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Olabiyi AA, Ajayi K. Diet, herbs and erectile function: A good friendship! Andrologia 2022; 54:e14424. [PMID: 35319120 DOI: 10.1111/and.14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and plant materials have been used for thousands of years to treat and control erectile dysfunction in men. This practice has spanned many cultures and traditions around the world, with the therapeutic effects of many plants attributed to their phytochemical constituents. This review explains how polyphenols (including phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, carotenoids, alkaloids and polyunsaturated fatty acids) in plants and plant food products interact with key enzymes (phosphodiesterase-5 [PDE-5], angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE], acetylcholinesterase [AChE], adenosine deaminase [ADA] and arginase) associated with erectile dysfunction. By modulating or altering the activity of these physiologically important enzymes, various bioactive compounds from plants or plant products can synergistically or additively provide tremendous protection against male erectile problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji A Olabiyi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Kayode Ajayi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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2
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Defeudis G, Mazzilli R, Tenuta M, Rossini G, Zamponi V, Olana S, Faggiano A, Pozzilli P, Isidori AM, Gianfrilli D. Erectile dysfunction and diabetes: A melting pot of circumstances and treatments. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2022; 38:e3494. [PMID: 34514697 PMCID: PMC9286480 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic disease characterised by elevated levels of blood glucose, is among the most common chronic diseases. The incidence and prevalence of DM have been increasing over the years. The complications of DM represent a serious health problem. The long-term complications include macroangiopathy, microangiopathy and neuropathy as well as sexual dysfunction (SD) in both men and women. Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been considered the most important SD in men with DM. The prevalence of ED is approximately 3.5-fold higher in men with DM than in those without DM. Common risk factors for the development of DM and its complications include sedentary lifestyle, overweight/obesity and increased caloric consumption. Although lifestyle changes may help improve sexual function, specific treatments are often needed. This study aims to review the definition and prevalence of ED in DM, the impact of DM complications and DM treatment on ED and, finally, the current and emerging therapies for ED in patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Defeudis
- Unit of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of MedicineUniversity Campus Bio‐Medico di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Rossella Mazzilli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Marta Tenuta
- Department of Experimental MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Giovanni Rossini
- Unit of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of MedicineUniversity Campus Bio‐Medico di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Virginia Zamponi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Soraya Olana
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Paolo Pozzilli
- Unit of Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of MedicineUniversity Campus Bio‐Medico di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Andrea M. Isidori
- Department of Experimental MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
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3
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Bragina ME, Costa-Fraga F, Sturny M, Ebadi B, Ruoccolo RT, Santos RAS, Fraga-Silva RA, Stergiopulos N. Characterization of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Aged Cavernosal Tissue and its Role in Penile Fibrosis. J Sex Med 2020; 17:2129-2140. [PMID: 32943375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in erectile function. The RAS contains 2 major axes: one deleterious, composed of ACE-Ang II-AT1 receptor, and another protective, composed of ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor. While aging is a well-known cause for development of male sexual disorders, little is known about local regulation of the RAS in age-related erectile dysfunction (ED). AIM The present study aimed to assess regulation of the RAS in aging-associated ED rat model and evaluate possible options for disease management through pharmacological modulation of the RAS. METHODS Penile tissues were harvested from 3-, 12-, and 24-month-old Wistar rats. Local expression of major RAS components and ED markers was measured by RT-PCR. Protein expression of RAS components was assessed by western blot. Collagen deposition was measured by Sirius Red and immunohistochemical staining. Evaluation of collagen content was also performed in penile sections of Mas-knockout mice by Sirius Red and Masson's trichrome stainings. Finally, the effect of Ang-(1-7) pretreatment on TGF-β-induced myofibroblast activation was studied in primary cavernosal and immortalized fibroblasts. OUTCOMES Experimental results highlighted the essential role of the RAS in modulation of cavernosal fibrosis. RESULTS The present study demonstrates local expression of angiotensinogen mRNA alongside with major RAS components, which suggests local autonomous functioning of the RAS within penile tissue. Gene expression analysis revealed strong positive correlation between ACE-Ang II-AT1 axis with markers for inflammation and fibrosis. While corpus cavernosum from 24-month-old rats was characterized by increased collagen deposition, protein expression of ACE, AT1, and Mas was shown to be upregulated in the penile tissue of this group. At the same time, penile sections from Mas-knockout mice (FVB/N background) were also shown to have increased collagen deposition. Finally, it was demonstrated that Ang-(1-7) treatment of primary cavernosal and immortalized fibroblasts was able to alleviate TGF-β-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition. CLINICAL TRANSLATION The present study suggests Ang-(1-7) treatment as a possible strategy for pharmacological management of fibrosis-associated ED in aging. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS The link between the RAS and penile fibrosis, indicated by a holistic screening of different ED markers, was confirmed by in vivo and in vitro data. However, results, presented in the manuscript, need to be further reinforced by human data. Important to note, the main goal of the study was to characterize RAS regulation in aging condition rather than state any causal relationships. CONCLUSION Present study characterizes RAS regulation in aging-associated ED and indicates its important role in cavernosal fibrosis. Bragina ME, Costa-Fraga F, Sturny M, et al. Characterization of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Aged Cavernosal Tissue and its Role in Penile Fibrosis. J Sex Med 2020;17:2129-2140.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiia E Bragina
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabiana Costa-Fraga
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikaël Sturny
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Babak Ebadi
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rafael T Ruoccolo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Robson A S Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Fraga-Silva
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolaos Stergiopulos
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Adefegha SA, Oboh G, Olopade EO. β-caryophyllene improves sexual performance via modulation of crucial enzymes relevant to erectile dysfunction in rats. Toxicol Res 2020; 37:249-260. [PMID: 33868981 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-020-00061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the effect of β-caryophyllene (BCP) on sexual performance, crucial enzymes linked to erectile function as well as lipid peroxidation in the penile tissue of paroxetine (PD)-induced rats. Animals were randomly divided into ten groups of five animals each: normal control (NC), BCP (10 mg/kg), BCP (20 mg/kg), sildenafil citrate (SD) (20 mg/kg), BCP + SD (20 mg/kg), PD (20 mg/kg), PD + BCP (10 mg/kg), PD + BCP (20 mg/kg), PD + SD (20 mg/kg) and PD + BCP (20 mg/kg) + SD (20 mg/kg). Oral administration of 20 mg/kg body weight of PD for the first 7 days was done while treatment with BCP and SD were performed between 8 and 14 days prior to euthanasia. The sexual performance study revealed that PD caused erectile dysfuction. Elevated activities of phosphodiesterase-5' (PDE-5'), arginase, adenosine deaminase (ADA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) as well as lipid peroxidation level were observed in PD-induced rats when compared to the NC group. However, treatment with sildenafil and/ or β-Caryophyllene significantly reduced the activities of AChE, PDE-5', arginase, ADA, and ACE in penile tissues of PD-induced rats. In addition, co-administration of β-caryophyllene and sildenafil citrate showed better modulatory effects. Thus, β-caryophyllene could represent a potential nutraceutical in the management of erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Adefegha
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, 340001 Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, 340001 Nigeria
| | - Elijah O Olopade
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, 340001 Nigeria
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Masuku NP, Unuofin JO, Lebelo SL. Promising role of medicinal plants in the regulation and management of male erectile dysfunction. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110555. [PMID: 32795922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Male erectile dysfunction (ED) refers to incompetency to reaching and retaining adequate penile tumescence for sexual intercourse. Over 152 million men globally suffer from ED and by 2025, the number of affected individuals is anticipated to be around 322 million. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies such as phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, alprostadil, penile prosthesis surgery, and hormonal replacement are available for management and recuperation of ED. Nevertheless, such therapies are reported to have adverse effects as well as life-threatening. Accordingly, diversity of medicinal plant species and bioactive active compounds are preferred as therapeutic options because they are natural, abundant, available, low-cost and cause fewer or no side effects. This current review will emphasise the aetiology, risk factors, mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of ED, treatments of ED as well as their side effects. It also provides medicinal plants that are proven effective in vivo and in vitro for the mitigation and treatment of male ED. This knowledge could be used in the future in drug discovery for the development of more natural drugs with no side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelisiwe Prenate Masuku
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Cnr Christiaan de Wet and Pioneer Ave, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Jeremiah Oshiomame Unuofin
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Cnr Christiaan de Wet and Pioneer Ave, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
| | - Sogolo Lucky Lebelo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Cnr Christiaan de Wet and Pioneer Ave, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
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Andersen ML, Tufik S. A Review of Sleep Disturbance and Sexual Function: the Effect of Sleep Apnea on Erectile Function. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-020-00171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pharmacology and perspectives in erectile dysfunction in man. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107493. [PMID: 31991196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Penile erection is a perfect example of microcirculation modulated by psychological factors and hormonal status. It is the result of a complex neurovascular process that involves the integrative synchronized action of vascular endothelium; smooth muscle; and psychological, neuronal, and hormonal systems. Therefore, the fine coordination of these events is essential to maintain penile flaccidity or allow erection; an alteration of these events leads to erectile dysfunction (ED). ED is defined as the consistent or recurrent inability of a man to attain and/or maintain a penile erection sufficient for sexual activity. A great boost to this research field was given by commercialization of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors. Indeed, following the discovery of sildenafil, research on the mechanisms underlying penile erection has had an enormous boost, and many preclinical and clinical papers have been published in the last 10 years. This review is structured to provide an overview of the mediators and peripheral mechanism(s) involved in penile function in men, the drugs used in therapy, and the future prospective in the management of ED. Indeed, 30% of patients affected by ED are classified as "nonresponders," and there is still an unmet need for therapeutic alternatives. A flowchart suggesting the guidelines for ED evaluation and the ED pharmacological treatment is also provided.
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Ojo OA, Ojo AB, Oyinloye BE, Ajiboye BO, Anifowose OO, Akawa A, Olaiya OE, Olasehinde OR, Kappo AP. Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Leaves reduce the key enzymes activities relevant to erectile dysfunction in isolated penile and testicular tissues of rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:71. [PMID: 30890127 PMCID: PMC6425690 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocimum gratissimum L. is a medicinal plant widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions with the leaf decoction usually taken in folk medicine to enhance erectile performance in men although the probable mechanism of actions remains undetermined. This study examined the inhibitory potentials of Ocimum gratissimum leaves on some key enzymes associated with erectile dysfunction in penile and testicular tissues of the rat. METHODS Inhibitory effect of aqueous extract (1:10 w/v) of O. gratissimum leaves on the activities of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5), arginase, angiotensin I -converting enzyme (ACE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in penile and testicular tissues were assessed. Also, the extract was investigated for ferric reducing antioxidant property(FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging abilities. RESULTS The extract showed higher PDE-5 (IC50 = 43.19 μg/mL), ACE (IC50 = 44.23 μg/mL), AChE (IC50 = 55.51 μg/mL) and arginase (IC50 = 46.12 μg/mL) inhibitory activity in the penile tissue than PDE-5 (IC50 = 44.67 μg/mL), ACE (IC50 = 53.99 μg/mL), AChE (IC50 = 60.03 μg/mL) and arginase (IC50 = 49.12 μg/mL) inhibitory activity in the testicular tissue homogenate. Furthermore, the extract scavenged free radicals and in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The enzyme activities displayed might be associated with the bioactive compounds present in the extract which could possibly explain its use in the management of erectile dysfunction (ED).
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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Adefegha SA, Oyeleye SI, Dada FA, Olasehinde TA, Oboh G. Modulatory effect of quercetin and its glycosylated form on key enzymes and antioxidant status in rats penile tissue of paroxetine-induced erectile dysfunction. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1473-1479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Akomolafe SA, Oyeleye SI, Olasehinde TA, Oboh G. Phenolic characterization, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory effects of Physalis angulata and Newbouldia laevis on enzymes linked to erectile dysfunction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1446149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seun A. Akomolafe
- Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Sunday I. Oyeleye
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Tosin A. Olasehinde
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Nutrition and Toxicology Division, Food Technology Department, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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Oboh G, Ademiluyi AO, Oyeleye SI, Olasehinde TA, Boligon AA. Modulation of some markers of erectile dysfunction and malonaldehyde levels in isolated rat penile tissue with unripe and ripe plantain peels: identification of the constituents of the plants using HPLC. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1920-1926. [PMID: 28651482 PMCID: PMC7011878 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1340966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Plantain fruit pulp has been used as a natural remedy to manage erectile dysfunction (ED) in traditional medicine. However, the potency of the peel has not been examined with respect to ED management. OBJECTIVE This study investigated and compared the inhibitory potential of unripe (UPP) and ripe (RPP) plantain peels on some enzymes associated with ED and Fe2+-induced oxidative stress in albino rat penile homogenate in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHOD Aqueous extract of the peels was prepared and the effect on phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5), arginase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) and Fe2+-induced malonyladehyde in isolated albino rat penile homogenate were investigated. Phenolic constituents of the peels powder were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). RESULT Extract from UPP had higher PDE-5 (IC50 = 3.10 μg/mL), arginase (IC50 = 0.96 μg/mL), AChE (IC50 = 6.30 μg/mL) and ACE (IC50 = 0.41 μg/mL) inhibitory ability compared with RPP (PDE-5, IC50 = 4.33 μg/mL; arginase, IC50 = 1.34 μg/mL; AChE, IC50 = 8.64 μg/mL; ACE, IC50 = 0.63 μg/mL). The extract from UPP also had higher inhibition of Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that gallic and caffeic acids, rutin, quercitrin and quercetin were abundant in UPP, while catechin, kaempferol, chlorogenic and ellagic acids were the dominant phenolic compounds in RPP. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Inhibition of enzymes associated with ED and lipid peroxidation could be linked with the phenolic compounds. However, UPP appeared to be more potent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganiyu Oboh
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | | | - Sunday Idowu Oyeleye
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Tosin Abiola Olasehinde
- Division of Nutrition and Toxicology, Department of Food Technology, Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Aline Augusti Boligon
- Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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13
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Odubanjo VO, Olasehinde TA, Oyeleye SI, Oboh G, Boligon AA. Seed extracts from Myristica fragrans
(Nutmeg) and Moringa oleifera
(Drumstick tree) inhibits enzymes relevant to erectile dysfunction and metal-induced oxidative damage in rats' penile tissues. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica O. Odubanjo
- Department of Biochemistry; Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B 001; Akungba Akoko Ondo State Nigeria
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Department of Biochemistry; Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure; Ondo State Nigeria
| | - Tosin A. Olasehinde
- Nutrition and Toxicology Division; Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi, PMB 21023, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Sunday I. Oyeleye
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Department of Biochemistry; Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure; Ondo State Nigeria
- Department of Biomedical Technology; Federal University of Technology; P.M.B 704, Akure, Ondo State Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Department of Biochemistry; Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure; Ondo State Nigeria
| | - Aline A. Boligon
- Depatamento de Farmacia Industrial; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
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Eleazu C, Obianuju N, Eleazu K, Kalu W. The role of dietary polyphenols in the management of erectile dysfunction-Mechanisms of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:644-652. [PMID: 28142121 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of erectile dysfunction (ED) is on the increase and it is estimated that it will affect about 322 million men globally by the year 2025 if adequate measures are not taken to curb it. Natural polyphenols in plant based diets have gained public interest in recent times due to their roles in the prevention of various disease that implicate free radicals/reactive oxygen species and recently on ED. However, the role of polyphenols in the management of ED has not been explored due perhaps to limited data available. Hence this study which reviewed the role of dietary polyphenols in the management of ED and their mechanisms of action. Literature search was carried out in several electronic data bases such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, Medline, Agora and Hinari from1972 to 2016 to identify the current status of knowledge on the role of polyphenols in the management of erectile dysfunction. Progress made so far in this direction suggests inhibition of arginase, acetylcholinesterase, angiotensin converting enzyme, rho-kinase II; activation of endothelial and neuronal NO synthase; decreased synthesis of luteinizing hormone and testosterone reduction; activation of silent information regulator 2-related enzymes (sirtuin1) as well as free radical/reactive oxygen species inhibition as the mechanisms through which the polyphenols identified in this review exert beneficial roles in the management of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedum Eleazu
- Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
| | - Nwite Obianuju
- Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Kate Eleazu
- Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Winner Kalu
- Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
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Machado-Silva A, Passos-Silva D, Santos RA, Sinisterra RD. Therapeutic uses for Angiotensin-(1-7). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:669-78. [PMID: 27121991 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1179283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiotensin-(1-7) is a key component of the Renin-Angiotensin System, which can counter-regulate several deleterious effects caused by angiotensin II. Due to the potential for therapeutic use, several of its actions are specifically described in patents. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors describe a plethora of therapeutic uses for Angiotensin-(1-7), claimed and supported by experimental evidence in patent documents and applications. EXPERT OPINION The clinical potential of Angiotensin-(1-7) as a therapeutic agent to treat several pathologies is evidenced by the variety of patents and clinical trials involving this peptide. Cancer treatment is one of the most advanced therapeutic areas, but clinical studies are also available in several other areas, such as cardiovascular, hematological, transplantation, surgical and medical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Machado-Silva
- a Fundação Oswaldo Cruz , Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Danielle Passos-Silva
- b Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Santos
- b Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Rubén Dario Sinisterra
- c Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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Dharmarajan TS, Dharmarajan L. Tolerability of Antihypertensive Medications in Older Adults. Drugs Aging 2015; 32:773-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s40266-015-0296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Animal models of erectile dysfunction. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 76:43-54. [PMID: 26279495 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent male sexual dysfunction with profound adverse effects on the physical and the psychosocial health of men and, subsequently, on their partners. The expanded use of various types of rodent models has produced some advances in the study of ED, and neurophysiological studies using various animal models have provided important insights into human sexual dysfunction. At present, animal models play a key role in exploring and screening novel drugs designed to treat ED.
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Sherwin JC, Kokavec J, Thornton SN. Hydration, fluid regulation and the eye: in health and disease. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 43:749-64. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Sherwin
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Lions Eye Institute; University of Western Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Jan Kokavec
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Simon N Thornton
- Université de Lorraine; Nancy France
- INSERM U1116; Vandoeuvre les Nancy France
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Fraga‐Silva RA, Costa‐Fraga FP, Montecucco F, Sturny M, Faye Y, Mach F, Pelli G, Shenoy V, da Silva RF, Raizada MK, Santos RA, Stergiopulos N. Diminazene Protects Corpus Cavernosum Against Hypercholesterolemia‐Induced Injury. J Sex Med 2015; 12:289-302. [DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Singh N, Vasam G, Pawar R, Jarajapu YPR. Angiotensin-(1-7) reverses angiogenic dysfunction in corpus cavernosum by acting on the microvasculature and bone marrow-derived cells in diabetes. J Sex Med 2014; 11:2153-63. [PMID: 24953642 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) is a recently identified vasoprotective heptapeptide, and it appears to activate the reparative functions of bone marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells (BMPCs). AIM This study evaluated the effect of Ang-(1-7) in the angiogenic function of cavernosum in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and delineated the role of BMPCs in this protective function. METHODS T1D was induced by streptozotocin in mice, and mice with 20-24 weeks of diabetes were used for the study. Ang-(1-7) was administered subcutaneously by using osmotic pumps. Cavernosa, and BMPCs from peripheral blood and bone marrow were evaluated in different assay systems. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Angiogenic function was determined by endothelial tube formation in matrigel assay. Circulating BMPCs were enumerated by flow cytometry and proliferation was determined by BrdU incorporation. Cell-free supernatant of BMPCs were collected and tested for paracrine angiogenic effect. Expression of angiogenic factors in BMPCs and cavernosa were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Ang-(1-7) (100 nM) stimulated angiogenesis in mouse cavernosum that was partially inhibited by Mas1 receptor antagonist, A779 (10 μM) (P < 0.05). In cavernosa of T1D, the angiogenic responses to Ang-(1-7) (P < 0.005) and VEGF (100 nM) (P < 0.03) were diminished. Ang-(1-7) treatment for 4 weeks reversed T1D-induced decrease in the VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. Ang-(1-7) treatment increased the circulating number of BMPCs and proliferation that were decreased in T1D (P < 0.02). Paracrine angiogenic function of BMPCs was reduced in diabetic BMPCs, which was reversed by Ang-(1-7). In diabetic BMPCs, SDF and angiopoietin-1 were upregulated by Ang-(1-7), and in cavernosum, VEGFR1, Tie-2, and SDF were upregulated and angiopoietin-2 was down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Ang-(1-7) stimulates angiogenic function of cavernosum in diabetes via its stimulating effects on both cavernosal microvasculature and BMPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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21
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Fraga‐Silva RA, Costa‐Fraga FP, Faye Y, Sturny M, Santos RA, da Silva RF, Stergiopulos N. An Increased Arginase Activity Is Associated with Corpus Cavernosum Impairment Induced by Hypercholesterolemia. J Sex Med 2014; 11:1173-81. [DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Artom N, Montecucco F, Mach F, Dallegri F, Pende A. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists in acute coronary syndromes. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:219-30. [PMID: 24289238 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that inappropriate or exaggerated activity of the renin-angiotensin system might contribute to the development of systemic hypertension with consequent organ injury and associated increased risk of acute cardiovascular (CV) diseases. This review will discuss evidence form basic research and clinical studies, investigating the efficacy of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). MATERIALS AND METHODS This narrative review is based on the material found on MEDLINE and PubMed up to June 2013. We looked for the terms 'angiotensin, AT1 receptor, ACE inhibitors' in combination with 'acute coronary syndromes, acute myocardial infarction, pathophysiology'. RESULTS Preclinical studies showed relevant protective effects of ARBs to reduce adverse cardiac remodelling in animal models of acute cardiac ischaemia. However, although recommended in Consensus guidelines as a good alternative to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), clinical studies did not confirm a superior efficacy of the ARBs as compared to ACEIs. As a matter of fact for some authors, these drugs might potentially have deleterious effects increasing the CV risk. CONCLUSIONS Emerging evidence from clinical trials suggests that the use of ARBs in ACS might be controversial, and caution should be used for their clinical use to replace ACEIs in ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Artom
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
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Yousif MHM, Makki B, El-Hashim AZ, Akhtar S, Benter IF. Chronic treatment with Ang-(1-7) reverses abnormal reactivity in the corpus cavernosum and normalizes diabetes-induced changes in the protein levels of ACE, ACE2, ROCK1, ROCK2 and omega-hydroxylase in a rat model of type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:142154. [PMID: 25309930 PMCID: PMC4182022 DOI: 10.1155/2014/142154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] may have beneficial effects in diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction (DMIED) but its molecular actions in the diabetic corpus cavernosum (CC) are not known. We characterized the effects of diabetes and/or chronic in vivo administration of Ang-(1-7) on vascular reactivity in the rat corpus cavernosum (CC) and on protein expression levels of potential downstream effectors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, Rho kinases 1 and 2 (ROCK1 and ROCK2), and omega-hydroxylase, the cytochrome-P450 enzyme that metabolizes arachidonic acid to form the vasoconstrictor, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Streptozotocin-treated rats were chronicically administered Ang-(1-7) with or without A779, a Mas receptor antagonist, during weeks 4 to 6 of diabetes. Ang-(1-7) reversed diabetes-induced abnormal reactivity to vasoactive agents (endothelin-1, phenylepherine, and carbachol) in the CC without correcting hyperglycemia. Six weeks of diabetes led to elevated ACE, ROCK1, ROCK 2, and omega-hydroxylase and a concomitant decrease in ACE2 protein expression levels that were normalized by Ang-(1-7) treatment but not upon coadministration of A779. These data are supportive of the notion that the beneficial effects of Ang-(1-7) in DMIED involve counterregulation of diabetes-induced changes in ACE, ACE2, Rho kinases, and omega-hydroxylase proteins in the diabetic CC via a Mas receptor-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam H. M. Yousif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Batoul Makki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed Z. El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Saghir Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait
- *Saghir Akhtar:
| | - Ibrahim F. Benter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait
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Decaluwé K, Pauwels B, Boydens C, Van de Voorde J. Treatment of erectile dysfunction: new targets and strategies from recent research. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 121:146-57. [PMID: 24291648 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, research on penile erection has increasingly been centered on the molecular mechanisms involved. Major progress has been made in the field and at present a whole number of neurotransmitters, chemical effectors, growth factors, second-messenger molecules, ions, intercellular proteins, and hormones have been characterized as components of the complex process of erection. This knowledge has led to the discovery of several new therapeutic targets and multiple medical approaches for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). This review focuses on the progress made in this field within the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Decaluwé
- Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Pauwels
- Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Boydens
- Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Van de Voorde
- Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Treatment with CB2 agonist JWH-133 reduces histological features associated with erectile dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic mice. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:263846. [PMID: 24302957 PMCID: PMC3835849 DOI: 10.1155/2013/263846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the most important risk factors for erectile dysfunction, mostly due to the impairment of oxidative stress and endothelial function in the penis. The cannabinoid system might regulate peripheral mechanisms of sexual function; however, its role is still poorly understood. We investigated the effects of CB2 activation on oxidative stress and fibrosis within the corpus cavernosum of hypercholesterolemic mice. Apolipoprotein-E-knockout mice were fed with a western-type diet for 11 weeks and treated with JWH-133 (selective CB2 agonist) or vehicle during the last 3 weeks. CB2 receptor expression, total collagen content, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production within the penis were assessed. In vitro corpus cavernosum strips preparation was performed to evaluate the nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. CB2 protein expression was shown in cavernosal endothelial and smooth muscle cells of wild type and hypercholesterolemic mice. Treatment with JWH-133 reduced ROS production and NADPH-oxidase expression in hypercholesterolemic mice penis. Furthermore, JWH-133 increased endothelial NO synthase expression in the corpus cavernosum and augmented NO bioavailability. The decrease in oxidative stress levels was accompanied with a reduction in corpus cavernosum collagen content. In summary, CB2 activation decreased histological features, which were associated with erectile dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic mice.
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