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Giraud M, Zapparoli L, Basso G, Petilli M, Paulesu E, Nava E. Mapping the emotional homunculus with fMRI. iScience 2024; 27:109985. [PMID: 38868180 PMCID: PMC11167434 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotions are commonly associated with bodily sensations, e.g., boiling with anger when overwhelmed with rage. Studies have shown that emotions are related to specific body parts, suggesting that somatotopically organized cortical regions that commonly respond to somatosensory and motor experiences might be involved in the generation of emotions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate whether the subjective feelings of emotion are accompanied by the activation of somatotopically defined sensorimotor brain regions, thus aiming to reconstruct an "emotional homunculus." By defining the convergence of the brain activation patterns evoked by self-generated emotions during scanning onto a sensorimotor map created on participants' tactile and motor brain activity, we showed that all the evoked emotions activated parts of this sensorimotor map, yet with considerable overlap among different emotions. Although we could not find a highly specific segmentation of discrete emotions over sensorimotor regions, our results support an embodied experience of emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Giraud
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Zapparoli
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- fMRI Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Basso
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Petilli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Eraldo Paulesu
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Nava
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Liang X, Lin J, Zhou P, Fu W, Xu N, Liu J. Toe stimulation improves tactile perception of the genitals. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae054. [PMID: 38367614 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The human body is represented in a topographic pattern in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and genital representation is displaced below the toe representation. However, the relationship between the representation of the genitals and toe in S1 remains unclear. In this study, tactile stimulation was applied to the big toe in healthy subjects to observe changes in tactile acuity in the unstimulated genital area, abdomen, and metacarpal dorsal. Then tactile stimulation was applied to the right abdomen and metacarpal dorsal to observe changes in tactile acuity in bilateral genitals. The results revealed that tactile stimulation of the big toe led to a reduction in the 2-point discrimination threshold (2PDT) not only in the stimulated big toe but also in the bilateral unstimulated genitals, whereas the bilateral abdomen and metacarpal dorsal threshold remained unchanged. On the other hand, tactile stimulation of the abdomen and metacarpal dorsal did not elicit 2-point discrimination threshold changes in the bilateral genitals. Cortical and subcortical mechanisms have been proposed to account for the findings. One explanation involves the intracortical interaction between 2 adjacent representations. Another possible explanation is that the information content of a specific body part is broadly distributed across the S1. Moreover, exploring the links between human behaviors and changes in the cerebral cortex is of significant importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Liang
- Group for Acupuncture Research, Department of Acupuncture, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Acupuncture, Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518133, China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- Group for Acupuncture Research, Department of Acupuncture, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture, Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518133, China
| | - Wenbin Fu
- Group for Acupuncture Research, Department of Acupuncture, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Nenggui Xu
- Group for Acupuncture Research, Department of Acupuncture, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Group for Acupuncture Research, Department of Acupuncture, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Bundy DT, Barbay S, Hudson HM, Frost SB, Nudo RJ, Guggenmos DJ. Stimulation-Evoked Effective Connectivity (SEEC): An in-vivo approach for defining mesoscale corticocortical connectivity. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 384:109767. [PMID: 36493978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical electrical stimulation is a versatile technique for examining the structure and function of cortical regions and for implementing novel therapies. While electrical stimulation has been used to examine the local spread of neural activity, it may also enable longitudinal examination of mesoscale interregional connectivity. NEW METHOD Here, we sought to use intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) in conjunction with recordings of multi-unit action potentials to assess the mesoscale effective connectivity within sensorimotor cortex. Neural recordings were made from multielectrode arrays placed into sensory, motor, and premotor regions during surgical experiments in three squirrel monkeys. During each recording, single-pulse ICMS was repeatably delivered to a single region. Mesoscale effective connectivity was calculated from ICMS-evoked changes in multi-unit firing. RESULTS Multi-unit action potentials were able to be detected on the order of 1 ms after each ICMS pulse. Across sensorimotor regions, short-latency (< 2.5 ms) ICMS-evoked neural activity strongly correlated with known anatomical connections. Additionally, ICMS-evoked responses remained stable across the experimental period, despite small changes in electrode locations and anesthetic state. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Previous imaging studies investigating cross-regional responses to stimulation are limited to utilizing indirect hemodynamic responses and thus lack the temporal specificity of ICMS-evoked responses. CONCLUSIONS These results show that monitoring ICMS-evoked neural activity, in a technique we refer to as Stimulation-Evoked Effective Connectivity (SEEC), is a viable way to longitudinally assess effective connectivity, enabling studies comparing the time course of connectivity changes with the time course of changes in behavioral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Bundy
- Departiment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Scott Barbay
- Departiment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Heather M Hudson
- Departiment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Shawn B Frost
- Departiment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Randolph J Nudo
- Departiment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - David J Guggenmos
- Departiment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Yang PF, Phipps MA, Newton AT, Jonathan S, Manuel TJ, Gore JC, Grissom WA, Caskey CF, Chen LM. Differential dose responses of transcranial focused ultrasound at brain regions indicate causal interactions. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:1552-1564. [PMID: 36496128 PMCID: PMC9806861 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that focused ultrasound (FUS) pulses in low pressure range exerted bidirectional and brain state-dependent neuromodulation in the nonhuman primate somatosensory cortices by fMRI. Here we aim to gain insights about the proposed neuron selective modulation of FUS and probe feedforward versus feedback interactions by simultaneously quantifying the stimulus (FUS pressures: 925, 425, 250 kPa) and response (% BOLD fMRI changes) function at the targeted area 3a/3b and off-target cortical areas at 7T. In resting-state, lowered intensities of FUS resulted in decreased fMRI signal changes at the target area 3a/3b and off-target area 1/2, S2, MCC, insula and auditory cortex, and no signal difference in thalamic VPL and MD nuclei. In activated states, concurrent high-intensity FUS significantly enhanced touch-evoked signals in area 1/2. Medium- and low-intensity FUS significantly suppressed touch-evoked BOLD signals in all areas except in the auditory cortex, VPL and MD thalamic nuclei. Distinct state dependent and dose-response curves led us to hypothesize that FUS's neuromodulatory effects may be mediated through preferential activation of different populations of neurons. Area 3a/3b may have distinct causal feedforward and feedback interactions with Area 1/2, S2, MCC, insula, and VPL. FUS offers a noninvasive neural stimulation tool for dissecting brain circuits and probing causal functional connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Feng Yang
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Anthony Phipps
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allen T Newton
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sumeeth Jonathan
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas J Manuel
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William A Grissom
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles F Caskey
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Li Min Chen
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Muret D, Root V, Kieliba P, Clode D, Makin TR. Beyond body maps: Information content of specific body parts is distributed across the somatosensory homunculus. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110523. [PMID: 35294887 PMCID: PMC8938902 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The homunculus in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is famous for its body part selectivity, but this dominant feature may eclipse other representational features, e.g., information content, also relevant for S1 organization. Using multivariate fMRI analysis, we ask whether body part information content can be identified in S1 beyond its primary region. Throughout S1, we identify significant representational dissimilarities between body parts but also subparts in distant non-primary regions (e.g., between the hand and the lips in the foot region and between different face parts in the foot region). Two movements performed by one body part (e.g., the hand) could also be dissociated well beyond its primary region (e.g., in the foot and face regions), even within Brodmann area 3b. Our results demonstrate that information content is more distributed across S1 than selectivity maps suggest. This finding reveals underlying information contents in S1 that could be harnessed for rehabilitation and brain-machine interfaces. We replicate the high univariate selectivity profile of the somatosensory homunculus We use multivariate fMRI analysis to identify information content beyond selectivity Significant body part and action-related content are found throughout the homunculus Functional information is available, even in regions selective to other body parts
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Affiliation(s)
- Dollyane Muret
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK.
| | - Victoria Root
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Wellcome Centre of Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paulina Kieliba
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Danielle Clode
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Dani Clode Design, 40 Hillside Road, London SW2 3HW, UK
| | - Tamar R Makin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
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Royo J, Forkel SJ, Pouget P, Thiebaut de Schotten M. The squirrel monkey model in clinical neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:152-164. [PMID: 34118293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical neuroscience research relying on animal models brought valuable translational insights into the function and pathologies of the human brain. The anatomical, physiological, and behavioural similarities between humans and mammals have prompted researchers to study cerebral mechanisms at different levels to develop and test new treatments. The vast majority of biomedical research uses rodent models, which are easily manipulable and have a broadly resembling organisation to the human nervous system but cannot satisfactorily mimic some disorders. For these disorders, macaque monkeys have been used as they have a more comparable central nervous system. Still, this research has been hampered by limitations, including high costs and reduced samples. This review argues that a squirrel monkey model might bridge the gap by complementing translational research from rodents, macaque, and humans. With the advent of promising new methods such as ultrasound imaging, tool miniaturisation, and a shift towards open science, the squirrel monkey model represents a window of opportunity that will potentially fuel new translational discoveries in the diagnosis and treatment of brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Royo
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France.
| | - Stephanie J Forkel
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Pierre Pouget
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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7
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Mason CA, Sherman SM. Editorial: Introduction to the special issue in honor of Ray Guillery. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 49:884-887. [PMID: 30968456 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Mason
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Murray Sherman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Friedman RM, Morone KA, Gharbawie OA, Roe AW. Mapping mesoscale cortical connectivity in monkey sensorimotor cortex with optical imaging and microstimulation. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:3095-3107. [PMID: 32255200 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To map in vivo cortical circuitry at the mesoscale, we applied a novel approach to map interareal functional connectivity. Electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) in conjunction with optical imaging of intrinsic signals (OIS) was used map functional connections in somatosensory cortical areas in anesthetized squirrel monkeys. ICMS produced activations that were focal and that displayed responses which were stimulation intensity dependent. ICMS in supragranular layers of Brodmann Areas 3b, 1, 2, 3a, and M1 evoked interareal activation patterns that were topographically appropriate and appeared consistent with known anatomical connectivity. Specifically, ICMS revealed Area 3b connections with Area 1; Area 1 connections with Areas 2 and 3a; Area 2 connections with Areas 1, 3a, and M1; Area 3a connections with Areas M1, 1, and 2; and M1 connections with Areas 3a, 1, and 2. These somatosensory connectivity patterns were reminiscent of feedforward patterns observed anatomically, although feedback contributions are also likely present. Further consistent with anatomical connectivity, intra-areal and intra-areal patterns of activation were patchy with patch sizes of 200-300 μm. In summary, ICMS with OIS is a novel approach for mapping interareal and intra-areal connections in vivo. Comparisons with feedforward and feedback anatomical connectivity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Friedman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, OHSU, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Katherine A Morone
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Omar A Gharbawie
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anna Wang Roe
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, OHSU, Beaverton, Oregon.,Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Mishra A, Majumdar S, Wang F, Wilson GH, Gore JC, Chen LM. Functional connectivity with cortical depth assessed by resting state fMRI of subregions of S1 in squirrel monkeys. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:329-339. [PMID: 30251760 PMCID: PMC6289644 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas resting state blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI has been widely used to assess functional connectivity between cortical regions, the laminar specificity of such measures is poorly understood. This study aims to determine: (a) whether the resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) between two functionally related cortical regions varies with cortical depth, (b) the relationship between layer-resolved tactile stimulus-evoked activation pattern and interlayer rsFC pattern between two functionally distinct but related somatosensory areas 3b and 1, and (c) the effects of spatial resolution on rsFC measures. We examined the interlayer rsFC between areas 3b and 1 of squirrel monkeys under anesthesia using tactile stimulus-driven and resting state BOLD acquisitions at submillimeter resolution. Consistent with previous observations in the areas 3b and 1, we detected robust stimulus-evoked BOLD activations with foci were confined mainly to the upper layers (centered at 21% of the cortical depth). By carefully placing seeds in upper, middle, and lower layers of areas 3b and 1, we observed strong rsFC between upper and middle layers of these two areas. The layer-resolved activation patterns in areas 3b and 1 agree with their interlayer rsFC patterns, and are consistent with the known anatomical connections between layers. In summary, using BOLD rsFC pattern, we identified an interlayer interareal microcircuit that shows strong intrinsic functional connections between upper and middle layer areas 3b and 1. RsFC can be used as a robust invasive tool to probe interlayer corticocortical microcircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabinda Mishra
- Department of Radiology and Radiological SciencesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging ScienceVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
| | - Shantanu Majumdar
- Department of Radiology and Radiological SciencesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging ScienceVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Radiology and Radiological SciencesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging ScienceVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
| | - George H. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Radiological SciencesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging ScienceVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
| | - John C. Gore
- Department of Radiology and Radiological SciencesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging ScienceVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
| | - Li Min Chen
- Department of Radiology and Radiological SciencesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging ScienceVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
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