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Xiao S, Sun G, Huang S, Lin C, Li Y. Nanoarchitectonics-Based Materials as a Promising Strategy in the Treatment of Endodontic Infections. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:759. [PMID: 38931881 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Endodontic infections arise from the interactive activities of microbial communities colonizing in the intricate root canal system. The present study aims to update the latest knowledge of nanomaterials, their antimicrobial mechanisms, and their applications in endodontics. A detailed literature review of the current knowledge of nanomaterials used in endodontic applications was performed using the PubMed database. Antimicrobial nanomaterials with a small size, large specific surface area, and high chemical activity are introduced to act as irrigants, photosensitizer delivery systems, and medicaments, or to modify sealers. The application of nanomaterials in the endodontic field could enhance antimicrobial efficiency, increase dentin tubule penetration, and improve treatment outcomes. This study supports the potential of nanomaterials as a promising strategy in treating endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Xiao
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361003, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Guanwen Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen 361018, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361003, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Yijun Li
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361003, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361003, China
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Cheng RHW, Wang M, Tong WM, Gao W, Watt RM, Leung WK. Subgingival microbial changes in Down Syndrome adults with periodontitis after chlorhexidine adjunct non-surgical therapy and monthly recalls-A 12-month case series study. J Dent 2024; 143:104907. [PMID: 38428718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Down Syndrome (DS) adults are at risk for periodontitis. Previous reports indicated difficulties in periodontopathogen reduction or eradication in DS individuals after periodontal treatment. This case series follows the subgingival microbial changes in adult DS individuals with periodontitis who received chlorhexidine adjunct non-surgical therapy plus 12-month recalls. METHODS Twenty periodontitis DS participants (7 females; 25.5 ± 5.6 years of age; 3 with generalized periodontitis) partook in a study involving non-surgical mechanical periodontal therapy, twice daily chlorhexidine gel toothbrushing, chlorhexidine mouthwash, and monthly recalls. The subgingival microbiota profile was followed at baseline, 6-, and 12-months post-operation. RESULTS Desulfobulbus, Saccharibacteria (TM7), Tannerella, and Porphyromonas were the major subgingival genera in this DS cohort. Favorable chlorhexidine adjunct non-surgical treatment outcomes were observed, with the relative abundance of Desulfobulbus sp. HMT 041, Saccharibacteria (TM7) [G-1] bacterium HMT 346 or 349, and Tannerella forsythia significantly reduced at the end of the study, but no significant reduction of Porphyromonas gingivalis or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans could be observed. Relative abundance of Desulfobulbus sp. HMT 041 and T. forsythia were also found to be significantly associated with plaque, bleeding on probing, and probing pocket depth (PPD, in mm) at a site level, while the relative abundance of Halomonas pacifica was negatively associated with PPD. CONCLUSIONS Successful chlorhexidine adjunct non-surgical treatment with hygiene care was accompanied by a subgingival microbial shift involving certain periodontopathogenic species, except P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Further investigations are required to clarify the mechanism underpinning the unchanged relative abundance of the above two pathogens despite favorable clinical responses. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE DS adults face challenges achieving optimal home care or hygiene for periodontal healing and disease prevention. Chemical adjunct mechanical periodontal therapy plus regular recalls appeared promising clinically and microbiologically, with subgingival periodontopathogenic species reduction. The persistence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis in subgingival niches post-treatment warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H W Cheng
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Man Tong
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenling Gao
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rory M Watt
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Keung Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Araujo HC, Pessan JP, Caldeirão ACM, Sampaio C, Oliveira MJDS, Sales DH, Teixeira SR, Constantino CJL, Delbem ACB, Oliveira SHP, Ramage G, Monteiro DR. Dual nanocarrier of chlorhexidine and fluconazole: Physicochemical characterization and effects on microcosm biofilms and oral keratinocytes. J Dent 2023; 138:104699. [PMID: 37716636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assembled and characterized a dual nanocarrier of chlorhexidine (CHX) and fluconazole (FLZ), and evaluated its antibiofilm and cytotoxic effects. METHODS CHX and FLZ were added to iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) previously coated by chitosan (CS) and characterized by physical-chemical analyses. Biofilms from human saliva supplemented with Candida species were grown (72 h) on glass discs and treated (24 h) with IONPs-CS carrying CHX (at 39, 78, or 156 µg/mL) and FLZ (at 156, 312, or 624 µg/mL) in three growing associations. IONPs and CS alone, and 156 µg/mL CHX + 624 µg/mL FLZ (CHX156-FLZ624) were tested as controls. Next, microbiological analyses were performed. The viability of human oral keratinocytes (NOKsi lineage) was also determined (MTT reduction assay). Data were submitted to ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Fisher's LSD or Tukey's tests (α=0.05). RESULTS Nanocarriers with spherical-like shape and diameter around 6 nm were assembled, without compromising the crystalline property and stability of IONPs. Nanocarrier at the highest concentrations was the most effective in reducing colony-forming units of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata. The other carriers and CHX156-FLZ624 showed similar antibiofilm effects, and significantly reduced lactic acid production (p<0.001). Also, a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect against oral keratinocytes was observed for the dual nanocarrier. IONPs-CS-CHX-FLZ and CHX-FLZ significantly reduced keratinocyte viability at CHX and FLZ concentrations ≥7.8 and 31.25 µg/mL, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The nanotherapy developed outperformed the effect of the combination CHX-FLZ on microcosm biofilms, without increasing the cytotoxic effect of the antimicrobials administered. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The dual nanocarrier is a promising topically-applied therapy for the management of oral candidiasis considering that its higher antibiofilm effects allow the use of lower concentrations of antimicrobials than those found in commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor Ceolin Araujo
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, 16015-050 Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, 16015-050 Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline Morais Caldeirão
- School of Dentistry, Presidente Prudente, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Sampaio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, 16015-050 Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Dos Santos Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Applied Sciences (FCT), Department of Physics, 19060-900 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Henrique Sales
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Applied Sciences (FCT), Department of Physics, 19060-900 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio Rainho Teixeira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Applied Sciences (FCT), Department of Physics, 19060-900 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Leopoldo Constantino
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Applied Sciences (FCT), Department of Physics, 19060-900 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, 16015-050 Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Basic Sciences, 16015-050 Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Safeguarding Health through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Research Centre for Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow UK
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, 16015-050 Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil; School of Dentistry, Presidente Prudente, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil.
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Evidence on the Use of Mouthwash for the Control of Supragingival Biofilm and Its Potential Adverse Effects. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060727. [PMID: 35740134 PMCID: PMC9219991 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial mouthwash improves supragingival biofilm control when used in conjunction with mechanical removal as part of an oral hygiene routine. Mouthwash is intended to suppress bacterial adhesion during biofilm formation processes and is not aimed at mature biofilms. The most common evidence-based effects of mouthwash on the subgingival biofilm include the inhibition of biofilm accumulation and its anti-gingivitis property, followed by its cariostatic activities. There has been no significant change in the strength of the evidence over the last decade. A strategy for biofilm control that relies on the elimination of bacteria may cause a variety of side effects. The exposure of mature oral biofilms to mouthwash is associated with several possible adverse reactions, such as the emergence of resistant strains, the effects of the residual structure, enhanced pathogenicity following retarded penetration, and ecological changes to the microbiota. These concerns require further elucidation. This review aims to reconfirm the intended effects of mouthwash on oral biofilm control by summarizing systematic reviews from the last decade and to discuss the limitations of mouthwash and potential adverse reactions to its use. In the future, the strategy for oral biofilm control may shift to reducing the biofilm by detaching it or modulating its quality, rather than eliminating it, to preserve the benefits of the normal resident oral microflora.
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Vajrabhaya LO, Korsuwannawong S, Ruangsawasdi N, Phruksaniyom C, Srichan R. The efficiency of natural wound healing and bacterial biofilm inhibition of Aloe vera and Sodium Chloride toothpaste preparation. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:66. [PMID: 35279139 PMCID: PMC8918318 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prevention is a preliminary focus of periodontitis treatment. Rather than giving complicated treatment to a periodontitis patient, a variety of toothpastes have been suggested to prevent periodontal disease progression. Herbal toothpastes containing natural plant components for maintaining or increasing healing might be a treatment modality for improving oral hygiene. Aloe vera is a medicinal plant with active ingredients that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, increased sodium in the environment inhibits microorganism growth. A toothpaste containing salt and aloe vera may be an option to provide good oral hygiene. Aim To assess the in vitro cell migration of human gingival fibroblasts and antimicrobial effects of an herbal toothpaste containing A. vera and Sodium chloride. Methods The cytotoxicity of 0.02% or 0.2% toothpaste solution on human gingival fibroblast cell line was evaluated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cell migration after treatment with 0.2% (v/v) toothpaste was determined using a Boyden Chamber assay. The effect of the toothpaste on inhibiting Porphylomonas gingivalis planktonic and biofilm growth was compared with Chlohexidine (CHX) using a Disk Diffusion and Biofilm susceptibility test, respectively. The results of the cytotoxicity assay, inhibition zone and percentage of live cells in the biofilm were statistically analyzed with One-way analysis of variance. Cell migration and biofilm inhibition were evaluated using the independent sample t-test and multiple t-test, respectively (p = 0.05). Results Neither test concentration of the toothpaste solution was toxic to the target cells. The 0.2% concentration was selected for the cell migration experiment. The herbal toothpaste formulation significantly increased cell migration compared with the control group (culture medium) (p = .02) The antimicrobial effect of this formulation on the P. gingivalis planktonic form was lower compared with 0.12% CHX (positive control group), however, it demonstrated greater P. gingivalis biofilm formation inhibition compared with the 0.12% CHX group. Conclusions The alternative use of an herbal toothpaste instead of a non-herbal toothpaste formulation should be considered for promoting oral health care. However, further clinical studies are necessary before it can be considered for patient use.
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Krikheli NI, Pustovoit EV, Darsigova ZT. [The effectiveness of the drug Cholisal in the complex treatment of oral mucosa and periodontal diseases]. STOMATOLOGIIA 2022; 101:98-102. [PMID: 36562375 DOI: 10.17116/stomat202210106198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of the drug holisal» according to the results of domestic and foreign studies on modern methods for treatment of inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa mouth and periodontium. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study method was a comparative analysis of data obtained by various authors. The literature search was conducted on PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), eLibrary (elibrary.ru) and ScienceDirect (www.sciencedirect.com). RESULTS The drug Cholisal reduces the duration of treatment, allows to increase the period of remission of the disease. It also promotes pain relief and accelerated mucosal epithelialization of the mouth mucosa. CONCLUSION Clinical studies of the drug Cholisal have shown that a wide range of its pharmacological action ensures the effectiveness of treatment of inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa and periodontium by a combination of analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Krikheli
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Pustovoit
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Z T Darsigova
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
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Gong M, Zhang R, Qi J, Wang J, Liu Q, Zhou H, Song Y, Song X, Mei Y. In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial effect of colloidal bismuth subcitrate on Porphyromonas gingivalis and its biofilm. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 133:105300. [PMID: 34742000 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) on Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) in its planktonic and biofilm forms and also compare it with that of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX). DESIGN The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of CBS were determined by the microdilution method; the bacteriostatic rate of CBS was determined by the MTT assay; the effect of CBS on the membrane integrity of P. gingivalis was investigated by the flow cytometric methods. The effects of CBS on the biomass and bacterial activity of biofilm were investigated. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the activity and structure of biofilms. RESULTS The MIC and MBC values were 18.75 µg/mL and 37.5 µg/mL. CBS could damage the cell membrane of P. gingivalis. CBS effectively inhibited biofilm formation and promoted dissociation at higher concentrations of 37.5 µg/mL and 75 µg/mL, respectively. The results also indicated an altered biofilm structure and reduced biofilm thickness and bacterial aggregation. CONCLUSIONS CBS affected the metabolic and physiological processes of P. gingivalis, inhibited the formation of biofilm, and disrupted the mature biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyan Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yumeng Song
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Feng Y, Wang H, Lu HE, Yi L, Hong LI. Effects of ClpP protease on biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis. J Appl Oral Sci 2021; 29:e20200733. [PMID: 33656065 PMCID: PMC7934281 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2020-0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), one of the main pathogens responsible for refractory periapical periodontitis and nosocomial infections, exhibits markedly higher pathogenicity in biofilms. Studies have shown that caseinolytic protease P (ClpP) is involved in biofilm formation. However, to date, few studies have investigated the role of ClpP in the survival of E. faecalis, and in enhancing biofilm formation. Therefore, we investigated the role of ClpP in the formation of E. faecalis biofilms. METHODOLOGY In our study, we used homologous recombination to construct clpP deleted and clpP complement strains of E. faecalis ATCC 29212. A viable colony counting method was used to analyze the growth patterns of E. faecalis. Crystal violet staining (CV) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) were used to characterize biofilm mass formation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the biofilm microstructure. Data was statistically analyzed via Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS The results exhibited altered growth patterns for the clpP deletion strains and depleted polysaccharide matrix, resulting in reduced biofilm formation capacity compared to the standard strains. Moreover, ClpP was observed to increase biofilm formation in E. faecalis. CONCLUSION Our study shows that ClpP can increase biofilm formation in E. faecalis and emphasizes the importance of ClpP as a potential target against E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University
| | - H E Lu
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Liu Yi
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University
| | - L I Hong
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University
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Akinbobola AB, Amaeze NJ, Mackay WG, Ramage G, Williams C. 'Secondary biofilms' could cause failure of peracetic acid high-level disinfection of endoscopes. J Hosp Infect 2021; 107:67-75. [PMID: 33098959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The reduced susceptibility of biofilms to disinfectants presents a challenge to the successful reprocessing of medical equipment. This study examined the effect of residual biomass remaining after previous disinfection with peracetic acid (PAA) on the tolerance of subsequent mature Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to PAA. The effect of enzymatic degradation of specific components of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of P. aeruginosa biofilm on the effectiveness of PAA disinfection was also evaluated. METHODS The susceptibility of biofilm grown on the biomass of PAA-killed biofilm to PAA was compared with the PAA susceptibility of biofilm grown in wells of a 24-well plate by evaluating their viability using the plate count assay. The effect of PAA on biofilm biomass was measured using crystal violet quantification of total biofilm biomass, while its effect on the polysaccharide and protein components of biofilm EPS was quantified using the phenol-sulphuric acid assay or Bradford assay, respectively. A confocal microscope was used to visualize the distribution of living and dead cells in biofilms grown on residual biofilm biomass. FINDINGS The presence of residual biomass from previously disinfected biofilms significantly enhanced the tolerance of subsequent biofilms. A 96-h-old 'secondary biofilm' formed on disinfected biomass survived PAA concentrations of 4000 ppm, which exceeds the concentrations used in practice for high-level disinfection. CONCLUSION These observations indicate that, under certain circumstances, recolonization of residual EPS can cause failure of disinfection of medical equipment such as endoscopes, and emphasizes the importance of cleaning endoscopes prior to disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Akinbobola
- Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - N J Amaeze
- Institute of Healthcare, Policy and Practice, School of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - W G Mackay
- Institute of Healthcare, Policy and Practice, School of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - G Ramage
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Lancaster Infirmary, Lancaster, UK.
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Hasegawa T, Takenaka S, Oda M, Domon H, Hiyoshi T, Sasagawa K, Ohsumi T, Hayashi N, Okamoto Y, Yamamoto H, Ohshima H, Terao Y, Noiri Y. Sulfated vizantin causes detachment of biofilms composed mainly of the genus Streptococcus without affecting bacterial growth and viability. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:361. [PMID: 33238885 PMCID: PMC7687742 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02033-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfated vizantin, a recently developed immunostimulant, has also been found to exert antibiofilm properties. It acts not as a bactericide, but as a detachment-promoting agent by reducing the biofilm structural stability. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying this activity and its species specificity using two distinct ex vivo oral biofilm models derived from human saliva. RESULTS The biofilm, composed mainly of the genus Streptococcus and containing 50 μM of sulfated vizantin, detached significantly from its basal surface with rotation at 500 rpm for only 15 s, even when 0.2% sucrose was supplied. Expression analyses for genes associated with biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion following identification of the Streptococcus species, revealed that a variety of Streptococcus species in a cariogenic biofilm showed downregulation of genes encoding glucosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of water-soluble glucan. The expression of some genes encoding surface proteins was also downregulated. Of the two quorum sensing systems involved in the genus Streptococcus, the expression of luxS in three species, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus mutans, was significantly downregulated in the presence of 50 μM sulfated vizantin. Biofilm detachment may be facilitated by the reduced structural stability due to these modulations. As a non-specific reaction, 50 μM sulfated vizantin decreased cell surface hydrophobicity by binding to the cell surface, resulting in reduced bacterial adherence. CONCLUSION Sulfated vizantin may be a candidate for a new antibiofilm strategy targeting the biofilm matrix while preserving the resident microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Hasegawa
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Shoji Takenaka
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Masataka Oda
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takumi Hiyoshi
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Karin Sasagawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohsumi
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuko Okamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Functional Molecule, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
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11
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Caruana JC, Walper SA. Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Mediators of Microbe - Microbe and Microbe - Host Community Interactions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:432. [PMID: 32265873 PMCID: PMC7105600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles are proteoliposomal nanoparticles produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. As they originate from the outer surface of the bacteria, their composition and content is generally similar to the parent bacterium’s membrane and cytoplasm. However, there is ample evidence that preferential packaging of proteins, metabolites, and toxins into vesicles does occur. Incorporation into vesicles imparts a number of benefits to the cargo, including protection from degradation by other bacteria, the host organism, or environmental factors, maintenance of a favorable microenvironment for enzymatic activity, and increased potential for long-distance movement. This enables vesicles to serve specialized functions tailored to changing or challenging environments, particularly in regard to microbial community interactions including quorum sensing, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial peptide expression and deployment, and nutrient acquisition. Additionally, based on their contents, vesicles play crucial roles in host-microbe interactions as carriers of virulence factors and other modulators of host cell function. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how vesicles function as signals both within microbial communities and between pathogenic or commensal microbes and their mammalian hosts. We also highlight a few areas that are currently ripe for additional research, including the mechanisms of selective cargo packaging into membrane vesicles and of cargo processing once it enters mammalian host cells, the function of vesicles in transfer of nucleic acids among bacteria, and the possibility of engineering commensal bacteria to deliver cargo of interest to mammalian hosts in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Caruana
- American Society for Engineering Education, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Scott A Walper
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Washington, DC, United States
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12
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Suzuki Y, Ohsumi T, Isono T, Nagata R, Hasegawa T, Takenaka S, Terao Y, Noiri Y. Effects of a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration of chlorhexidine gluconate on the development of in vitro multi-species biofilms. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:146-158. [PMID: 32182151 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1739271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Following antimicrobial administrations in oral environments, bacteria become exposed to a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC), which can induce in vitro single-species biofilms. This study explored the effects of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) at a sub-MIC on in vitro multi-species biofilms comprising Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis and Actinomyces naeslundii. CHG at a sub-MIC was found to induce in vitro biofilm growth, although the bacterial growth was not significantly different from that in the control. The gene transcription related to S. mutans multi-species biofilm formation with CHG at a sub-MIC was significantly higher than that of the control, but this was not found in S. mutans single-species biofilms. The bio-volume of extracellular polysaccharides with CHG at a sub-MIC was significantly higher than that of the control. This suggests that CHG at a sub-MIC may promote the development of multi-species biofilms by affecting the gene transcription related to S. mutans biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Suzuki
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohsumi
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshihito Isono
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryoko Nagata
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taisuke Hasegawa
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shoji Takenaka
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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13
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Al-Madi EM, Al-Jamie MA, Al-Owaid NM, Almohaimede AA, Al-Owid AM. Antibacterial efficacy of silver diamine fluoride as a root canal irrigant. Clin Exp Dent Res 2019; 5:551-556. [PMID: 31687190 PMCID: PMC6820571 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Conventional disinfectants and medicaments have not been able to achieve and maintain sterilization of root canals. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of 3.8% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in comparison with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Materials and methods Extracted human teeth were used to make 70 dentin discs that were then inoculated with E. faecalis to generate a 3‐week‐old biofilm model. The discs were subjected to treatment with 3.8% SDF, 2% CHX, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), or saline for 10 min. After exposure, the dentin discs were examined with a confocal laser scanning microscope to verify the percentage of live versus dead cells within the biofilm. Univariate one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey‐honestly significant difference post hoc analysis (p < .05) were performed to detect significant differences. Results and conclusion The NaOCl group showed the greatest percentage of dead cells (62.26%) among all groups (p < .05). The SDF group showed a significantly higher percentage of dead cells (57.39%) than the 2% CHX and saline groups (p < .05). SDF possessed higher antimicrobial activity than 2% CHX against E. faecalis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtissam M Al-Madi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Noura M Al-Owaid
- College of Dentistry Princess Nourah bint AbdulRahman University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A Almohaimede
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Albandary M Al-Owid
- College of Dentistry Princess Nourah bint AbdulRahman University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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14
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Enzyme responsive copolymer micelles enhance the anti-biofilm efficacy of the antiseptic chlorhexidine. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:329-341. [PMID: 31152793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal biofilms cause many infectious diseases and are highly tolerant to the effects of antimicrobials; this is partly due to the biofilm matrix, which acts as a physical barrier retarding the penetration and reducing susceptibility to antimicrobials, thereby decreasing successful treatment outcomes. In this study, both single and mixed micellar systems based on poly vinyl caprolactam (PCL)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) copolymers were optimised for delivery of chlorhexidine (CHX) to S. aureus, MRSA and S. epidermidis biofilms and evaluated for their toxicity using Caenorhabditis elegans. The respective polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly vinyl caprolactam (PCL) structural components promoted stealth properties and enzymatic responsive release of CHX inside biofilms, leading to significantly enhanced penetration (56%) compared with free CHX and improving the efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms grown on an artificial dermis (2.4 log reduction of CFU). Mixing Soluplus-based micelles with Solutol further enhanced the CHX penetration (71%) and promoted maximum reduction in biofilm biomass (>60%). Nematodes-based toxicity assay showed micelles with no lethal effects as indicated by their high survival rate (100%) after 72 h exposure. This study thus demonstrated that bio-responsive carriers can be designed to deliver a poorly water-soluble antimicrobial agent and advance the control of biofilm associated infections.
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15
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Sakaue Y, Takenaka S, Ohsumi T, Domon H, Terao Y, Noiri Y. The effect of chlorhexidine on dental calculus formation: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:52. [PMID: 29587817 PMCID: PMC5872527 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) has been proven to be effective in preventing and controlling biofilm formation. At the same time, an increase in calculus formation is known as one of considerable side effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether mineral deposition preceding a calculus formation would occur at an early stage after the use of CHG using an in vitro saliva-related biofilm model. Methods Biofilms were developed on the MBEC™ device in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth containing 0.5% sucrose at 37 °C for 3 days under anaerobic conditions. Biofilms were periodically exposed to 1 min applications of 0.12% CHG every 12 h and incubated for up to 2 days in BHI containing a calcifying solution. Calcium and phosphate in the biofilm were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and a phosphate assay kit, respectively. Morphological structure was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and chemical composition was analyzed with an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). Results The concentrations of Ca and Pi following a single exposure to CHG increased significantly compared with the control. Repeatedly exposing biofilms to CHG dose-dependently increased Ca deposition, and the amount of Ca was five times as much as that of the control. Pi levels in CHG-treated biofilms were significantly higher than those from the control group (p < 0.05); however, the influence of the number of exposures was limited. Analyses using an SEM and EPMA showed many clusters containing calcium and phosphate complexes in CHG-treated biofilms. Upon composition analysis of the clusters, calcium was detected at a greater concentration than phosphate. Conclusions Findings suggested that CHG may promote mineral uptake into the biofilm soon after its use. It is necessary to disrupt the biofilm prior to the start of a CHG mouthwash in order to reduce the side effects associated with this procedure. The management of patients is also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Sakaue
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Shoji Takenaka
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohsumi
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.
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16
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Rosa RAD, Santini MF, Figueiredo JAPD, Visioli F, Pereira JR, Vivan RR, Montagner F, Só MVR. Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy associated with irrigants over two biofilm models. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 20:169-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Tsutsumi K, Maruyama M, Uchiyama A, Shibasaki K. Characterisation of a sucrose-independent in vitro biofilm model of supragingival plaque. Oral Dis 2017; 24:465-475. [PMID: 28898513 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sugar consumption has been decreasing in Japan, suggesting higher rates of sucrose-independent supragingival plaque formation. For developing an in vitro biofilm model of sucrose-independent supragingival plaque, this study aimed to investigate the compositions and functions on contributing to cariogenicity in comparison with sucrose-dependent biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vitro multispecies biofilm containing Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus gordonii, S. mutans, Veillonella parvula and Fusobacterium nucleatum was formed on 24-well plates in the absence or presence of 1% sucrose. Compositions were assessed by plate culture, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy after fluorescent in situ hybridisation or labelling of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Functions were assessed by acidogenicity, adherence strength and sensitivities to anticaries agents. RESULTS Although both biofilms exhibited a Streptococcus predominant bacterial composition, there were differences in bacterial and EPS compositions; in particular, little glucan EPS was observed in sucrose-independent biofilm. Compared with sucrose-dependent biofilm, acidogenicity, adherence strength and antimicrobial resistance of sucrose-independent biofilm were only slightly lower. However, dextranase degradation was substantially lower in sucrose-independent biofilm. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that sucrose-independent biofilm may have cariogenicity as with sucrose-dependent biofilm. These in vitro models can help further elucidate plaque-induced caries aetiology and develop new anticaries agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsutsumi
- Section of Oral Health Promotion and Technology, Division of Oral Health, Technology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Oral Care Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Maruyama
- Oral Care Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Uchiyama
- Section of Oral Health Promotion and Technology, Division of Oral Health, Technology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Functional Food Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Odawara, Japan
| | - K Shibasaki
- Section of Oral Health Promotion and Technology, Division of Oral Health, Technology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Oral Care Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Monteiro D, Arias L, Fernandes R, Deszo da Silva L, de Castilho M, da Rosa T, Vieira A, Straioto F, Barbosa D, Delbem A. Antifungal activity of tyrosol and farnesol used in combination against Candida
species in the planktonic state or forming biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D.R. Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree); University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE); Presidente Prudente São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - L.S. Arias
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - R.A. Fernandes
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - L.F. Deszo da Silva
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree); University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE); Presidente Prudente São Paulo Brazil
| | - M.O.V.F. de Castilho
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree); University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE); Presidente Prudente São Paulo Brazil
| | - T.O. da Rosa
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree); University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE); Presidente Prudente São Paulo Brazil
| | - A.P.M. Vieira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - F.G. Straioto
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree); University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE); Presidente Prudente São Paulo Brazil
| | - D.B. Barbosa
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - A.C.B. Delbem
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health; São Paulo State University (Unesp); School of Dentistry; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
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19
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Gerits E, Verstraeten N, Michiels J. New approaches to combat Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1300366. [PMID: 28473880 PMCID: PMC5405727 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1300366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, bacteria predominantly reside in structured, surface-attached communities embedded in a self-produced, extracellular matrix. These so-called biofilms play an important role in the development and pathogenesis of many infections, as they are difficult to eradicate due to their resistance to antimicrobials and host defense mechanisms. This review focusses on the biofilm-forming periodontal bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. Current knowledge on the virulence mechanisms underlying P. gingivalis biofilm formation is presented. In addition, oral infectious diseases in which P. gingivalis plays a key role are described, and an overview of conventional and new therapies for combating P. gingivalis biofilms is given. More insight into this intriguing pathogen might direct the development of better strategies to combat oral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Gerits
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalie Verstraeten
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Michiels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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do Vale LR, Delbem A, Arias LS, Fernandes RA, Vieira A, Barbosa DB, Monteiro DR. Differential effects of the combination of tyrosol with chlorhexidine gluconate on oral biofilms. Oral Dis 2017; 23:537-541. [PMID: 28142218 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the effect of tyrosol and chlorhexidine gluconate in combination against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans in the planktonic state or forming biofilms in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Checkerboard assays were performed for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. Biofilms were cultivated during 24 h on specimens of acrylic resin and hydroxyapatite and treated with the drugs alone or in combination twice a day for 1 min, during 3 days. The antibiofilm effect was determined by quantification of the metabolic activity and cultivable cells. The drug combination was also applied on C. albicans to investigate its action on the number of hyphae. Data were statistically examined by two-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak test (P < 0.05). RESULTS The effect of drug combination on planktonic cells was classified as antagonistic for C. albicans and indifferent for the other strains. Also, the drugs were ineffective against the tested biofilms. However, the drug combination showed a synergistic effect in reducing the number of hyphae by C. albicans. CONCLUSION The combination of tyrosol with chlorhexidine gluconate was only effective in reducing the number of hyphae by C. albicans, a relevant virulence factor of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R do Vale
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Acb Delbem
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L S Arias
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A Fernandes
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Apm Vieira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D B Barbosa
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D R Monteiro
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD - Master's Degree), University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Bukhary S, Balto H. Antibacterial Efficacy of Octenisept, Alexidine, Chlorhexidine, and Sodium Hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms. J Endod 2017; 43:643-647. [PMID: 28258812 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of Octenisept (OCT; Schülke & Mayr GmBH, Norderstedt, Germany), 1% alexidine (ALX) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc, Santa Cruz, CA), and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm using confocal laser scanning microscopy. METHODS Root dentin discs were prepared from extracted human teeth, sterilized, and inoculated with E. faecalis strain (ATCC 29212) to establish 3-week-old biofilm model. Infected dentin discs were exposed to OCT (n = 20), 1% ALX (n = 20), and 2% CHX (n = 20) for 10 minutes. Dentin discs (n = 15) exposed to 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used as a positive control, whereas specimens exposed to saline (n = 15) were used as a negative control. After exposure, the dentin discs were stained with fluorescent LIVE/DEAD BacLight dye (Invitrogen Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) and analyzed with confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine the proportion of dead cells in the biofilm. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (P < .05). RESULTS The highest proportion of dead cells was found in the 5.25% NaOCl group (94.14%; range, 92.30%-98.20%) compared with the experimental groups (P < .05). A significantly greater proportion of dead cells was found in the OCT group (74.14%; range, 70.03%-78.96%) compared with the 1% ALX and 2% CHX groups (P < .05). The proportion of dead cells was 43.89% (range, 24.86%-55.63%) and 42.78% (range, 25.45%-55.06%) in the 1% ALX and 2% CHX groups, respectively, with no statistical significant difference between the 2 groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS NaOCl had significantly greater antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis biofilms compared with OCT, CHX, and ALX. OCT was more effective than CHX and ALX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Bukhary
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hanan Balto
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Takenaka S, Oda M, Domon H, Ohsumi T, Suzuki Y, Ohshima H, Yamamoto H, Terao Y, Noiri Y. Vizantin inhibits bacterial adhesion without affecting bacterial growth and causes Streptococcus mutans biofilm to detach by altering its internal architecture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:173-179. [PMID: 27742478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An ideal antibiofilm strategy is to control both in the quality and quantity of biofilm while maintaining the benefits derived from resident microflora. Vizantin, a recently developed immunostimulating compound, has also been found to have antibiofilm property. This study evaluated the influence on biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans in the presence of sulfated vizantin and biofilm development following bacterial adhesion on a hydroxyapatite disc coated with sulfated vizantin. Supplementation with sulfated vizantin up to 50 μM did not affect either bacterial growth or biofilm formation, whereas 50 μM sulfated vizantin caused the biofilm to readily detach from the surface. Sulfated vizantin at the concentration of 50 μM upregulated the expression of the gtfB and gtfC genes, but downregulated the expression of the gtfD gene, suggesting altered architecture in the biofilm. Biofilm development on the surface coated with sulfated vizantin was inhibited depending on the concentration, suggesting prevention from bacterial adhesion. Among eight genes related to bacterial adherence in S. mutans, expression of gtfB and gtfC was significantly upregulated, whereas the expression of gtfD, GbpA and GbpC was downregulated according to the concentration of vizantin, especially with 50 μM vizantin by 0.8-, 0.4-, and 0.4-fold, respectively. These findings suggest that sulfated vizantin may cause structural degradation as a result of changing gene regulation related to bacterial adhesion and glucan production of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Takenaka
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Masataka Oda
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohsumi
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzuki
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of Hard Tissue, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Functional Molecule, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Selective killing of pathogens by laser is possible due to the difference in absorption of photon energy by pathogens and host tissues. The optical properties of pathogenic microorganisms are used along with the known optical properties of soft tissues in calculations of the laser-induced thermal response of pathogen colonies embedded in a tissue model. The objective is to define the laser parameters that optimize pathogen destruction and depth of the bactericidal effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS The virtual periodontium is a computational model of the optical and time-dependent thermal properties of infected periodontal tissues. The model simulates the periodontal procedure: Laser Sulcular Debridement.1 Virtual pathogen colonies are placed at different depths in the virtual periodontium to determine the depth for effective bactericidal effects given various laser parameters (wavelength, peak power, pulse duration, scan rate, fluence rate) and differences in pathogen sensitivities. RESULTS Accumulated background heat from multiple passes increases the depth of the bactericidal effect. In visible and near-IR wavelengths the large difference in absorption between normal soft tissue and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) results in selective destruction. Diode laser (810 nm) efficacy and depth of the bactericidal effect are variable and dependent on hemin availability. Both pulsed-Nd:YAG and the 810 nm diode lasers achieve a 2-3 mm deep damage zone for pigmented Pg and Pi in soft tissue without surface damage (selective photoantisepsis). The model predicts no selectivity for the Er:YAG laser (2,940 nm). Depth of the bactericidal effect is highly dependent on pathogen absorption coefficient. Highly sensitive pathogens may be destroyed as deep as 5-6 mm in soft tissue. Short pulse durations enable confinement of the thermal event to the target. Temporal selectivity is achieved by adjusting pulse duration based on target size. CONCLUSION The scatter-limited phototherapy model of the infected periodontium is applied to develop a proper dosimetry for selective photoantisepsis. Dosimetry planning is essential to the development of a new treatment modality. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:763-773, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Harris
- Biomedical Consultants & Associates, Inc., Paradise, California 95969.
| | - Lou Reinisch
- Academic Affairs, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York 11568
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24
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He Z, Liang J, Zhou W, Xie Q, Tang Z, Ma R, Huang Z. Effect of the quorum-sensing luxS gene on biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis. Eur J Oral Sci 2016; 124:234-40. [PMID: 27080421 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is the species of bacterium most frequently isolated from the root canals of teeth that exhibit chronic apical periodontitis refractory to endodontic treatment. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase (luxS) quorum-sensing gene on E. faecalis biofilm formation by constructing a knockout mutant. The biofilms formed by both E. faecalis and its luxS mutant strain were evaluated using the MTT method. Important parameters that influence biofilm formation, including cell-surface hydrophobicity and the nutrient content of the growth medium, were also studied. Biofilm structures were observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and expression of biofilm-related genes was investigated using RT-PCR. The results showed that the luxS gene can affect biofilm formation, whereas it does not affect the bacterial growth rate. Deletion of the luxS gene also increased cell-surface hydrophobicity. Biofilm formation was accelerated by the addition of increasing concentrations of glucose. The CLSM images revealed that the luxS mutant strain tends to aggregate into distinct clusters and relatively dense structures, whereas the wild-type strain appears confluent and more evenly distributed. All genes examined were up-regulated in the biofilms formed by the luxS mutant strain. The quorum-sensing luxS gene can affect E. faecalis biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan He
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingping Liang
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Xie
- Department of Endodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zisheng Tang
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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25
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Establishment of a multi-species biofilm model to evaluate chlorhexidine efficacy. J Hosp Infect 2015; 92:154-60. [PMID: 26597632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic infections, for example, diabetic foot ulcers, have a large impact in terms of patient morbidity and mortality. These wounds are characterized by complex polymicrobial communities of bacteria, which may include a number of difficult-to-eradicate multidrug-resistant pathogens. AIM To establish a multi-species biofilm model to test the efficacy of chlorhexidine and chlorhexidine-containing formulas in eradication of polymicrobial biofilms. METHODS A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bioreactor was used to establish a multi-species biofilm incorporating Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis with equal numbers of each pathogen. This model was used to test the effectiveness of chlorhexidine at controlling the pre-formed biofilm. FINDINGS Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHD) was added to the bioreactor at a range of concentrations. K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa survived within multi-species biofilms, up to and including 4% CHD, whereas S. aureus was reduced to below the level of detection at 1%. Wiping the biofilm-containing coupons from the bioreactor with chlorhexidine-containing medical wipes resulted in >3 to <4log10 reduction after 24h, for all species. When the coupons were embedded in a simulated wound bed, formed in an agar plate, CHD-containing medical dressings completely eliminated S. aureus (>8log10 reduction), but had minimal effect (<3log10) against the other species tested. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that the effectiveness of chlorhexidine may be limited in settings where it is required to act on multi-species biofilms. This may compromise the ability of chlorhexidine to control the infection and spread of these pathogens.
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Taurine Haloamines and Biofilm: II. Efficacy of Taurine Bromamine and Chlorhexidine Against Selected Microorganisms of Oral Biofilm. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 803:133-43. [PMID: 25833494 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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27
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Ohsumi T, Takenaka S, Wakamatsu R, Sakaue Y, Narisawa N, Senpuku H, Ohshima H, Terao Y, Okiji T. Residual structure of Streptococcus mutans biofilm following complete disinfection favors secondary bacterial adhesion and biofilm re-development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116647. [PMID: 25635770 PMCID: PMC4312048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical disinfection of oral biofilms often leaves biofilm structures intact. This study aimed to examine whether the residual structure promotes secondary bacterial adhesion. Streptococcus mutans biofilms generated on resin-composite disks in a rotating disc reactor were disinfected completely with 70% isopropyl alcohol, and were again cultured in the same reactor after resupplying with the same bacterial solution. Specimens were subjected to fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, viable cell counts and PCR-Invader assay in order to observe and quantify secondarily adhered cells. Fluorescence microscopic analysis, particularly after longitudinal cryosectioning, demonstrated stratified patterns of viable cells on the disinfected biofilm structure. Viable cell counts of test specimens were significantly higher than those of controls, and increased according to the amount of residual structure and culture period. Linear regression analysis exhibited a high correlation between viable and total cell counts. It was concluded that disinfected biofilm structures favored secondary bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ohsumi
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shoji Takenaka
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Rika Wakamatsu
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuuki Sakaue
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoki Narisawa
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Senpuku
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Okiji
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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28
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Arias-Moliz MT, Ordinola-Zapata R, Baca P, Ruiz-Linares M, García García E, Hungaro Duarte MA, Monteiro Bramante C, Ferrer-Luque CM. Antimicrobial activity of Chlorhexidine, Peracetic acid and Sodium hypochlorite/etidronate irrigant solutions againstEnterococcus faecalisbiofilms. Int Endod J 2015; 48:1188-93. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - R. Ordinola-Zapata
- Department of Endodontics; Bauru Dental School; University of São Paulo; Bauru Brazil
| | - P. Baca
- Department of Stomatology; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - M. Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Stomatology; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - E. García García
- Department of Stomatology; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - M. A. Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Endodontics; Bauru Dental School; University of São Paulo; Bauru Brazil
| | - C. Monteiro Bramante
- Department of Endodontics; Bauru Dental School; University of São Paulo; Bauru Brazil
| | - C. M. Ferrer-Luque
- Department of Stomatology; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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Yamamoto R, Noiri Y, Yamaguchi M, Asahi Y, Maezono H, Ebisu S, Hayashi M. Inhibition of polysaccharide synthesis by the sinR orthologue PGN_0088 is indirectly associated with the penetration of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms by macrolide antibiotics. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 161:422-429. [PMID: 25500494 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbes commonly adhere to surfaces, aggregate in self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and live in biofilms. Periodontitis is a serious oral infection that is initiated by the formation of biofilms by Porphyromonas gingivalis. EPS act as a barrier that protects biofilm-forming cells against sources of stress, including those induced by host immune cells and antimicrobial agents. Therefore, drugs intended to kill such micro-organisms cannot be used for the treatment of biofilm infections. Our previous studies revealed that subminimal inhibitory concentrations (subMIC) of two macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, AZM and erythromycin, ERY) reduced P. gingivalis biofilms. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the Bacillus subtilis sinR orthologue (PGN_0088) inhibits the synthesis of carbohydrates that are components of EPS in P. gingivalis biofilms. Here, we constructed a novel sinR mutant from P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and reveal that the increased abundance of carbohydrate in EPS of the mutant led to a reduced infiltration rate of AZM and ERY through EPS, and consequently elevated biofilm resistance to these macrolides. Detailed elucidation of the interaction between the product of the sinR gene and EPS will assist in the development of novel approaches that target EPS to prevent and inhibit the formation of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Yamamoto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikiyo Yamaguchi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoko Asahi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hazuki Maezono
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Ebisu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Seneviratne CJ, Leung KCF, Wong CH, Lee SF, Li X, Leung PC, Lau CBS, Wat E, Jin L. Nanoparticle-encapsulated chlorhexidine against oral bacterial biofilms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103234. [PMID: 25170958 PMCID: PMC4149348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a widely used antimicrobial agent in dentistry. Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel mesoporous silica nanoparticle-encapsulated pure CHX (Nano-CHX), and its mechanical profile and antimicrobial properties against oral biofilms. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The release of CHX from the Nano-CHX was characterized by UV/visible absorption spectroscopy. The antimicrobial properties of Nano-CHX were evaluated in both planktonic and biofilm modes of representative oral pathogenic bacteria. The Nano-CHX demonstrated potent antibacterial effects on planktonic bacteria and mono-species biofilms at the concentrations of 50-200 µg/mL against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Enterococccus faecalis. Moreover, Nano-CHX effectively suppressed multi-species biofilms such as S. mutans, F. nucleatum, A. actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis up to 72 h. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This pioneering study demonstrates the potent antibacterial effects of the Nano-CHX on oral biofilms, and it may be developed as a novel and promising anti-biofilm agent for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Creativity, and Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental & Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Hin Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Creativity, and Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental & Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siu-Fung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and Partner State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry & Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Clara Bik San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and Partner State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry & Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Elaine Wat
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and Partner State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry & Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lijian Jin
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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31
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Photodynamic antimicrobial effect of safranine O on an ex vivo periodontal biofilm. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46:235-43. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Low WK, Rangabashyam M, Wang F. Management of major post-cochlear implant wound infections. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 271:2409-13. [PMID: 24096814 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-013-2732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In post-cochlear implant (CI) wound infections, a commonly asked question is whether the device could be salvaged and if so, what the challenges were. The aim of this article is to study patients with major post-CI wound infections, identify the risk factors and discuss the management. The case records all CI recipients who developed post-CI wound infections that required parenteral antibiotics treatment or any form of surgery between Jan 1997 and Dec 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Among the 432 CI surgeries performed by the senior author, 7 developed major post-CI wound infection (1.62 %). In children, the commonest etiology was from stitch abscesses. In four out of the five children who developed stitch abscesses, four were due to the use of non-absorbable polypropylene sutures, a technique which had since been discontinued. In adults, the cause was due to the late effects of prior radiotherapy for head and neck tumors. The commonest organism isolated from wound cultures was Staphylococcus aureus. Salvage surgery (complemented by antibiotics) was attempted in six out of eight patients managed. All were successfully salvaged with surgery entailing either skin flap reconstruction (2 patients), transposition of the CI body to new location (1 patient) or both (3 patients). Skin flap reconstruction surgery alone failed to control the infection in patients with a negative culture result and needed a subsequent transposition surgery of the device. Device transposition surgery was a consistently effective therapeutic approach, but carried a higher risk of iatrogenic damage to the electrode array as it might be embedded in new bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wong-Kein Low
- Novena ENT-Head Neck Surgery Specialist Centre, Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital, #04-21/22/34, 38 Irrawaddy Road, Singapore, 329563, Singapore,
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