1
|
Melcón M, Stern E, Kessel D, Arana L, Poch C, Campo P, Capilla A. Perception of near-threshold visual stimuli is influenced by prestimulus alpha-band amplitude but not by alpha phase. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14525. [PMID: 38234038 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Ongoing brain activity preceding visual stimulation has been suggested to shape conscious perception. According to the pulsed inhibition framework, bouts of functional inhibition arise in each alpha cycle (every ~100 ms), allowing information to be processed in a pulsatile manner. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that perceptual outcome can be influenced by the specific phase of alpha oscillations prior to the stimulus onset, although empirical findings are controversial. In this study, we aimed to shed light on the role of prestimulus alpha oscillations in visual perception. To this end, we recorded electroencephalographic activity, while participants performed three near-threshold visual detection tasks with different attentional involvement: a no-cue task, a noninformative cue task (50% validity), and an informative cue task (100% validity). Cluster-based permutation statistics were complemented with Bayesian analyses to test the effect of prestimulus oscillatory amplitude and phase on visual awareness. We additionally examined whether these effects differed in trials with low and high oscillatory amplitude, as expected from the pulsed inhibition theory. Our results show a clear effect of prestimulus alpha amplitude on conscious perception, but only when alpha fluctuated spontaneously. In contrast, we did not find any evidence that prestimulus alpha phase influenced perceptual outcome, not even when differentiating between low- and high-amplitude trials. Furthermore, Bayesian analysis provided moderate evidence in favor of the absence of phase effects. Taken together, our results challenge the central theoretical predictions of the pulsed inhibition framework, at least for the particular experimental conditions used here.
Collapse
Grants
- PGC2018-100682-B-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades / Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Spain / FEDER, UE (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE)
- PID2019-111335GA-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades / Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Spain / FEDER, UE (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE)
- PID2021-125841NB-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación / Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Spain / FEDER, UE (MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 /FEDER, UE)
- Comunidad de Madrid
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Melcón
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Enrique Stern
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dominique Kessel
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lydia Arana
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Poch
- Departamento de Educación, Universidad de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Campo
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Capilla
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kawashima T, Nakayama R, Amano K. Theoretical and Technical Issues Concerning the Measurement of Alpha Frequency and the Application of Signal Detection Theory: Comment on Buergers and Noppeney (2022). J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:691-699. [PMID: 37255466 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Classical and recent evidence has suggested that alpha oscillations play a critical role in temporally discriminating or binding successively presented items. Challenging this view, Buergers and Noppeney [Buergers, S., & Noppeney, U. The role of alpha oscillations in temporal binding within and across the senses. Nature Human Behaviour, 6, 732-742, 2022] found that by combining EEG, psychophysics, and signal detection theory, neither prestimulus nor resting-state alpha frequency influences perceptual sensitivity and bias in the temporal binding task. We propose the following four points that should be considered when interpreting the role of alpha oscillations, and especially their frequency, on perceptual temporal binding: (1) Multiple alpha components can be contaminated in conventional EEG analysis; (2) the effect of alpha frequency on perception will interact with alpha power; (3) prestimulus and resting-state alpha frequency can be different from poststimulus alpha frequency, which is the frequency during temporal binding and should be more directly related to temporal binding; and (4) when applying signal detection theory under the assumption of equal variance, the assumption is often incomplete and can be problematic (e.g., the magnitude relationships between individuals in parametric sensitivity may change when converted into nonparametric sensitivity). Future directions, including solutions to each of the issues, are discussed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ronconi L, Balestrieri E, Baldauf D, Melcher D. Distinct Cortical Networks Subserve Spatio-temporal Sampling in Vision through Different Oscillatory Rhythms. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:572-589. [PMID: 37172123 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although visual input arrives continuously, sensory information is segmented into (quasi-)discrete events. Here, we investigated the neural correlates of spatiotemporal binding in humans with magnetoencephalography using two tasks where separate flashes were presented on each trial but were perceived, in a bistable way, as either a single or two separate events. The first task (two-flash fusion) involved judging one versus two flashes, whereas the second task (apparent motion: AM) involved judging coherent motion versus two stationary flashes. Results indicate two different functional networks underlying two unique aspects of temporal binding. In two-flash fusion trials, involving an integration window of ∼50 msec, evoked responses differed as a function of perceptual interpretation by ∼25 msec after stimuli offset. Multivariate decoding of subjective perception based on prestimulus oscillatory phase was significant for alpha-band activity in the right medial temporal (V5/MT) area, with the strength of prestimulus connectivity between early visual areas and V5/MT being predictive of performance. In contrast, the longer integration window (∼130 msec) for AM showed evoked field differences only ∼250 msec after stimuli offset. Phase decoding of the perceptual outcome in AM trials was significant for theta-band activity in the right intraparietal sulcus. Prestimulus theta-band connectivity between V5/MT and intraparietal sulcus best predicted AM perceptual outcome. For both tasks, phase effects found could not be accounted by concomitant variations in power. These results show a strong relationship between specific spatiotemporal binding windows and specific oscillations, linked to the information flow between different areas of the where and when visual pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ronconi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Balestrieri
- University of Münster, Germany
- Otto Creutzfeld Center for Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, Münster, Germany
| | | | - David Melcher
- New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vinao-Carl M, Gal-Shohet Y, Rhodes E, Li J, Hampshire A, Sharp D, Grossman N. Just a phase? Causal probing reveals spurious phasic dependence of sustained attention. Neuroimage 2024; 285:120477. [PMID: 38072338 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For over a decade, electrophysiological studies have reported correlations between attention / perception and the phase of spontaneous brain oscillations. To date, these findings have been interpreted as evidence that the brain uses neural oscillations to sample and predict upcoming stimuli. Yet, evidence from simulations have shown that analysis artefacts could also lead to spurious pre-stimulus oscillations that appear to predict future brain responses. To address this discrepancy, we conducted an experiment in which visual stimuli were presented in time to specific phases of spontaneous alpha and theta oscillations. This allowed us to causally probe the role of ongoing neural activity in visual processing independent of the stimulus-evoked dynamics. Our findings did not support a causal link between spontaneous alpha / theta rhythms and behaviour. However, spurious correlations between theta phase and behaviour emerged offline using gold-standard time-frequency analyses. These findings are a reminder that care should be taken when inferring causal relationships between neural activity and behaviour using acausal analysis methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vinao-Carl
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, (UK DRI), Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Y Gal-Shohet
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - E Rhodes
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, (UK DRI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Li
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, (UK DRI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Hampshire
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D Sharp
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, (UK DRI), Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research and Technology Centre (UK DRI-CRT), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - N Grossman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, (UK DRI), Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim B, Erickson BA, Fernandez-Nunez G, Rich R, Mentzelopoulos G, Vitale F, Medaglia JD. EEG Phase Can Be Predicted with Similar Accuracy across Cognitive States after Accounting for Power and Signal-to-Noise Ratio. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0050-23.2023. [PMID: 37558464 PMCID: PMC10481640 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0050-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
EEG phase is increasingly used in cognitive neuroscience, brain-computer interfaces, and closed-loop stimulation devices. However, it is unknown how accurate EEG phase prediction is across cognitive states. We determined the EEG phase prediction accuracy of parieto-occipital alpha waves across rest and task states in 484 participants over 11 public datasets. We were able to track EEG phase accurately across various cognitive conditions and datasets, especially during periods of high instantaneous alpha power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Although resting states generally have higher accuracies than task states, absolute accuracy differences were small, with most of these differences attributable to EEG power and SNR. These results suggest that experiments and technologies using EEG phase should focus more on minimizing external noise and waiting for periods of high power rather than inducing a particular cognitive state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Brian A Erickson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - Ryan Rich
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Georgios Mentzelopoulos
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Flavia Vitale
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Departments of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19146
| | - John D Medaglia
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Departments of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vigué-Guix I, Soto-Faraco S. Using occipital ⍺-bursts to modulate behavior in real-time. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9465-9477. [PMID: 37365814 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-stimulus endogenous neural activity can influence the processing of upcoming sensory input and subsequent behavioral reactions. Despite it is known that spontaneous oscillatory activity mostly appears in stochastic bursts, typical approaches based on trial averaging fail to capture this. We aimed at relating spontaneous oscillatory bursts in the alpha band (8-13 Hz) to visual detection behavior, via an electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface (BCI) that allowed for burst-triggered stimulus presentation in real-time. According to alpha theories, we hypothesized that visual targets presented during alpha-bursts should lead to slower responses and higher miss rates, whereas targets presented in the absence of bursts (low alpha activity) should lead to faster responses and higher false alarm rates. Our findings support the role of bursts of alpha oscillations in visual perception and exemplify how real-time BCI systems can be used as a test bench for brain-behavioral theories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Vigué-Guix
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacions, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08005, Spain
| | - Salvador Soto-Faraco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacions, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08005, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Houshmand Chatroudi A, Yotsumoto Y. No evidence for the effect of entrainment's phase on duration reproduction and precision of regular intervals. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3037-3057. [PMID: 37369629 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Perception of time is not always veridical; rather, it is subjected to distortions. One such compelling distortion is that the duration of regularly spaced intervals is often overestimated. One account suggests that excitatory phases of neural entrainment concomitant with such stimuli play a major role. However, assessing the correlation between the power of entrained oscillations and time dilation has yielded inconclusive results. In this study, we evaluated whether phase characteristics of neural oscillations impact time dilation. For this purpose, we entrained 10-Hz oscillations and experimentally manipulated the presentation of flickers so that they were presented either in-phase or out-of-phase relative to the established rhythm. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recordings confirmed that in-phase and out-of-phase flickers had landed on different inhibitory phases of high-amplitude alpha oscillations. Moreover, to control for confounding factors of expectancy and masking, we created two additional conditions. Results, supplemented by the Bayesian analysis, indicated that the phase of entrained visual alpha oscillation does not differentially affect flicker-induced time dilation. Repeating the same experiment with regularly spaced auditory stimuli replicated the null findings. Moreover, we found a robust enhancement of precision for the reproduction of flickers relative to static stimuli that were partially supported by entrainment models. We discussed our results within the framework of neural oscillations and time-perception models, suggesting that inhibitory cycles of visual alpha may have little relevance to the overestimation of regularly spaced intervals. Moreover, based on our findings, we proposed that temporal oscillators, assumed in entrainment models, may act independently of excitatory phases in the brain's lower level sensory areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuko Yotsumoto
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tseng CH, Chen JH, Hsu SM. The Effect of the Peristimulus α Phase on Visual Perception through Real-Time Phase-Locked Stimulus Presentation. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0128-23.2023. [PMID: 37507226 PMCID: PMC10436686 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0128-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The α phase has been theorized to reflect fluctuations in cortical excitability and thereby impose a cyclic influence on visual perception. Despite its appeal, this notion is not fully substantiated, as both supporting and opposing evidence has been recently reported. In contrast to previous research, this study examined the effect of the peristimulus instead of prestimulus phase on visual detection through a real-time phase-locked stimulus presentation (PLSP) approach. Specifically, we monitored phase data from magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings over time, with a newly developed algorithm based on adaptive Kalman filtering (AKF). This information guided online presentations of masked stimuli that were phased-locked to different stages of the α cycle while healthy humans concurrently performed detection tasks. Behavioral evidence showed that the overall detection rate did not significantly vary according to the four predetermined peristimulus α phases. Nevertheless, the follow-up analyses highlighted that the phase at 90° relative to 180° likely enhanced detection. Corroborating neural parietal activity showed that early interaction between α phases and incoming stimuli orchestrated the neural representation of the hits and misses of the stimuli. This neural representation varied according to the phase and in turn shaped the behavioral outcomes. In addition to directly investigating to what extent fluctuations in perception can be ascribed to the α phases, this study suggests that phase-dependent perception is not as robust as previously presumed, and might also depend on how the stimuli are differentially processed as a result of a stimulus-phase interaction, in addition to reflecting alternations of the perceptual states between phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsin Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronic and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Republic of China)
| | - Jyh-Horng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronic and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Republic of China)
| | - Shen-Mou Hsu
- Imaging Center for Integrated Body, Mind and Culture Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Republic of China)
- MOST AI Biomedical Research Center, Tainan City 701, Taiwan (Republic of China)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mentzelopoulos G, Driscoll N, Shankar S, Kim B, Rich R, Fernandez-Nunez G, Stoll H, Erickson B, Medaglia JD, Vitale F. Alerting attention is sufficient to induce a phase-dependent behavior that can be predicted by frontal EEG. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1176865. [PMID: 37292166 PMCID: PMC10246752 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1176865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that attention is rhythmic. Whether that rhythmicity can be explained by the phase of ongoing neural oscillations, however, is still debated. We contemplate that a step toward untangling the relationship between attention and phase stems from employing simple behavioral tasks that isolate attention from other cognitive functions (perception/decision-making) and by localized monitoring of neural activity with high spatiotemporal resolution over the brain regions associated with the attentional network. In this study, we investigated whether the phase of electroencephalography (EEG) oscillations predicts alerting attention. We isolated the alerting mechanism of attention using the Psychomotor Vigilance Task, which does not involve a perceptual component, and collected high resolution EEG using novel high-density dry EEG arrays at the frontal region of the scalp. We identified that alerting attention alone is sufficient to induce a phase-dependent modulation of behavior at EEG frequencies of 3, 6, and 8 Hz throughout the frontal region, and we quantified the phase that predicts the high and low attention states in our cohort. Our findings disambiguate the relationship between EEG phase and alerting attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Mentzelopoulos
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nicolette Driscoll
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sneha Shankar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ryan Rich
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Harrison Stoll
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Erickson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Dominic Medaglia
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Flavia Vitale
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Esparza-Iaizzo M, Vigué-Guix I, Ruzzoli M, Torralba-Cuello M, Soto-Faraco S. Long-Range α-Synchronization as Control Signal for BCI: A Feasibility Study. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0203-22.2023. [PMID: 36750362 PMCID: PMC9997698 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0203-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Shifts in spatial attention are associated with variations in α band (α, 8-14 Hz) activity, specifically in interhemispheric imbalance. The underlying mechanism is attributed to local α-synchronization, which regulates local inhibition of neural excitability, and frontoparietal synchronization reflecting long-range communication. The direction-specific nature of this neural correlate brings forward its potential as a control signal in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). In the present study, we explored whether long-range α-synchronization presents lateralized patterns dependent on voluntary attention orienting and whether these neural patterns can be picked up at a single-trial level to provide a control signal for active BCI. We collected electroencephalography (EEG) data from a cohort of healthy adults (n = 10) while performing a covert visuospatial attention (CVSA) task. The data show a lateralized pattern of α-band phase coupling between frontal and parieto-occipital regions after target presentation, replicating previous findings. This pattern, however, was not evident during the cue-to-target orienting interval, the ideal time window for BCI. Furthermore, decoding the direction of attention trial-by-trial from cue-locked synchronization with support vector machines (SVMs) was at chance level. The present findings suggest EEG may not be capable of detecting long-range α-synchronization in attentional orienting on a single-trial basis and, thus, highlight the limitations of this metric as a reliable signal for BCI control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Vigué-Guix
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain 08005
| | - Manuela Ruzzoli
- Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language (BCBL), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain 20009
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain 20009
| | | | - Salvador Soto-Faraco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain 08005
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain 20009
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vilà‐Balló A, Marti‐Marca A, Torralba Cuello M, Soto‐Faraco S, Pozo‐Rosich P. The influence of temporal unpredictability on the electrophysiological mechanisms of neural entrainment. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14108. [PMID: 35678104 PMCID: PMC9787398 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neural entrainment, or the synchronization of endogenous oscillations to exogenous rhythmic events, has been postulated as a powerful mechanism underlying stimulus prediction. Nevertheless, studies that have explored the benefits of neural entrainment on attention, perception, and other cognitive functions have received criticism, which could compromise their theoretical and clinical value. Therefore, the aim of the present study was [1] to confirm the presence of entrainment using a set of pre-established criteria and [2] to establish whether the reported behavioral benefits of entrainment remain when temporal predictability related to target appearance is reduced. To address these points, we adapted a previous neural entrainment paradigm to include: a variable entrainer length and increased target-absent trials, and instructing participants to respond only if they had detected a target, to avoid guessing. Thirty-six right-handed women took part in this study. Our results indicated a significant alignment of neural activity to the external periodicity as well as a persistence of phase alignment beyond the offset of the driving signal. This would appear to indicate that neural entrainment triggers preexisting endogenous oscillations, which cannot simply be explained as a succession of event-related potentials associated with the stimuli, expectation and/or motor response. However, we found no behavioral benefit for targets in-phase with entrainers, which would suggest that the effect of neural entrainment on overt behavior may be more limited than expected. These results help to clarify the mechanistic processes underlying neural entrainment and provide new insights on its applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Vilà‐Balló
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Department of MedicineAutonomous University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and PsychologyUniversity of GironaGironaSpain
| | - Angela Marti‐Marca
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Department of MedicineAutonomous University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Mireia Torralba Cuello
- Multisensory Research Group, Center for Brain and CognitionPompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelonaSpain
| | - Salvador Soto‐Faraco
- Multisensory Research Group, Center for Brain and CognitionPompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelonaSpain,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Patricia Pozo‐Rosich
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Department of MedicineAutonomous University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Headache Unit, Department of NeurologyVall d'Hebron University HospitalBarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin WM, Oetringer DA, Bakker‐Marshall I, Emmerzaal J, Wilsch A, ElShafei HA, Rassi E, Haegens S. No behavioural evidence for rhythmic facilitation of perceptual discrimination. Eur J Neurosci 2022. [PMID: 33772897 PMCID: PMC9540985 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15208 10.1101/2020.12.10.418947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that internal oscillations can synchronize (i.e., entrain) to external environmental rhythms, thereby facilitating perception and behaviour. To date, evidence for the link between the phase of neural oscillations and behaviour has been scarce and contradictory; moreover, it remains an open question whether the brain can use this tentative mechanism for active temporal prediction. In our present study, we conducted a series of auditory pitch discrimination tasks with 181 healthy participants in an effort to shed light on the proposed behavioural benefits of rhythmic cueing and entrainment. In the three versions of our task, we observed no perceptual benefit of purported entrainment: targets occurring in-phase with a rhythmic cue provided no perceptual benefits in terms of discrimination accuracy or reaction time when compared with targets occurring out-of-phase or targets occurring randomly, nor did we find performance differences for targets preceded by rhythmic versus random cues. However, we found a surprising effect of cueing frequency on reaction time, in which participants showed faster responses to cue rhythms presented at higher frequencies. We therefore provide no evidence of entrainment, but instead a tentative effect of covert active sensing in which a faster external rhythm leads to a faster communication rate between motor and sensory cortices, allowing for sensory inputs to be sampled earlier in time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wy Ming Lin
- Graduate Training Centre of NeuroscienceUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Djamari A. Oetringer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Iske Bakker‐Marshall
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jill Emmerzaal
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Anna Wilsch
- Department of PsychologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Hesham A. ElShafei
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Elie Rassi
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Saskia Haegens
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands,Department of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA,Division of Systems NeuroscienceNew York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNYUSA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin WM, Oetringer DA, Bakker‐Marshall I, Emmerzaal J, Wilsch A, ElShafei HA, Rassi E, Haegens S. No behavioural evidence for rhythmic facilitation of perceptual discrimination. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:3352-3364. [PMID: 33772897 PMCID: PMC9540985 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that internal oscillations can synchronize (i.e., entrain) to external environmental rhythms, thereby facilitating perception and behaviour. To date, evidence for the link between the phase of neural oscillations and behaviour has been scarce and contradictory; moreover, it remains an open question whether the brain can use this tentative mechanism for active temporal prediction. In our present study, we conducted a series of auditory pitch discrimination tasks with 181 healthy participants in an effort to shed light on the proposed behavioural benefits of rhythmic cueing and entrainment. In the three versions of our task, we observed no perceptual benefit of purported entrainment: targets occurring in-phase with a rhythmic cue provided no perceptual benefits in terms of discrimination accuracy or reaction time when compared with targets occurring out-of-phase or targets occurring randomly, nor did we find performance differences for targets preceded by rhythmic versus random cues. However, we found a surprising effect of cueing frequency on reaction time, in which participants showed faster responses to cue rhythms presented at higher frequencies. We therefore provide no evidence of entrainment, but instead a tentative effect of covert active sensing in which a faster external rhythm leads to a faster communication rate between motor and sensory cortices, allowing for sensory inputs to be sampled earlier in time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wy Ming Lin
- Graduate Training Centre of NeuroscienceUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Djamari A. Oetringer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Iske Bakker‐Marshall
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jill Emmerzaal
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Anna Wilsch
- Department of PsychologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Hesham A. ElShafei
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Elie Rassi
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Saskia Haegens
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands,Department of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA,Division of Systems NeuroscienceNew York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNYUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Keitel C, Ruzzoli M, Dugué L, Busch NA, Benwell CSY. Rhythms in cognition: The evidence revisited. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:2991-3009. [PMID: 35696729 PMCID: PMC9544967 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Ruzzoli
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (BCBL), Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Laura Dugué
- Université Paris Cité, INCC UMR 8002, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Niko A Busch
- Institute for Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ferster ML, Da Poian G, Menachery K, Schreiner SJ, Lustenberger C, Maric A, Huber R, Baumann CR, Karlen W. Benchmarking real-time algorithms for in-phase auditory stimulation of low amplitude slow waves with wearable EEG devices during sleep. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2022; 69:2916-2925. [PMID: 35259094 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2022.3157468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Auditory stimulation of EEG slow waves (SW) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep has shown to improve cognitive function when it is delivered at the up-phase of SW. SW enhancement is particularly desirable in subjects with low-amplitude SW such as older adults or patients suffering from neurodegeneration such as Parkinson disease (PD). However, existing algorithms to estimate the up-phase suffer from a poor phase accuracy at low EEG amplitudes and when SW frequencies are not constant. We introduce two novel algorithms for real-time EEG phase estimation on autonomous wearable devices. The algorithms were based on a phase-locked loop (PLL) and, for the first time, a phase vocoder (PV). We compared these phase tracking algorithms with a simple amplitude threshold approach. The optimized algorithms were benchmarked for phase accuracy, the capacity to estimate phase at SW amplitudes between 20 and 60 V, and SW frequencies above 1 Hz on 324 recordings from healthy older adults and PD patients. Furthermore, the algorithms were implemented on a wearable device and the computational efficiency and the performance was evaluated on simulated sleep EEG, as well as prospectively during a recording with a PD patient. All three algorithms delivered more than 70% of the stimulation triggers during the SW up-phase. The PV showed the highest capacity on targeting low-amplitude SW and SW with frequencies above 1 Hz. The testing on real-time hardware revealed that both PV and PLL have marginal impact on microcontroller load, while the efficiency of the PV was 4% lower than the PLL. Active auditory stimulation did not influence the phase tracking. This work demonstrated that phase-accurate auditory stimulation can be delivered during home-based sleep interventions with a wearable device also in populations with low-amplitude SW.
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu Z, Ren Y, Misaki Y, Wu Q, Lu S. Effect of Tempo on Temporal Expectation Driven by Rhythms in Dual-Task Performance. Front Psychol 2021; 12:755490. [PMID: 34955976 PMCID: PMC8692373 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.755490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal expectation is the ability to focus attention at a particular moment in time to optimize performance, which has been shown to be driven by regular rhythms. However, whether the rhythm-based temporal expectations rely upon automatic processing or require the involvement of controlled processing has not been clearly established. Furthermore, whether the mechanism is affected by tempo remains unknown. To investigate this research question, the present study used a dual-task procedure. In a single task, the participants were instructed to respond to a visual target preceded by a regular or an irregular visual rhythm under a fast (500 ms) or slow (3,500 ms) tempo. The dual-task simultaneously combined a working memory (WM) task. The results showed temporal expectation effects in which the participants responded faster to the regular than to the irregular conditions in a single task. Moreover, this effect persisted under dual-task interference in the fast tempo condition but was impaired in the slow tempo condition. These results revealed that rhythmic temporal expectation induced by fast tempo was dependent on automatic processing. However, compared with the faster tempo, temporal expectation driven by a slower tempo might involve more controlled processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Xu
- Department of Foreign Language, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Yanna Ren
- Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Management, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yosuke Misaki
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Education, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Sa Lu
- Department of Foreign Language, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Quigley C. Forgotten rhythms? Revisiting the first evidence for rhythms in cognition. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:3266-3276. [PMID: 34494328 PMCID: PMC9542866 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Practically every neuroscientist knows that human brain rhythms were first recorded in the 1920s by Hans Berger, who coined the term 'alpha waves' for the regular activity of around 10 cycles per second that was clearly visible in many of his recordings. Almost 100 years later, alpha rhythms are still the subject of active investigation and continue to intrigue researchers. What we have perhaps forgotten though, is the clever experimentation that was carried out during the first decades of electroencephalogram (EEG) research, often using sophisticated, custom-made analysis and stimulation devices. Here, I review selected findings from the early EEG literature regarding the character, origin, and meaning of human brain rhythms, beginning with Berger's publications and then focusing on the use of regular visual stimulation as a tool to understand intrinsic brain rhythms. It is clear that many of these findings are still relevant to open questions about the role of rhythmic brain activity. In addition, they also contain some general lessons for contemporary neuroscientists, meaning that there is great value in looking back at these forgotten publications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cliodhna Quigley
- Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Benwell CSY, Coldea A, Harvey M, Thut G. Low pre-stimulus EEG alpha power amplifies visual awareness but not visual sensitivity. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:3125-3140. [PMID: 33655566 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pre-stimulus oscillatory neural activity has been linked to the level of awareness of sensory stimuli. More specifically, the power of low-frequency oscillations (primarily in the alpha-band, i.e., 8-14 Hz) prior to stimulus onset is inversely related to measures of subjective performance in visual tasks, such as confidence and visual awareness. Intriguingly, the same EEG signature does not seem to influence objective measures of task performance (i.e., accuracy). We here examined whether this dissociation holds when stringent accuracy measures are used. Previous EEG-studies have employed 2-alternative forced choice (2-AFC) discrimination tasks to link pre-stimulus oscillatory activity to correct/incorrect responses as an index of accuracy/objective performance at the single-trial level. However, 2-AFC tasks do not provide a good estimate of single-trial accuracy, as many of the responses classified as correct will be contaminated by guesses (with the chance correct response rate being 50%). Here instead, we employed a 19-AFC letter identification task to measure accuracy and the subjectively reported level of perceptual awareness on each trial. As the correct guess rate is negligible (~5%), this task provides a purer measure of accuracy. Our results replicate the inverse relationship between pre-stimulus alpha/beta-band power and perceptual awareness ratings in the absence of a link to discrimination accuracy. Pre-stimulus oscillatory phase did not predict either subjective awareness or accuracy. Our results hence confirm a dissociation of the pre-stimulus EEG power-task performance link for subjective versus objective measures of performance, and further substantiate pre-stimulus alpha power as a neural predictor of visual awareness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andra Coldea
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Monika Harvey
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gregor Thut
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cruzat J, Torralba M, Ruzzoli M, Fernández A, Deco G, Soto-Faraco S. The phase of Theta oscillations modulates successful memory formation at encoding. Neuropsychologia 2021; 154:107775. [PMID: 33592222 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that attention and perception can depend upon the phase of ongoing neural oscillations at stimulus onset. Here, we extend this idea to the memory domain. We tested the hypothesis that ongoing fluctuations in neural activity impact memory encoding in two experiments using a picture paired-associates task in order to gauge episodic memory performance. Experiment 1 was behavioural only and capitalized on the principle of phase resetting. We tested if subsequent memory performance fluctuates rhythmically, time-locked to a resetting cue presented before the to-be-remembered pairs at different time intervals. We found an indication that behavioural performance was periodically and selectively modulated at Theta frequency (~4 Hz). In Experiment 2, we focused on pre-stimulus ongoing activity using scalp EEG while participants performed a paired-associates task. The pre-registered analysis, using large electrode clusters and generic Theta and Alpha spectral ranges, returned null results of the pre-stimulus phase-behaviour correlation. However, as expected from prior literature, we found that variations in stimulus-related Theta-power predicted subsequent memory performance. Therefore, we used this post-stimulus effect in Theta power to guide a post-hoc pre-stimulus phase analysis in terms of scalp and frequency of interest. This analysis returned a correlation between the pre-stimulus Theta phase and subsequent memory. Altogether, these results suggest that pre-stimulus Theta activity at encoding may impact later memory performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Cruzat
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona, 08018, Spain.
| | - Mireia Torralba
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona, 08018, Spain
| | - Manuela Ruzzoli
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alba Fernández
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona, 08018, Spain
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona, 08018, Spain; Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain; Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Salvador Soto-Faraco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona, 08018, Spain; Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| |
Collapse
|