, London EC1A 4NP, UK.
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9
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Zhang X, Zhu B, Sun W, Wang M, Albarazanji K, Ghosh B, Cummings M, Lenhard J, Leonard J, Macielag M, Lanter J. Discovery of a novel series of guanidinebenzoates as gut-restricted enteropeptidase and trypsin dual inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 40:127939. [PMID: 33713780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of guanidinebenzoate enteropeptidase and trypsin dual inhibitors has been discovered and SAR studies were conducted. Optimization was focused on improving properties for gut restriction, including increased aqueous solubility, lower cellular permeability, and reduced oral bioavailability. Lead compounds were identified with efficacy in a mouse fecal protein excretion study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Zhang
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States.
| | - Bin Zhu
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Weimei Sun
- DPDS Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Mina Wang
- DPDS Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Kamal Albarazanji
- CVM Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Brahma Ghosh
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Maxwell Cummings
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - James Lenhard
- CVM Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - James Leonard
- CVM Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Mark Macielag
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - James Lanter
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
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10
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Sugama J, Katayama Y, Moritoh Y, Watanabe M. Enteropeptidase inhibition improves kidney function in a rat model of diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:86-96. [PMID: 32893449 PMCID: PMC7756647 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the effects of an enteropeptidase inhibitor, SCO-792, on kidney function in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pharmacological effects of SCO-792 were evaluated in Wistar fatty (WF) rats, a rat model of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). RESULTS Oral administration of SCO-792 increased faecal protein content and improved glycaemic control in WF rats. SCO-792 elicited a rapid decrease in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). SCO-792 also normalized glomerular hyperfiltration and decreased fibrosis, inflammation and tubular injury markers in the kidneys. However, pioglitazone-induced glycaemic improvement had no effect on kidney variables. Dietary supplementation of amino acids (AAs), which bypass the action of enteropeptidase inhibition, mitigated the effect of SCO-792 on UACR reduction, suggesting a pivotal role for enteropeptidase. Furthermore, autophagy activity in the glomerulus, which is impaired in DKD, was elevated in SCO-792-treated rats. Finally, a therapeutically additive effect on UACR reduction was observed with a combination of SCO-792 with irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate that enteropeptidase inhibition is effective in improving disease conditions in DKD. SCO-792-induced therapeutic efficacy is likely to be independent of glycaemic control and mediated by the regulation of AAs and autophagy. Taken together with a combination effect of irbesartan, SCO-792 may be a novel therapeutic option for patients with DKD.
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11
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Sugama J, Moritoh Y, Yashiro H, Tsuchimori K, Watanabe M. Enteropeptidase inhibition improves obesity by modulating gut microbiota composition and enterobacterial metabolites in diet-induced obese mice. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105337. [PMID: 33276106 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Enteropeptidase is a transmembrane serine protease localized in the lumen of the duodenum that acts as a key enzyme for protein digestion. SCO-792 is an orally available enteropeptidase inhibitor that has been reported to have therapeutic effects on obesity and diabetes in mice. However, the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of SCO-792 has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the role of gut microbiota on SCO-792-induced body weight (BW) reduction in high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Chronic administration of SCO-792 substantially decreased BW and food intake in DIO mice. While the pair-fed study uncovered food intake-independent mechanisms of BW reduction by SCO-792. Interestingly, antibiotics-induced microbiota elimination in the gut canceled SCO-792-induced BW reduction by nearly half without affecting the anorectic effect, indicating the involvement of gut microbiota in the anti-obesity mechanism that is independent of food intake reduction. Microbiome analysis revealed that SCO-792 altered the gut microbiota composition in DIO mice. Notably, it was found that the abundance of Firmicutes decreased while that of Verrucomicrobia increased at the phylum level. Increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, a bacterium known to be useful for host metabolism, was observed in SCO-792-treated mice. Fecal metabolome analysis revealed increased amino acid levels, indicating gut enteropeptidase inhibition. In addition, SCO-792 was found to increase the level of short-chain fatty acids, including propionate, and bile acids in the feces, which all help maintain gut health and improve metabolism. Furthermore, it was found that SCO-792 induced the elevation of colonic immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration, which may maintain the microbiota condition, in DIO mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the contribution of microbiota to SCO-792-induced BW reduction. Enteropeptidase-mediated regulation of microbiota, enterobacterial metabolites, and IgA in the gut may coordinately drive the therapeutic effects of SCO-792 in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sugama
- Research and Development Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Moritoh
- Research and Development Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Watanabe
- Research and Development Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Kanagawa, Japan.
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12
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Sun W, Zhang X, Cummings MD, Albarazanji K, Wu J, Wang M, Alexander R, Zhu B, Zhang Y, Leonard J, Lanter J, Lenhard J. Targeting Enteropeptidase with Reversible Covalent Inhibitors To Achieve Metabolic Benefits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:510-521. [PMID: 33033171 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the serine protease enteropeptidase (EP) opens a new avenue to the discovery of chemotherapeutics for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Camostat has been used clinically for treating chronic pancreatitis in Japan; however, the mechanistic basis of the observed clinical efficacy has not been fully elucidated. We demonstrate that camostat is a potent reversible covalent inhibitor of EP, with an inhibition potency (k inact/KI) of 1.5 × 104 M-1s-1 High-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) showed addition of 161.6 Da to EP after the reaction with camostat, consistent with insertion of the carboxyphenylguanidine moiety of camostat. Covalent inhibition of EP by camostat is reversible, with an enzyme reactivation half-life of 14.3 hours. Formation of a covalent adduct was further supported by a crystal structure resolved to 2.19 Å, showing modification of the catalytic serine of EP by a close analog of camostat, leading to formation of the carboxyphenylguanidine acyl enzyme identical to that expected for the reaction with camostat. Of particular note, minor structural modifications of camostat led to changes in the mechanism of inhibition. We observed from other studies that sustained inhibition of EP is required to effect a reduction in cumulative food intake and body weight, with concomitant improved blood glucose levels in obese and diabetic leptin-deficient mice. Thus, the structure-activity relationship needs to be driven by not only the inhibition potency but also the mechanistic and kinetic characterization. Our findings support EP as a target for the treatment of metabolic diseases and demonstrate that reversible covalent EP inhibitors show clinically relevant efficacy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Interest in targeted covalent drugs has expanded in recent years, particularly so for kinase targets, but also more broadly. This study demonstrates that reversible covalent inhibition of the serine protease enteropeptidase is a therapeutically viable approach to the treatment of metabolic diseases and that mechanistic details of inhibition are relevant to clinical efficacy. Our mechanistic and kinetic studies outline a framework for detailed inhibitor characterization that is proving essential in guiding discovery efforts in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimei Sun
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuqing Zhang
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Maxwell D Cummings
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Kamal Albarazanji
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiejun Wu
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Mina Wang
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard Alexander
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Bin Zhu
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - YueMei Zhang
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - James Leonard
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - James Lanter
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - James Lenhard
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
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Yashiro H, Hamagami K, Hiyoshi H, Sugama J, Tsuchimori K, Yamaguchi F, Moritoh Y, Sasaki M, Maekawa T, Yamada Y, Watanabe M. SCO-792, an enteropeptidase inhibitor, improves disease status of diabetes and obesity in mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:2228-2239. [PMID: 31144422 PMCID: PMC6771630 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Enteropeptidase is a serine protease localized on the duodenal brush border that catalyzes the conversion of inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin, thereby regulating protein breakdown in the gut. We evaluated the effects of SCO-792, a novel enteropeptidase inhibitor, in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo inhibition of enteropeptidase was evaluated via an oral protein challenge. Pharmacological effects were evaluated in normal mice, in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and in obese and diabetic ob/ob mice. RESULTS A single oral administration of SCO-792 inhibited plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in an oral protein challenge test in mice, indicating in vivo inhibition of enteropeptidase. Repeated treatment with SCO-792 induced reduction in food intake and decrease in body weight in DIO and ob/ob mice. Plasma FGF21 levels were increased in SCO-792-treated DIO mice, an observation that was probably independent of reduction in food intake. Hyperglycaemia was markedly improved in SCO-792-treated ob/ob mice. A hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp study revealed improved muscle insulin sensitivity in SCO-792-treated ob/ob mice. SCO-792 also improved plasma and liver lipid profiles and decreased plasma alanine transaminase, suggesting a potential treatment for liver diseases. Dietary supplementation with essential amino acids attenuated the effect of SCO-792 on reduction in food intake and decrease in body weight in normal mice, suggesting a pivotal role for enteropeptidase in these biological phenomena. CONCLUSIONS SCO-792 inhibited enteropeptidase in vivo, reduced food intake, decreased body weight, increased insulin sensitivity, improved glucose and lipid control, and ameliorated liver parameters in mouse models with obesity and/or diabetes. SCO-792 may exhibit similar effects in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yashiro
- Pharmaceutical Research DivisionTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedKanagawaJapan
| | - Kenichi Hamagami
- Pharmaceutical Research DivisionTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedKanagawaJapan
| | - Hideyuki Hiyoshi
- Pharmaceutical Research DivisionTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedKanagawaJapan
| | - Jun Sugama
- Research and Development DivisionSCOHIA PHARMA, Inc.KanagawaJapan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- Pharmaceutical Research DivisionTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Yusuke Moritoh
- Research and Development DivisionSCOHIA PHARMA, Inc.KanagawaJapan
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Pharmaceutical Research DivisionTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedKanagawaJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Research and Development DivisionSCOHIA PHARMA, Inc.KanagawaJapan
| | - Yukio Yamada
- Research and Development DivisionSCOHIA PHARMA, Inc.KanagawaJapan
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Sasaki M, Miyahisa I, Itono S, Yashiro H, Hiyoshi H, Tsuchimori K, Hamagami K, Moritoh Y, Watanabe M, Tohyama K, Sasaki M, Sakamoto J, Kawamoto T. Discovery and characterization of a small-molecule enteropeptidase inhibitor, SCO-792. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00517. [PMID: 31508234 PMCID: PMC6726858 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropeptidase, localized into the duodenum brush border, is a key enzyme catalyzing the conversion of pancreatic trypsinogen proenzyme to active trypsin, thereby regulating protein digestion and energy homeostasis. We report the discovery and pharmacological profiles of SCO-792, a novel inhibitor of enteropeptidase. A screen employing fluorescence resonance energy transfer was performed to identify enteropeptidase inhibitors. Inhibitory profiles were determined by in vitro assays. To evaluate the in vivo inhibitory effect on protein digestion, an oral protein challenge test was performed in rats. Our screen identified a series of enteropeptidase inhibitors, and compound optimization resulted in identification of SCO-792, which inhibited enteropeptidase activity in vitro, with IC 50 values of 4.6 and 5.4 nmol/L in rats and humans, respectively. In vitro inhibition of enteropeptidase by SCO-792 was potentiated by increased incubation time, and the calculated Kinact/KI was 82 000/mol/L s. An in vitro dissociation assay showed that SCO-792 had a dissociation half-life of almost 14 hour, with a calculated koff rate of 0.047/hour, which suggested that SCO-792 is a reversible enteropeptidase inhibitor. In normal rats, a ≤4 hour prior oral dose of SCO-792 effectively inhibited plasma elevation of branched-chain amino acids in an oral protein challenge test, which indicated that SCO-792 effectively inhibited protein digestion in vivo. In conclusion, our new screen system identified SCO-792 as a potent and reversible inhibitor against enteropeptidase. SCO-792 slowly dissociated from enteropeptidase in vitro and inhibited protein digestion in vivo. Further study using SCO-792 could reveal the effects of inhibiting enteropeptidase on biological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Sasaki
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Ikuo Miyahisa
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Sachiko Itono
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
- Present address:
Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc.FujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Hideyuki Hiyoshi
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | | | | | | | - Kimio Tohyama
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Jun‐ichi Sakamoto
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
- Present address:
Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc.FujisawaKanagawaJapan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamoto
- ResearchTakeda Pharmaceutical Company LimitedFujisawaKanagawaJapan
- Present address:
Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc.FujisawaKanagawaJapan
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