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Verdoodt F, Bhatti SFM, Kragic K, Van Ham L, Vanhaecke L, Hesta M, Hemeryck LY. Towards a better understanding of idiopathic epilepsy through metabolic fingerprinting of cerebrospinal fluid in dogs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14750. [PMID: 38926488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics is a promising research technology in the elucidation of nervous system disorders. Therefore, in this work, a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolomics method using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was optimized and validated to cover a wide range of metabolites. An acceptable coefficient of variance regarding instrumental, within-lab and intra-assay precision was found for 95, 70 and 96 of 102 targeted metabolites, together with 1256, 676 and 976 untargeted compounds, respectively. Moreover, approximately 75% of targeted metabolites and 50% of untargeted compounds displayed good linearity across different dilution ranges. Consequently, metabolic alterations in CSF of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) were studied by comparing CSF of dogs diagnosed with IE (Tier II) to dogs with non-brain related disease. Targeted metabolome analysis revealed higher levels of cortisol, creatinine, glucose, hippuric acid, mannose, pantothenol, and 2-phenylethylamine (P values < 0.05) in CSF of dogs with IE, whereas CSF of dogs with IE showed lower levels of spermidine (P value = 0.02). Untargeted CSF metabolic fingerprints discriminated dogs with IE from dogs with non-brain related disease using Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (R2(Y) = 0.997, Q2(Y) = 0.828), from which norepinephrine was putatively identified as an important discriminative metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fien Verdoodt
- Equine and Companion Animal Nutrition, Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Karla Kragic
- Equine and Companion Animal Nutrition, Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Ham
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Equine and Companion Animal Nutrition, Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieselot Y Hemeryck
- Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Hanael E, Baruch S, Altman RK, Chai O, Rapoport K, Peery D, Friedman A, Shamir MH. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and decreased transcription of tight junction proteins in epileptic dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 38842297 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy in dogs and humans is associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction (BBBD), which may involve dysfunction of tight junction (TJ) proteins, matrix metalloproteases, and astrocytes. Imaging techniques to assess BBB integrity, to identify potential treatment strategies, have not yet been evaluated in veterinary medicine. HYPOTHESIS Some dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) will exhibit BBBD. Identifying BBBD may improve antiepileptic treatment in the future. ANIMALS Twenty-seven dogs with IE and 10 healthy controls. METHODS Retrospective, prospective cohort study. Blood-brain barrier permeability (BBBP) scores were calculated for the whole brain and piriform lobe of all dogs by using dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and subtraction enhancement analysis (SEA). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) activity in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured and its expression in the piriform lobe was examined using immunofluorescent staining. Gene expression of TJ proteins and astrocytic transporters was analyzed in the piriform lobe. RESULTS The DCE-MRI analysis of the piriform lobe identified higher BBBP score in the IE group when compared with controls (34.5% vs 26.5%; P = .02). Activity and expression of MMP9 were increased in the serum, CSF, and piriform lobe of IE dogs as compared with controls. Gene expression of Kir4.1 and claudin-5 in the piriform lobe of IE dogs was significantly lower than in control dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our findings demonstrate BBBD in dogs with IE and were supported by increased MMP9 activity and downregulation of astrocytic potassium channels and some TJ proteins. Blood brain barrier dysfunction may be a novel antiepileptic therapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Hanael
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shelly Baruch
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rotem Kalev Altman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Chai
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kira Rapoport
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dana Peery
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Friedman
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Merav H Shamir
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Cameron S, Grady KM, Kent SP, Sousa MM. Mild to moderate increases in activity are associated with increased seizure incidence in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy receiving anti-epileptic drugs. J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:611-618. [PMID: 37572005 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is a chronic disorder, and approximately 25% to 30% of dogs with epilepsy are refractory to anti-epileptic drugs. As increased activity has been shown to reduce seizure frequency in people with epilepsy, the goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between deviation from baseline activity and seizure incidence in dogs with epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Activity and seizure data were obtained using a canine activity monitoring device and owner observed seizure logs in 53 dogs with idiopathic epilepsy receiving anti-epileptic drugs. Each dog's activity was individually measured, and 14-day baseline averages were calculated. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate how an observed increase in activity, ranging from 0% to 50%, above baseline activity, affects the incidence of a seizure in the following 24 hours. RESULTS A total of 8540 activity days and 365 seizure days were used in the final analysis with an average of 11 seizures per dog (range 0 to 30 seizures). Seizure incidence was significantly more likely when activity was 10%, 20%, or 30% above baseline activity in the 24 hours before the day of a documented seizure [95% confidence interval (1.02 to 1.60), P=0.033; 95% confidence interval (1.08 to 1.80), P=0.010; 95% confidence interval (1.13 to 2.07), P=0.005, respectively]. However, when activity levels were 40% and 50% above baseline, the effect diminished (95% confidence interval (0.74 to 1.70), P=0.532; or 95% confidence interval (0.56 to 1.66), P=0.988, respectively). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Differently than in humans, this study demonstrated that a mild to moderate increase in activity resulted in a higher seizure incidence within 24 hours in dogs with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cameron
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - K M Grady
- Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - S P Kent
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M M Sousa
- Ocean State Veterinary Specialists, RI, East Greenwich, USA
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Hemida M, Rosendahl S, Jokinen TS, Moore R, Vuori KA, Anturaniemi J, Hielm-Björkman A. Assessing the association between supplemented puppyhood dietary fat sources and owner-reported epilepsy in adulthood, among Finnish companion dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1227437. [PMID: 37781290 PMCID: PMC10540444 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1227437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epilepsy is a serious and common neurological condition in dogs, despite the wide number of antiepileptic drugs available, in approximately one third of the patients, epilepsy remains unsatisfactorily controlled. We aim to analyze whether feeding dietary fat sources during puppyhood was associated with canine epilepsy in adulthood. Methods A nested case-control study was compiled from the validated DogRisk food frequency questionnaire (DogRisk FFQ). DogRisk FFQ collected feeding, disease, and background data about the dog. The study sample consisted of 108 owner-reported epileptic cases and 397 non-epileptic controls. Each case was matched with up to four controls for the key confounding factors of sex, breed, and age. We analyzed associations between feeding as a puppy and owner-reported epilepsy as an adult dog using Cox regression. We tested 55 different food variables. Results We found that feeding fish fat from dietary sources at least once a week during puppyhood was inversely associated with epilepsy in later life in the unadjusted analysis [OR 0.46 (95% CI 0.25-0.83), p=0.01], while when adjusting for keeping conditions and dog characteristics the association was [OR 0.45 (95% CI 0.23-0.88), p=0.02]. When adjusted for keeping conditions, dog characteristics, and other feeding factors, the association was of similar magnitude but not significance [OR 0.56 (95% CI 0.27-1.15), p=0.12]. Discussion The study indicates possible protective associations of feeding the dog with dietary sources of fish fat against epilepsy, although the result could be confounded by other feeding factors. Findings are compatible with current knowledge regarding the role of omega-3 fatty acids and ketogenic diet, a low carbohydrate, high fat diet as supportive treatments of epilepsy. As our findings are based on observations, we suggest the possibility of causality but do not prove it. Dietary intervention studies should now be conducted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Hemida
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Sarah Rosendahl
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja S. Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robin Moore
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina A. Vuori
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Anturaniemi
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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von Rüden EL, Potschka H, Tipold A, Stein VM. The role of neuroinflammation in canine epilepsy. Vet J 2023; 298-299:106014. [PMID: 37393038 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The lack of therapeutics that prevent the development of epilepsy, improve disease prognosis or overcome drug resistance represents an unmet clinical need in veterinary as well as in human medicine. Over the past decade, experimental studies and studies in human epilepsy patients have demonstrated that neuroinflammatory processes are involved in epilepsy development and play a key role in neuronal hyperexcitability that underlies seizure generation. Targeting neuroinflammatory signaling pathways may provide a basis for clinically relevant disease-modification strategies in general, and moreover, could open up new therapeutic avenues for human and veterinary patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. A sound understanding of the neuroinflammatory mechanisms underlying seizure pathogenesis in canine patients is therefore essential for mechanism-based discovery of selective epilepsy therapies that may enable the development of new disease-modifying treatments. In particular, subgroups of canine patients in urgent needs, e.g. dogs with drug-resistant epilepsy, might benefit from more intensive research in this area. Moreover, canine epilepsy shares remarkable similarities in etiology, disease manifestation, and disease progression with human epilepsy. Thus, canine epilepsy is discussed as a translational model for the human disease and epileptic dogs could provide a complementary species for the evaluation of antiepileptic and antiseizure drugs. This review reports key preclinical and clinical findings from experimental research and human medicine supporting the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Moreover, the article provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding neuroinflammatory processes in canine epilepsy emphasizing the urgent need for further research in this specific field. It also highlights possible functional impact, translational potential and future perspectives of targeting specific inflammatory pathways as disease-modifying and multi-target treatment options for canine epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Lotta von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Germany.
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Potschka H, Fischer A, Löscher W, Volk HA. Pathophysiology of drug-resistant canine epilepsy. Vet J 2023; 296-297:105990. [PMID: 37150317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance continues to be a major clinical problem in the therapeutic management of canine epilepsies with substantial implications for quality of life and survival times. Experimental and clinical data from human medicine provided evidence for relevant contributions of intrinsic severity of the disease as well as alterations in pharmacokinetics and -dynamics to failure to respond to antiseizure medications. In addition, several modulatory factors have been identified that can be associated with the level of therapeutic responses. Among others, the list of potential modulatory factors comprises genetic and epigenetic factors, inflammatory mediators, and metabolites. Regarding data from dogs, there are obvious gaps in knowledge when it comes to our understanding of the clinical patterns and the mechanisms of drug-resistant canine epilepsy. So far, seizure density and the occurrence of cluster seizures have been linked with a poor response to antiseizure medications. Moreover, evidence exists that the genetic background and alterations in epigenetic mechanisms might influence the efficacy of antiseizure medications in dogs with epilepsy. Further molecular, cellular, and network alterations that may affect intrinsic severity, pharmacokinetics, and -dynamics have been reported. However, the association with drug responsiveness has not yet been studied in detail. In summary, there is an urgent need to strengthen clinical and experimental research efforts exploring the mechanisms of resistance as well as their association with different etiologies, epilepsy types, and clinical courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Charalambous M, Fischer A, Potschka H, Walker MC, Raedt R, Vonck K, Boon P, Lohi H, Löscher W, Worrell G, Leeb T, McEvoy A, Striano P, Kluger G, Galanopoulou AS, Volk HA, Bhatti SFM. Translational veterinary epilepsy: A win-win situation for human and veterinary neurology. Vet J 2023; 293:105956. [PMID: 36791876 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a challenging multifactorial disorder with a complex genetic background. Our current understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of epilepsy has substantially increased due to animal model studies, including canine studies, but additional basic and clinical research is required. Drug-resistant epilepsy is an important problem in both dogs and humans, since seizure freedom is not achieved with the available antiseizure medications. The evaluation and exploration of pharmacological and particularly non-pharmacological therapeutic options need to remain a priority in epilepsy research. Combined efforts and sharing knowledge and expertise between human medical and veterinary neurologists are important for improving the treatment outcomes or even curing epilepsy in dogs. Such interactions could offer an exciting approach to translate the knowledge gained from people and rodents to dogs and vice versa. In this article, a panel of experts discusses the similarities and knowledge gaps in human and animal epileptology, with the aim of establishing a common framework and the basis for future translational epilepsy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Charalambous
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany.
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Matthew C Walker
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3JD, UK
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- Department of Neurology, 4brain, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Kristl Vonck
- Department of Neurology, 4brain, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Paul Boon
- Department of Neurology, 4brain, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, and Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | | | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern 3001, Switzerland
| | - Andrew McEvoy
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3JD, UK
| | - Pasquale Striano
- IRCCS 'G. Gaslini', Genova 16147, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Gerhard Kluger
- Research Institute, Rehabilitation, Transition-Palliation', PMU Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth 83569, Germany
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R Korey Department of Neurology, Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
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Hippocampal expression of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 in canine epilepsy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3138. [PMID: 36823232 PMCID: PMC9950490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine drug-resistant epilepsy is a prevailing issue in veterinary neurology. Alternative or additional treatment with cannabinoids is showing promising results in seizure management. A crucial component of the endocannabinoid system, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R), is heavily involved in the control of neurotransmitter release. Knowledge of its distribution in the epileptic brain would serve a better understanding of disease pathology and application of cannabinoids in dogs with epilepsy. CB1R distribution was assessed in sub-regions of hippocampus of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy, structural epilepsy and without cerebral pathology. In dogs with idiopathic epilepsy, significantly decreased CB1R expression compared to control animals was observed in CA1. In dogs with structural epilepsy, a significant increase in CB1R signal intensity in comparison to controls was observed. CB1R expression was higher in the structural group as compared to the idiopathic. Double immunofluorescence showed co-localization between CB1R and an astrocytic marker in about 50% of cells, regardless of the diagnosis. In summary, CB1R expression in canine hippocampus undergoes modification by the epileptic process and the direction of this change depends on the etiology of the disease. The distinct disease-associated CB1R expression needs to be considered in new treatment development for dogs with epilepsy.
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Zhong L, Wu J, He S, Yi F, Zeng C, Li X, Li Z, Huang Z. Epileptic seizure prediction in intracranial EEG using critical nucleus based on phase transition. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 226:107091. [PMID: 36096023 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is the second most prevalent neurological disorder of brain activity, affecting about seventy million people, or nearly 1% of the world population. Epileptic seizures prediction is extremely important for improving the epileptic patients' life. This paper proposed a novel method to predict seizures by detecting the critical transition of brain activities with intracranial EEG (iEEG) signals. METHODS This article used three key measures of fluctuation, correlation and percolation to quantify pre-ictal states of epilepsy. Based on these measures, a ritical nucleus of iEEG signals was constructed and a composite index was introduced to detect the likelihood of impending seizures. In addition, we analyzed the dynamical mechanism of seizures at the tipping point from the perspective of spatial diffusion and temporal fluctuation. RESULTS The empirical results supported that the seizures are self-initiated via a critical transition in pre-ictal state and showed that the proposed model can achieve a good prediction performance. The average accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and false-positive rate (FPR) attain 87.96%, 82.93%, 89.33% and 0.11/h respectively. The results also suggest that the temporal and spatial factors have strong synergistic effect on triggering seizures. For those seizures consistent with critical transition, the predictive performance was greatly improved with sensitivity up to 96.88%. CONCLUSIONS This article proposed a critical nucleus model combined with spatial and temporal features of iEEG signals capable of seizure prediction. The proposed model brings insight from phase transition into epileptic iEEG signals analysis and quantifies the transition of the state to predict epileptic seizures with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhong
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China; School of Medical Information and Engineering, Southwest Medical University Sichuan, China; Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Wu
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China; School of Medical Information and Engineering, Southwest Medical University Sichuan, China
| | - Shuling He
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangji Yi
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Zeng
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, D. C., United States
| | - Xi Li
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangyong Li
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China; School of Medical Information and Engineering, Southwest Medical University Sichuan, China; Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China.
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Zhong L, He S, Yi F, Li X, Wei L, Zeng C, Huang Z, Li Z. Spatio-temporal evaluation of epileptic intracranial EEG based on entropy and synchronization: A phase transition idea. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Löscher W. Dogs as a Natural Animal Model of Epilepsy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:928009. [PMID: 35812852 PMCID: PMC9257283 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.928009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease in both humans and domestic dogs, making dogs an ideal translational model of epilepsy. In both species, epilepsy is a complex brain disease characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate spontaneous recurrent epileptic seizures. Furthermore, as in humans, status epilepticus is one of the more common neurological emergencies in dogs with epilepsy. In both species, epilepsy is not a single disease but a group of disorders characterized by a broad array of clinical signs, age of onset, and underlying causes. Brain imaging suggests that the limbic system, including the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus, is often affected in canine epilepsy, which could explain the high incidence of comorbid behavioral problems such as anxiety and cognitive alterations. Resistance to antiseizure medications is a significant problem in both canine and human epilepsy, so dogs can be used to study mechanisms of drug resistance and develop novel therapeutic strategies to benefit both species. Importantly, dogs are large enough to accommodate intracranial EEG and responsive neurostimulation devices designed for humans. Studies in epileptic dogs with such devices have reported ictal and interictal events that are remarkably similar to those occurring in human epilepsy. Continuous (24/7) EEG recordings in a select group of epileptic dogs for >1 year have provided a rich dataset of unprecedented length for studying seizure periodicities and developing new methods for seizure forecasting. The data presented in this review substantiate that canine epilepsy is an excellent translational model for several facets of epilepsy research. Furthermore, several techniques of inducing seizures in laboratory dogs are discussed as related to therapeutic advances. Importantly, the development of vagus nerve stimulation as a novel therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy in people was based on a series of studies in dogs with induced seizures. Dogs with naturally occurring or induced seizures provide excellent large-animal models to bridge the translational gap between rodents and humans in the development of novel therapies. Furthermore, because the dog is not only a preclinical species for human medicine but also a potential patient and pet, research on this species serves both veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Löscher
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Fischer A, Hülsmeyer VI, Munoz Schmieder VP, Tipold A, Kornberg M, König F, Gesell FK, Ahrend LK, Volk HA, Potschka H. Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition as an Add-On Strategy in Drug Resistant Epilepsy—A Canine Translational Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:864293. [PMID: 35464372 PMCID: PMC9021788 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.864293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant epilepsy is a common complaint in dogs and affects up to 30% of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Experimental data suggest that targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mediated signaling might limit excessive excitability and prevent ictogenesis. Moreover, the role of COX-2 signaling in the seizure-associated induction of P-glycoprotein has been described. Thus, targeting this pathway may improve seizure control based on disease-modifying effects as well as enhancement of brain access and efficacy of the co-administered antiseizure medication. The present open-label non-controlled pilot study investigated the efficacy and tolerability of a COX-2 inhibitor (firocoxib) add-on therapy in a translational natural occurring chronic epilepsy animal model (client-owned dogs with phenobarbital-resistant idiopathic epilepsy). The study cohort was characterized by frequent tonic–clonic seizures and cluster seizures despite adequate phenobarbital treatment. Enrolled dogs (n = 17) received a firocoxib add-on therapy for 6 months. Tonic–clonic seizure and cluster seizure frequencies were analyzed at baseline (6 months) months during the study (6 months). The responders were defined by a substantial reduction of tonic–clonic seizure and cluster seizure frequency (≥50%). In total, eleven dogs completed the study and were considered for the statistical analysis. Two dogs (18%, 2/11) were classified as responders based on their change in seizure frequency. Interestingly, those two dogs had the highest baseline seizure frequency. The overall tolerability was good. However, given the low percentage of responders, the present data do not support an overall considerable efficacy of COX-2 inhibitor add-on therapy to overcome naturally occurring phenobarbital-resistant epilepsy in dogs. Further translational evaluation should only be considered in the canine patients with a very high baseline seizure density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andrea Fischer
| | - Velia-Isabel Hülsmeyer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Viviana P. Munoz Schmieder
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Florian König
- Small Animal Practice Dr. Florian König, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Felix K. Gesell
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Liza K. Ahrend
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Vuu I, Patterson EE, Wu CY, Zolkowska D, Leppik IE, Rogawski MA, Worrell GA, Kremen V, Cloyd JC, Coles LD. Intravenous and Intramuscular Allopregnanolone for Early Treatment of Status Epilepticus: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety in Dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 380:104-113. [PMID: 34862270 PMCID: PMC11048262 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopregnanolone (ALLO) is a neurosteroid that modulates synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. We hypothesize that ALLO may be useful as first-line treatment of status epilepticus (SE). Our objectives were to (1) characterize ALLO pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics PK-PD after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration and (2) compare IV and IM ALLO safety and tolerability. Three healthy dogs and two with a history of epilepsy were used. Single ALLO IV doses ranging from 1-6 mg/kg were infused over 5 minutes or injected IM. Blood samples, vital signs, and sedation assessment were collected up to 8 hours postdose. Intracranial EEG (iEEG) was continuously recorded in one dog. IV ALLO exhibited dose-proportional increases in exposure, which were associated with an increase in absolute power spectral density in all iEEG frequency bands. This relationship was best described by an indirect link PK-PD model where concentration-response was described by a sigmoidal maximum response (Emax) equation. Adverse events included site injection pain with higher IM volumes and ataxia and sedation associated with higher doses. IM administration exhibited incomplete absorption and volume-dependent bioavailability. Robust iEEG changes after IM administration were not observed. Based on PK-PD simulations, a 2 mg/kg dose infused over 5 minutes is predicted to achieve plasma concentrations above the EC50, but below those associated with heavy sedation. This study demonstrates that ALLO is safe and well tolerated when administered at 1-4 mg/kg IV and up to 2 mg/kg IM. The rapid onset of effect after IV infusion suggests that ALLO may be useful in the early treatment of SE. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The characterization of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of allopregnanolone is essential in order to design clinical studies evaluating its effectiveness as an early treatment for status epilepticus in dogs and people. This study has proposed a target dose/therapeutic range for a clinical trial in canine status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Vuu
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (I.V.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota (E.E.P.); Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (C.-Y.W., D.Z., M.A.R.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (I.E.L., J.C.C., L.D.C.); and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (G.A.W., V.K.)
| | - Edward E Patterson
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (I.V.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota (E.E.P.); Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (C.-Y.W., D.Z., M.A.R.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (I.E.L., J.C.C., L.D.C.); and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (G.A.W., V.K.)
| | - Chun-Yi Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (I.V.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota (E.E.P.); Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (C.-Y.W., D.Z., M.A.R.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (I.E.L., J.C.C., L.D.C.); and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (G.A.W., V.K.)
| | - Dorota Zolkowska
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (I.V.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota (E.E.P.); Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (C.-Y.W., D.Z., M.A.R.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (I.E.L., J.C.C., L.D.C.); and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (G.A.W., V.K.)
| | - Ilo E Leppik
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (I.V.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota (E.E.P.); Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (C.-Y.W., D.Z., M.A.R.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (I.E.L., J.C.C., L.D.C.); and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (G.A.W., V.K.)
| | - Michael A Rogawski
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (I.V.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota (E.E.P.); Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (C.-Y.W., D.Z., M.A.R.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (I.E.L., J.C.C., L.D.C.); and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (G.A.W., V.K.)
| | - Gregory A Worrell
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (I.V.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota (E.E.P.); Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (C.-Y.W., D.Z., M.A.R.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (I.E.L., J.C.C., L.D.C.); and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (G.A.W., V.K.)
| | - Vaclav Kremen
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (I.V.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota (E.E.P.); Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (C.-Y.W., D.Z., M.A.R.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (I.E.L., J.C.C., L.D.C.); and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (G.A.W., V.K.)
| | - James C Cloyd
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (I.V.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota (E.E.P.); Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (C.-Y.W., D.Z., M.A.R.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (I.E.L., J.C.C., L.D.C.); and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (G.A.W., V.K.)
| | - Lisa D Coles
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (I.V.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota (E.E.P.); Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California (C.-Y.W., D.Z., M.A.R.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (I.E.L., J.C.C., L.D.C.); and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (G.A.W., V.K.)
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14
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Beckmann KM, Wang-Leandro A, Richter H, Bektas RN, Steffen F, Dennler M, Carrera I, Haller S. Increased resting state connectivity in the anterior default mode network of idiopathic epileptic dogs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23854. [PMID: 34903807 PMCID: PMC8668945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic, neurological diseases in humans and dogs and considered to be a network disease. In human epilepsy altered functional connectivity in different large-scale networks have been identified with functional resting state magnetic resonance imaging. Since large-scale resting state networks have been consistently identified in anesthetised dogs’ application of this technique became promising in canine epilepsy research. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in large-scale resting state networks in epileptic dogs compared to healthy controls. Our hypothesis was, that large-scale networks differ between epileptic dogs and healthy control dogs. A group of 17 dogs (Border Collies and Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs) with idiopathic epilepsy was compared to 20 healthy control dogs under a standardized sevoflurane anaesthesia protocol. Group level independent component analysis with dimensionality of 20 components, dual regression and two-sample t test were performed and revealed significantly increased functional connectivity in the anterior default mode network of idiopathic epileptic dogs compared to healthy control dogs (p = 0.00060). This group level differences between epileptic dogs and healthy control dogs identified using a rather simple data driven approach could serve as a starting point for more advanced resting state network analysis in epileptic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin M Beckmann
- Section of Neurology, Department of Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Adriano Wang-Leandro
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Vetsuisse-Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henning Richter
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Vetsuisse-Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Clinic for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rima N Bektas
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Steffen
- Section of Neurology, Department of Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Dennler
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Vetsuisse-Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ines Carrera
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, UK
| | - Sven Haller
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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García-Belenguer S, Grasa L, Valero O, Palacio J, Luño I, Rosado B. Gut Microbiota in Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: Effects of Disease and Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113121. [PMID: 34827852 PMCID: PMC8614570 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is evidence that supports the existence of a gut-brain axis system through which bi-directional communication occurs between gut bacteria and the brain. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in humans and dogs. The role of microbiota in epilepsy remains unknown but it has been suggested that it is a possible influence of gut bacteria in controlling seizures. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in gut microbiota from dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and the possible effect of antiepileptic drugs on the modulation of the composition of this microbiota. In comparison with control dogs, drug-naive epileptic individuals showed a significantly reduced abundance of GABA and SCFAs-producing bacteria, as well as bacteria associated with reduced risk for brain disease. Moreover, the use of phenobarbital or imepitoin monotherapy during one month in epileptic dogs did not modify the gut microbiota composition. These results open up the possibility of studying probiotic interventions in epilepsy. Considering the phylogenetic and metabolic similarities in intestinal microbiome between humans and dogs, this study contributes to the understanding of epilepsy both in human and veterinary medicine. Abstract Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in humans and dogs. The structure and composition of gut microbiome associated to this disorder has not yet been analyzed in depth but there is evidence that suggests a possible influence of gut bacteria in controlling seizures. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in gut microbiota associated to canine idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and the possible influence of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on the modulation of this microbiota. Faecal microbiota composition was analyzed using sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene in a group of healthy controls (n = 12) and a group of epileptic dogs both before (n = 10) and after a 30-day single treatment with phenobarbital or imepitoin (n = 9). Epileptic dogs showed significantly reduced abundance of GABA (Pseudomonadales, Pseudomonadaceae, Pseudomonas and Pseudomona_graminis) and SCFAs-producing bacteria (Peptococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Anaerotruncus) as well as bacteria associated with reduced risk for brain disease (Prevotellaceae) than control dogs. The administration of AEDs during 30 days did not modify the gut microbiota composition. These results are expected to contribute to the understanding of canine idiopathic epilepsy and open up the possibility of studying new therapeutic approaches for this disorder, including probiotic intervention to restore gut microbiota in epileptic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia García-Belenguer
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (O.V.); (J.P.); (I.L.); (B.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza—CITA, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Olga Valero
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (O.V.); (J.P.); (I.L.); (B.R.)
| | - Jorge Palacio
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (O.V.); (J.P.); (I.L.); (B.R.)
| | - Isabel Luño
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (O.V.); (J.P.); (I.L.); (B.R.)
| | - Belén Rosado
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (O.V.); (J.P.); (I.L.); (B.R.)
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16
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Zamora M, Meller S, Kajin F, Sermon JJ, Toth R, Benjaber M, Dijk DJ, Bogacz R, Worrell GA, Valentin A, Duchet B, Volk HA, Denison T. Case Report: Embedding "Digital Chronotherapy" Into Medical Devices-A Canine Validation for Controlling Status Epilepticus Through Multi-Scale Rhythmic Brain Stimulation. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:734265. [PMID: 34630021 PMCID: PMC8498587 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.734265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian and other physiological rhythms play a key role in both normal homeostasis and disease processes. Such is the case of circadian and infradian seizure patterns observed in epilepsy. However, these rhythms are not fully exploited in the design of active implantable medical devices. In this paper we explore a new implantable stimulator that implements chronotherapy as a feedforward input to supplement both open-loop and closed-loop methods. This integrated algorithm allows for stimulation to be adjusted to the ultradian, circadian and infradian patterns observed in patients through slowly-varying temporal adjustments of stimulation and algorithm sub-components, while also enabling adaption of stimulation based on immediate physiological needs such as a breakthrough seizure or change of posture. Embedded physiological sensors in the stimulator can be used to refine the baseline stimulation circadian pattern as a "digital zeitgeber," i.e., a source of stimulus that entrains or synchronizes the subject's natural rhythms. This algorithmic approach is tested on a canine with severe drug-resistant idiopathic generalized epilepsy exhibiting a characteristic diurnal pattern correlated with sleep-wake cycles. Prior to implantation, the canine's cluster seizures evolved to status epilepticus (SE) and required emergency pharmacological intervention. The cranially-mounted system was fully-implanted bilaterally into the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus. Using combinations of time-based modulation, thalamocortical rhythm-specific tuning of frequency parameters as well as fast-adaptive modes based on activity, the canine experienced no further SE events post-implant as of the time of writing (7 months). Importantly, no significant cluster seizures have been observed either, allowing the reduction of rescue medication. The use of digitally-enabled chronotherapy as a feedforward signal to augment adaptive neurostimulators could prove a useful algorithmic method in conditions where sensitivity to temporal patterns are characteristics of the disease state, providing a novel mechanism for tailoring a more patient-specific therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayela Zamora
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Filip Kajin
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - James J. Sermon
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Toth
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Moaad Benjaber
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and The University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Rafal Bogacz
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Antonio Valentin
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King's College Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Duchet
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Timothy Denison
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Bertout JA, Baneux PJR, Robertson-Plouch CK. Recommendations for Ethical Review of Veterinary Clinical Trials. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:715926. [PMID: 34395581 PMCID: PMC8355561 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.715926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethical review of both human and animal research is critical to ensuring that studies are conducted with due regard to the welfare and safety of enrolled subjects and to the integrity of the data. However, differences exist in laws, policies, and best practices between human and animal studies. Ethical review is required for most human studies. While the laws and standards are clear for humans and for laboratory animals, the laws and standards for clinical research for client-owned animals are not as well-defined. Here, we discuss gaps in ethical review of clinical animal research in the United States of America and propose expanded functions for veterinary clinical studies committees as a solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bertout
- Companion Animal Studies for Translational Research Alliance, Inc., Issaquah, WA, United States
| | - Philippe J R Baneux
- Center for Animal Resources and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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18
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Hirashima J, Saito M, Igarashi H, Takagi S, Hasegawa D. Case Report: 1-Year Follow-Up of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in a Dog With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:708407. [PMID: 34355037 PMCID: PMC8330973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.708407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) system was surgically implanted to treat drug-resistant epilepsy in a 5-year-old male Shetland Sheepdog. At regular visits during a 1-year follow-up, treatment efficacy and adverse effects were assessed, and programmable stimulation parameters were adjusted to optimize stimulation intensity while avoiding adverse effects. The frequency of generalized tonic–clonic seizures was reduced by 87% after the initiation of VNS. The owner reported that the dog regained his personality, and the quality of life of both the dog and owner improved. The only adverse effect of VNS was a cough that was controlled by adjusting stimulation parameters. There were no surgical complications or other issues with the VNS device. This is the first long-term evaluation of VNS therapy in a dog, and the results obtained suggest that gradual adjustments of VNS parameters facilitate optimum VNS dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Hirashima
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery (Neurology), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Miyoko Saito
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery (Neurology), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Igarashi
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takagi
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery (Soft Tissue Surgery and Surgical Oncology), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan.,The Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
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19
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Kaplan Ö, Pekmez M, Akıncı Y, Ataklı HD, Eren F, Dirican AC, Gözübatık Çelik RG, Baştuğ Gül Z, Ur Özçelik E, Gül G, Sarı H, Özkara Ç. The relationship between DIRAS1 gene and idiopathic generalized epilepsy in the Turkish population. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Opportunities and challenges for microRNA-targeting therapeutics for epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:605-616. [PMID: 33992468 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common and serious neurological disorder characterised by recurrent spontaneous seizures. Frontline pharmacotherapy includes small-molecule antiseizure drugs that typically target ion channels and neurotransmitter systems, but these fail in 30% of patients and do not prevent either the development or progression of epilepsy. An emerging therapeutic target is microRNA (miRNA), small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate sets of proteins. Their multitargeting action offers unique advantages for certain forms of epilepsy with complex underlying pathophysiology, such as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). miRNA can be inhibited by designed antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs; e.g., antimiRs). Here, we outline the prospects for miRNA-based therapies. We review design considerations for nucleic acid-based approaches and the challenges and next steps in developing therapeutic miRNA-targeting molecules for epilepsy.
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21
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Man's best friend in life and death: scientific perspectives and challenges of dog brain banking. GeroScience 2021; 43:1653-1668. [PMID: 33970413 PMCID: PMC8492856 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobanking refers to the systematic collection, storage, and distribution of pre- or post-mortem biological samples derived from volunteer donors. The demand for high-quality human specimens is clearly demonstrated by the number of newly emerging biobanking facilities and large international collaborative networks. Several animal species are relevant today in medical research; therefore, similar initiatives in comparative physiology could be fruitful. Dogs, in particular, are gaining increasing attention in translational research on complex phenomena, like aging, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, biobanks gathering and storing dog biological materials together with related data could play a vital role in translational and veterinary research projects. To achieve these aims, a canine biobank should meet the same standards in sample quality and data management as human biobanks and should rely on well-designed collaborative networks between different professionals and dog owners. While efforts to create dog biobanks could face similar financial and technical challenges as their human counterparts, they can widen the spectrum of successful collaborative initiatives towards a better picture of dogs’ physiology, disease, evolution, and translational potential. In this review, we provide an overview about the current state of dog biobanking and introduce the “Canine Brain and Tissue Bank” (CBTB)—a new, large-scale collaborative endeavor in the field.
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Mestrinho LA, Santos RR. Translational oncotargets for immunotherapy: From pet dogs to humans. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:296-313. [PMID: 33705879 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies in rodent models have been a pivotal role in human clinical research, but many of them fail in the translational process. Spontaneous tumors in pet dogs have the potential to bridge the gap between preclinical models and human clinical trials. Their natural occurrence in an immunocompetent system overcome the limitations of preclinical rodent models. Due to its reasonable cellular, molecular, and genetic homology to humans, the pet dog represents a valuable model to accelerate the translation of preclinical studies to clinical trials in humans, actually with benefits for both species. Moreover, their unique genetic features of breeding and breed-related mutations have contributed to assess and optimize therapeutics in individuals with different genetic backgrounds. This review aims to outline four main immunotherapy approaches - cancer vaccines, adaptive T-cell transfer, antibodies, and cytokines -, under research in veterinary medicine and how they can serve the clinical application crosstalk with humans.
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Jones GMC, Volk HA, Packer RMA. Research priorities for idiopathic epilepsy in dogs: Viewpoints of owners, general practice veterinarians, and neurology specialists. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1466-1479. [PMID: 33960544 PMCID: PMC8162594 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease in dogs that adversely affects the quality of life (QoL) of affected dogs and their owners. Research on epilepsy in dogs is expanding internationally, but where best to focus limited research time, funds, and expertise to achieve better outcomes for affected dogs and their owners has not been studied. OBJECTIVE To explore idiopathic epilepsy (IE) research priorities of owners of dogs with IE, general practice veterinarians, and veterinary neurologists. METHODS An international online survey was conducted in 2016 and repeated in 2020. Participants rated the absolute importance and relative rank of 18 areas of IE research, which were compared between groups and time points. RESULTS Valid responses were received from 414 respondents in 2016 and 414 respondents in 2020. The development of new anti-seizure drugs (ASD) and improving the existing ASD management were considered the most important research priorities. Areas of research with increasing priority between 2016 and 2020 included non-ASD management, with the greatest potential seen in behavioral and dietary-based interventions. Disagreements in priorities were identified between groups; owners prioritized issues that impacted their and their dog's QoL, for example, adverse effects and comorbidities, whereas general practitioner vets and neurologists prioritized clinical issues and longer-term strategies to manage or prevent IE, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Ensuring that voices of owners are heard in the planning of future research should be a broader goal of veterinary medicine, to target research efforts toward areas most likely to improve the QoL of the dog-owner dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Andreas Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHertfordshireUK
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
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Pilla R, Law TH, Pan Y, Zanghi BM, Li Q, Want EJ, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Volk HA. The Effects of a Ketogenic Medium-Chain Triglyceride Diet on the Feces in Dogs With Idiopathic Epilepsy. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:541547. [PMID: 33415132 PMCID: PMC7783044 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.541547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of diets containing medium chain triglycerides have been shown to confer neuroprotective and behavior modulating effects. We aimed to identify metabolic and microbiome perturbations in feces that are associated with consumption of a medium chain triglyceride ketogenic diet (MCT-KD) in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to generate microbiome profiles and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) to generate lipidomic profiles of canine feces. We made comparisons between the MCT-KD, standardized placebo diet and baseline pre-trial diet phases. Consumption of the MCT-KD resulted in a significant increase in the species richness (α-diversity) of bacterial communities found in the feces when compared to the baseline diet. However, phylogenetical diversity between samples (beta-diversity) was not affected by diet. An unnamed Bacteroidaceae species within genus 5-7N15 was identified by LEfSe as a potential biomarker associated with consumption of the MCT-KD, showing an increased abundance (p = 0.005, q = 0.230) during consumption of MCT-KD. In addition, unclassified members of families Erysipelotrichaceae (p = 0.013, q = 0.335) and Fusobacteriaceae (p = 0.022, q = 0.358) were significantly increased during MCT-KD consumption compared to baseline. Blautia sp. and Megamonas sp. instead were decreased during consumption of either placebo or MCT-KD (p = 0.045, q = 0.449, and p = 0.039, q = 0.449, respectively). Bacteroidaceae, including genus 5-7N15, have previously been associated with non-aggressive behavior in dogs. In addition, 5-7N15 is correlated in humans with Akkermansia, a genus known to be involved in the neuroprotective effect of ketogenic diets in mice models of seizures. Five metabolite features, tentatively identified as long chain triglycerides, were significantly higher after consumption of the placebo diet, but no unique features were identified after consumption of the MCT-KD. The data presented in this study highlight significant changes shown in both the fecal microbiome and lipidome as a result of consumption of the MCT-KD. Elucidating the global canine gut response to MCT consumption will improve our understanding of the potential mechanisms which confer anti-seizure and behavior modulating effects. Further studies should aim to characterize the gut microbiome of both dogs with epilepsy and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tsz Hong Law
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanlong Pan
- Nestlé Purina Research, One Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Brian M Zanghi
- Nestlé Purina Research, One Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Qinghong Li
- Nestlé Purina Research, One Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Want
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Holger Andreas Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
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Bitschi ML, Bagó Z, Rosati M, Reese S, Goehring LS, Matiasek K. A Systematic Approach to Dissection of the Equine Brain-Evaluation of a Species-Adapted Protocol for Beginners and Experts. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:614929. [PMID: 33390909 PMCID: PMC7775367 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.614929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction of new imaging modalities for the equine brain have refocused attention on the horse as a natural model for ethological, neuroanatomical, and neuroscientific investigations. As opposed to imaging studies, strategies for equine neurodissection still lack a structured approach, standardization and reproducibility. In contrast to other species, where adapted protocols for sampling have been published, no comparable guideline is currently available for equids. Hence, we developed a species-specific slice protocol for whole brain vs. hemispheric dissection and tested its applicability and practicability in the field, as well as its neuroanatomical accuracy and reproducibility. Dissection steps are concisely described and depicted by schematic illustrations, photographs and instructional videos. Care was taken to show the brain in relation to the raters' hands, cutting devices and bench surface. Guidance is based on a minimum of external anatomical landmarks followed by geometric instructions that led to procurement of 14 targeted slabs. The protocol was performed on 55 formalin-fixed brains by three groups of investigators with different neuroanatomical skills. Validation of brain dissection outcomes addressed the aptitude of slabs for neuroanatomical studies as opposed to simplified routine diagnostic purposes. Across all raters, as much as 95.2% of slabs were appropriate for neuroanatomical studies, and 100% of slabs qualified for a routine diagnostic setting. Neither autolysis nor subfixation significantly affected neuroanatomical accuracy score, while a significant negative effect was observed with brain extraction artifacts. Procedure times ranged from 14 to 66 min and reached a mean duration of 23.25 ± 7.93 min in the last of five trials in inexperienced raters vs. 16 ± 2.83 min in experts, while acceleration of the dissection did not negatively impact neuroanatomical accuracy. This protocol, derived analogously to the consensus report of the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force in dogs and cats, allows for systematic, quick and easy dissection of the equine brain, even for inexperienced investigators. Obtained slabs feature virtually all functional subcompartments at suitable planes for both diagnostic and neuroscientific investigations and complement the data obtained from imaging studies. The instructive protocol and brain dissection videos are available in Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya-Lena Bitschi
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Zoltán Bagó
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Ltd. (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Mödling, Austria
| | - Marco Rosati
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz S Goehring
- Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Equine Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Löscher W, Potschka H, Sisodiya SM, Vezzani A. Drug Resistance in Epilepsy: Clinical Impact, Potential Mechanisms, and New Innovative Treatment Options. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:606-638. [PMID: 32540959 PMCID: PMC7300324 DOI: 10.1124/pr.120.019539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder that affects over 70 million people worldwide. Despite the availability of over 20 antiseizure drugs (ASDs) for symptomatic treatment of epileptic seizures, about one-third of patients with epilepsy have seizures refractory to pharmacotherapy. Patients with such drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) have increased risks of premature death, injuries, psychosocial dysfunction, and a reduced quality of life, so development of more effective therapies is an urgent clinical need. However, the various types of epilepsy and seizures and the complex temporal patterns of refractoriness complicate the issue. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of DRE are not fully understood, though recent work has begun to shape our understanding more clearly. Experimental models of DRE offer opportunities to discover, characterize, and challenge putative mechanisms of drug resistance. Furthermore, such preclinical models are important in developing therapies that may overcome drug resistance. Here, we will review the current understanding of the molecular, genetic, and structural mechanisms of ASD resistance and discuss how to overcome this problem. Encouragingly, better elucidation of the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning epilepsies and drug resistance by concerted preclinical and clinical efforts have recently enabled a revised approach to the development of more promising therapies, including numerous potential etiology-specific drugs (“precision medicine”) for severe pediatric (monogenetic) epilepsies and novel multitargeted ASDs for acquired partial epilepsies, suggesting that the long hoped-for breakthrough in therapy for as-yet ASD-resistant patients is a feasible goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (H.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (S.S); and Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (H.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (S.S); and Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (H.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (S.S); and Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (H.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (S.S); and Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy (A.V.)
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Charalambous M, Van Ham L, Broeckx BJG, Roggeman T, Carrette S, Vonck K, Kervel RR, Cornelis I, Bhatti SFM. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in drug-resistant idiopathic epilepsy of dogs: A noninvasive neurostimulation technique. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2555-2561. [PMID: 33009717 PMCID: PMC7694858 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been assessed in epileptic humans, clinical trials in epileptic dogs can provide additional insight. Objectives Evaluate the potential antiepileptic effect of rTMS in dogs. Animals Twelve client‐owned dogs with drug‐resistant idiopathic epilepsy (IE). Methods Single‐blinded randomized sham‐controlled clinical trial (dogs allocated to active or sham rTMS) (I) and open‐labeled uncontrolled clinical trial (dogs received active rTMS after sham rTMS) (II). Monthly seizure frequency (MSF), monthly seizure day frequency (MSDF), and number of cluster seizures (CS) were evaluated for a 3‐month pre‐TMS and post‐rTMS period and safety was assessed. The lasting effect period of rTMS was assessed in each dog treated by active stimulation using the MSF ratio (proportion of post‐TMS to pre‐rTMS MSF) and treatment was considered effective if the ratio was <1. Results No adverse effects were reported. In trial I, MSF and MSDF decreased significantly (P = .04) in the active group (n = 7). In the sham group (n = 5), no significant changes were found (P = .84 and .29, respectively). Cluster seizures did not change significantly in either group. No significant differences were detected between the groups. In trial II, previously sham‐treated dogs (n = 5) received active rTMS and significant decreases in MSF and MSDF were noted (P = .03 and .008, respectively). The overall effect of rTMS lasted for 4 months; thereafter, the MSF ratio was >1. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation may be a safe adjunctive treatment option for dogs with drug‐resistant IE, but large‐scale studies are needed to establish firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Charalambous
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Ham
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart J G Broeckx
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom Roggeman
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Carrette
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, 4Brain, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristi Vonck
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, 4Brain, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roelof R Kervel
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ine Cornelis
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Liu X, Tian R, Zuo Z, Zhao H, Wu L, Zhuo Y, Zhang YQ, Chen L. A high-resolution MRI brain template for adult Beagle. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 68:148-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hanael E, Veksler R, Friedman A, Bar-Klein G, Senatorov VV, Kaufer D, Konstantin L, Elkin M, Chai O, Peery D, Shamir MH. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in canine epileptic seizures detected by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Epilepsia 2020; 60:1005-1016. [PMID: 31032909 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dogs with spontaneous or acquired epilepsy exhibit resemblance in etiology and disease course to humans, potentially offering a translational model of the human disease. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction (BBBD) has been shown to partake in epileptogenesis in experimental models of epilepsy. To test the hypothesis that BBBD can be detected in dogs with naturally occurring seizures, we developed a linear dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) analysis algorithm that was validated in clinical cases of seizing dogs and experimental epileptic rats. METHODS Forty-six dogs with naturally occurring seizures of different etiologies and 12 induced epilepsy rats were imaged using DCE-MRI. Six healthy dogs and 12 naive rats served as control. DCE-MRI was analyzed by linear-dynamic method. BBBD scores were calculated in whole brain and in specific brain regions. Immunofluorescence analysis for transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway proteins was performed on the piriform cortex of epileptic dogs. RESULTS We found BBBD in 37% of dogs with seizures. A significantly higher cerebrospinal fluid to serum albumin ratio was found in dogs with BBBD relative to dogs with intact blood-brain barrier (BBB). A significant difference was found between epileptic and control rats when BBBD scores were calculated for the piriform cortex at 48 hours and 1 month after status epilepticus. Mean BBBD score of the piriform lobe in idiopathic epilepsy (IE) dogs was significantly higher compared to control. Immunohistochemistry results suggested active TGF-β signaling and neuroinflammation in the piriform cortex of dogs with IE, showing increased levels of serum albumin colocalized with glial acidic fibrillary protein and pSMAD2 in an area where BBBD had been detected by linear DCE-MRI. SIGNIFICANCE Detection of BBBD in dogs with naturally occurring epilepsy provides the ground for future studies for evaluation of novel treatment targeting the disrupted BBB. The involvement of the piriform lobe seen using our linear DCE-MRI protocol and algorithm emphasizes the possibility of using dogs as a translational model for the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Hanael
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine-Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ronel Veksler
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain, and Cognitive Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain, and Cognitive Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Department of Medical Neuroscience and Brain Repair Center, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Guy Bar-Klein
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Vladimir V Senatorov
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Lilach Konstantin
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine-Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maria Elkin
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine-Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Chai
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine-Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dana Peery
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine-Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merav H Shamir
- Hebrew University Koret School of Veterinary Medicine-Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Rehovot, Israel
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Beckmann KM, Wang-Leandro A, Dennler M, Carrera I, Richter H, Bektas RN, Steiner A, Haller S. Resting state networks of the canine brain under sevoflurane anaesthesia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231955. [PMID: 32302373 PMCID: PMC7164650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rs-fMRI) has become an established technique in humans and reliably determines several resting state networks (RSNs) simultaneously. Limited data exist about RSN in dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the RSNs in 10 healthy beagle dogs using a 3 tesla MRI scanner and subsequently perform group-level independent component analysis (ICA) to identify functionally connected brain networks. Rs-fMRI sequences were performed under steady state sevoflurane inhalation anaesthesia. Anaesthetic depth was titrated to the minimum level needed for immobilisation and mechanical ventilation of the patient. This required a sevoflurane MAC between 0.8 to 1.2. Group-level ICA dimensionality of 20 components revealed distributed sensory, motor and higher-order networks in the dogs’ brain. We identified in total 7 RSNs (default mode, primary and higher order visual, auditory, two putative motor-somatosensory and one putative somatosensory), which are common to other mammals including humans. Identified RSN are remarkably similar to those identified in awake dogs. This study proves the feasibility of rs-fMRI in anesthetized dogs and describes several RSNs, which may set the basis for investigating pathophysiological characteristics of various canine brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin M. Beckmann
- Neurology Department, Clinic of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Adriano Wang-Leandro
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse-Faculty Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Dennler
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse-Faculty Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ines Carrera
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Shirley, United Kingdom
| | - Henning Richter
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse-Faculty Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rima N. Bektas
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Section of Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aline Steiner
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Section of Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Haller
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Partridge B, Rossmeisl JH. Companion animal models of neurological disease. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 331:108484. [PMID: 31733285 PMCID: PMC6942211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical translation of novel therapeutics that improve the survival and quality of life of patients with neurological disease remains a challenge, with many investigational drug and device candidates failing in advanced stage clinical trials. Naturally occurring inherited and acquired neurological diseases, such as epilepsy, inborn errors of metabolism, brain tumors, spinal cord injury, and stroke occur frequently in companion animals, and many of these share epidemiologic, pathophysiologic and clinical features with their human counterparts. As companion animals have a relatively abbreviated lifespan and genetic background, are immunocompetent, share their environment with human caregivers, and can be clinically managed using techniques and tools similar to those used in humans, they have tremendous potential for increasing the predictive value of preclinical drug and device studies. Here, we review comparative features of spontaneous neurological diseases in companion animals with an emphasis on neuroimaging methods and features, illustrate their historical use in translational studies, and discuss inherent limitations associated with each disease model. Integration of companion animals with naturally occurring disease into preclinical studies can complement and expand the knowledge gained from studies in other animal models, accelerate or improve the manner in which research is translated to the human clinic, and ultimately generate discoveries that will benefit the health of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittanie Partridge
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Center Blvd, NRC 405, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - John H Rossmeisl
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Center Blvd, NRC 405, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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von Rüden EL, Gualtieri F, Schönhoff K, Reiber M, Wolf F, Baumgärtner W, Hansmann F, Tipold A, Potschka H. Molecular alterations of the TLR4-signaling cascade in canine epilepsy. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:18. [PMID: 31959173 PMCID: PMC6971886 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cumulating evidence from rodent models points to a pathophysiological role of inflammatory signaling in the epileptic brain with Toll-like receptor-4 signaling acting as one key factor. However, there is an apparent lack of information about expression alterations affecting this pathway in canine patients with epilepsy. Therefore, we have analyzed the expression pattern of Toll-like receptor 4 and its ligands in brain tissue of canine patients with structural or idiopathic epilepsy in comparison with tissue from laboratory dogs or from owner-kept dogs without neurological diseases. RESULTS The analysis revealed an overexpression of Toll-like receptor-4 in the CA3 region of dogs with structural epilepsy. Further analysis provided evidence for an upregulation of Toll-like receptor-4 ligands with high mobility group box-1 exhibiting increased expression levels in the CA1 region of dogs with idiopathic and structural epilepsy, and heat shock protein 70 exhibiting increased expression levels in the piriform lobe of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. In further brain regions, receptor and ligand expression rates proved to be either in the control range or reduced below control levels. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals complex molecular alterations affecting the Toll-like receptor signaling cascade, which differ between epilepsy types and between brain regions. Taken together, the data indicate that multi-targeting approaches modulating Toll-like receptor-4 signaling might be of interest for management of canine epilepsy. Further studies are recommended to explore respective molecular alterations in more detail in dogs with different etiologies and to confirm the role of the pro-inflammatory signaling cascade as a putative target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Lotta von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Königinstr. 16, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabio Gualtieri
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Königinstr. 16, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Schönhoff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Königinstr. 16, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Reiber
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Königinstr. 16, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabio Wolf
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Königinstr. 16, D-80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Buenteweg 17, D-30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Buenteweg 17, D-30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Clinic for small animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Buenteweg 9, D-30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Königinstr. 16, D-80539, Munich, Germany.
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Nowakowska M, Gualtieri F, von Rüden EL, Hansmann F, Baumgärtner W, Tipold A, Potschka H. Profiling the Expression of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Associated Heat Shock Proteins in Animal Epilepsy Models. Neuroscience 2019; 429:156-172. [PMID: 31887356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Unfolded protein response is a signaling cascade triggered by misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Heat shock protein H4 (HSPH4) and A5 (HSPA5) are two chaperoning proteins present within the organelle, which target misfolded peptides during prolonged stress conditions. Epileptogenic insults and epileptic seizures are a notable source of stress on cells. To investigate whether they influence expression of these chaperones, we performed immunohistochemical stainings in brains from rats that experienced a status epilepticus (SE) as a trigger of epileptogenesis and from canine epilepsy patients. Quantification of HSPA5 and HSPH4 revealed alterations in hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex. In rats, SE induced up-regulation of HSPA5 in the piriform cortex and down-regulation of HSPA5 and HSPH4 in the hippocampus. Regionally restricted increases in expression of the two proteins has been observed in the chronic phase with spontaneous recurrent seizures. Confocal microscopy revealed a predominant expression of both proteins in neurons, no expression in microglia and circumscribed expression in astroglia. In canine patients, only up-regulation of HSPH4 expression was observed in Cornu Ammonis 1 region in animals diagnosed with structural epilepsy. This characterization of HSPA5 and HSPH4 expression provided extensive information regarding spatial and temporal alterations of the two proteins during SE-induced epileptogenesis and following epilepsy manifestations. Up-regulation of both proteins implies stress exerted on ER during these disease phases. Taken together suggest a differential impact of epileptogenesis on HSPA5 and HSPH4 expression and indicate them as a possible target for pharmacological modulation of unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nowakowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Fabio Gualtieri
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Eva-Lotta von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
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Félix NM, Gommeren K, Boysen S. Translational medicine between human and veterinary emergency and critical care medicine: a story meant to have a happy ending. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2019; 23:361. [PMID: 31744525 PMCID: PMC6864947 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M Félix
- Departamento de Pediatria Hospital de Santarém, Departamento de Pediatria Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - K Gommeren
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - S Boysen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Devinsky O, Boesch JM, Cerda-Gonzalez S, Coffey B, Davis K, Friedman D, Hainline B, Houpt K, Lieberman D, Perry P, Prüss H, Samuels MA, Small GW, Volk H, Summerfield A, Vite C, Wisniewski T, Natterson-Horowitz B. A cross-species approach to disorders affecting brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 14:677-686. [PMID: 30287906 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Structural and functional elements of biological systems are highly conserved across vertebrates. Many neurological and psychiatric conditions affect both humans and animals. A cross-species approach to the study of brain and behaviour can advance our understanding of human disorders via the identification of unrecognized natural models of spontaneous disorders, thus revealing novel factors that increase vulnerability or resilience, and via the assessment of potential therapies. Moreover, diagnostic and therapeutic advances in human neurology and psychiatry can often be adapted for veterinary patients. However, clinical and research collaborations between physicians and veterinarians remain limited, leaving this wealth of comparative information largely untapped. Here, we review pain, cognitive decline syndromes, epilepsy, anxiety and compulsions, autoimmune and infectious encephalitides and mismatch disorders across a range of animal species, looking for novel insights with translational potential. This comparative perspective can help generate novel hypotheses, expand and improve clinical trials and identify natural animal models of disease resistance and vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, New York University (NYU) Langone Medical Center and NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jordyn M Boesch
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Barbara Coffey
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn Davis
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Friedman
- Department of Neurology, New York University (NYU) Langone Medical Center and NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Hainline
- Department of Neurology, New York University (NYU) Langone Medical Center and NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katherine Houpt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pamela Perry
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gary W Small
- University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Holger Volk
- Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Charles Vite
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, New York University (NYU) Langone Medical Center and NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Natterson-Horowitz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Croll L, Szabo CA, Abou-Madi N, Devinsky O. Epilepsy in nonhuman primates. Epilepsia 2019; 60:1526-1538. [PMID: 31206636 PMCID: PMC6779127 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are model organisms for understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of epilepsy in humans, while data from human patients informs the diagnosis and treatment of NHP with seizures and epilepsy. We reviewed the literature and surveyed veterinarians at zoos and NHP research centers to (a) better define the range of seizures and epilepsy in NHP, (b) understand how NHPs can inform our knowledge of the pathophysiology and treatment of epilepsy in humans, and (c) identify gaps of knowledge and develop more effective guidelines to treat seizures and epilepsy in NHP. METHODS We searched PrimateLit, PubMed, and Google Scholar for studies on experimental models of epilepsy in NHPs and on naturally occurring seizures and epilepsy in NHPs in captivity. In addition, we created a survey to assess methods to diagnose and treat epilepsy in NHPs. This survey was sent to 41 veterinarians at major international zoos and research facilities with NHP populations to study seizure phenomenology, diagnostic criteria for seizures and epilepsy, etiology, and antiseizure therapies in NHPs. RESULTS We summarize the data from experimental and natural models of epilepsy in NHPs and case reports of epilepsy of unknown origin in captive primates. In addition, we present survey data collected from veterinarians at eight zoos and one research facility. Experimental data from NHP epilepsy models is abundant, whereas data from primates who develop epilepsy in the wild or in zoos is very limited, constraining our ability to advance evidence-based medicine. SIGNIFICANCE Characterization of seizure or epilepsy models in NHPs will provide insights into mechanisms and new therapies that cannot be addressed by other animal models. NHP research will better inform species-specific diagnoses and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noha Abou-Madi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
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Nejedly P, Kremen V, Sladky V, Nasseri M, Guragain H, Klimes P, Cimbalnik J, Varatharajah Y, Brinkmann BH, Worrell GA. Deep-learning for seizure forecasting in canines with epilepsy. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:036031. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab172d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Menon DV, Patel D, Joshi CG, Kumar A. The road less travelled: The efficacy of canine pluripotent stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2019; 377:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Packer RMA, Hobbs SL, Blackwell EJ. Behavioral Interventions as an Adjunctive Treatment for Canine Epilepsy: A Missing Part of the Epilepsy Management Toolkit? Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:3. [PMID: 30746367 PMCID: PMC6360160 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common, complex and often challenging neurological disorder to treat in the dog, with 20-30% of dogs resistant to conventional medical therapies, and associated with cognitive and behavioral comorbidities and early death. Behavioral interventions are an emerging area of focus in the adjunctive treatment of drug-resistant human epilepsy patients, with studies indicating positive effects of a variety of interventions including relaxation-based techniques and behavioral therapy interventions. Behavioral interventions have the potential not only to improve seizure control, but also improve behavioral comorbidities and general quality of life in this hard to treat patient group. Despite striking similarities between human and canine epilepsy patients, including the recognition of co-morbid anxiety in epilepsy patients, behavioral interventions have yet to be studied in dogs. This is compounded by several licensed psychopharmaceutical agents for dogs being contra-indicated in epilepsy patients. We present evidence from human studies of the efficacy of behavioral interventions to improve seizure control, psychiatric comorbidities and quality of life, and propose that adapting such interventions for canine patients may be a valuable addition to the epilepsy management toolkit. There is a need for multi-center, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials to confirm the effects of behavioral interventions on seizure frequency in veterinary medicine. In the absence of such evidence to date, the use of established behavioral medicine techniques to reduce stress and improve the mental health of these often sensitive and challenging patients is advocated, with a greater role for behaviorists in the management of epilepsy patients alongside neurologists and general practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily J Blackwell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Gambino JM, James JR, Buchweitz JP, Cooley AJ, Lawrence AM, Wills RW, Lee AM. Retention of gadolinium in the brains of healthy dogs after a single intravenous administration of gadodiamide. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:949-960. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.9.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Campos G, Fortuna A, Falcão A, Alves G. In vitro and in vivo experimental models employed in the discovery and development of antiepileptic drugs for pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2018; 146:63-86. [PMID: 30086482 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic, recurrent and progressive neurological diseases. In spite of the large number of antiepileptic drugs currently available for the suppression of seizures, about one-third of patients develop drug-resistant epilepsy, even when they are administered the most appropriate treatment available. Thus, nonclinical models can be valuable tools for the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the development of pharmacoresistance and also for the development of new therapeutic agents that may be promising therapeutic approaches for this unmet medical need. Up today, several epilepsy and seizure models have been developed, exhibiting similar physiopathological features of human drug-resistant epilepsy; moreover, pharmacological response to antiepileptic drugs clinically available tends to be similar in animal models and humans. Therefore, they should be more intensively used in the preclinical discovery and development of new candidates to antiepileptic drugs. Although useful, in vitro models cannot completely replicate the complexity of a living being and their potential for a systematic use in antiepileptic drug screening is limited. The whole-animal models are the most commonly employed and they can be classified as per se drug-resistant due to an inherent poor drug response or be based on the selection of subgroups of epileptic animals that respond or not to a specific antiepileptic drug. Although more expensive and time-consuming, the latter are chronic models of epilepsy that better exhibit the disease-associated alterations found in human epilepsy. Several antiepileptic drugs in development or already marketed have been already tested and shown to be effective in these models of drug-resistant epilepsy, constituting a new hope for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. This review will provide epilepsy researchers with detailed information on the in vitro and in vivo nonclinical models of interest in drug-resistant epilepsy, which may enable a refined selection of most relevant models for understanding the mechanisms of the disease and developing novel antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Campos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Metabolic perturbations associated with the consumption of a ketogenic medium-chain TAG diet in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:484-490. [PMID: 30001753 PMCID: PMC6137430 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518001617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of diets containing medium-chain TAG (MCT) has been shown to confer neuroprotective effects. We aim to identify the global metabolic perturbations associated with consumption of a ketogenic diet (medium-chain TAG diet (MCTD)) in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. We used ultra-performance liquid chromatography-MS (UPLC-MS) to generate metabolic and lipidomic profiles of fasted canine serum and made comparisons between the MCTD and standardised placebo diet phases. We identified metabolites that differed significantly between diet phases using metabolite fragmentation profiles generated by tandem MS (UPLC-MS/MS). Consumption of the MCTD resulted in significant differences in serum metabolic profiles when compared with the placebo diet, where sixteen altered lipid metabolites were identified. Consumption of the MCTD resulted in reduced abundances of palmitoylcarnitine, octadecenoylcarnitine, stearoylcarnitine and significant changes, both reduced and increased abundances, of phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolites. There was a significant increase in abundance of the saturated C17 : 0 fatty acyl moieties during the MCTD phase. Lysophosphatidylcholine (17 : 0) (P=0·01) and PC (17:0/20:4) (P=0·03) were both significantly higher in abundance during the MCTD. The data presented in this study highlight global changes in lipid metabolism, and, of particular interest, in the C17 : 0 moieties, as a result of MCT consumption. Elucidating the global metabolic response of MCT consumption will not only improve the administration of current ketogenic diets for neurological disease models but also provides new avenues for research to develop better diet therapies with improved neuroprotective efficacies. Future studies should clarify the involvement and importance of C17 : 0 moieties in endogenous MCT metabolic pathways.
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Winter J, Packer RMA, Volk HA. Preliminary assessment of cognitive impairments in canine idiopathic epilepsy. Vet Rec 2018; 182:633. [PMID: 29700175 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In humans, epilepsy can induce or accelerate cognitive impairment (CI). There is emerging evidence of CI in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) from recent epidemiological studies. The aim of our study was to assess CI in dogs with IE using two tests of cognitive dysfunction designed for use in a clinical setting. Dogs with IE (n=17) were compared against controls (n=18) in their performance in two tasks; a spatial working memory task and a problem-solving task. In addition, owners completed the Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating (CCDR) scale for their dog. The groups did not differ statistically with respect to age and breed. Dogs with IE performed significantly worse than controls on the spatial working memory task (P=0.016), but not on the problem solving task (P=0.683). CCDR scores were significantly higher in the IE group (P=0.016); however, no dogs reach the recommended threshold score for CCD diagnosis. Our preliminary data suggest that dogs with IE exhibit impairments in a spatial working memory task. Further research is required to explore the effect of IE on other cognitive abilities in dogs with a larger sample, characterising the age of onset, nature and progression of any impairments and the impact of anti-epileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Winter
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Vet College, Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Kwiatkowska M, Tipold A, Huenerfauth E, Pomianowski A. Clinical Risk Factors for Early Seizure Recurrence in Dogs Hospitalized for Seizure Evaluation. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:757-763. [PMID: 29457273 PMCID: PMC5867016 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epileptic seizures are a common cause for neurological evaluations in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine the timing, frequency, and risk factors for early seizure recurrence (ESR) among dogs admitted to the hospital for seizure evaluation and to facilitate rapid decision making about whether dogs should be placed in the intensive care unit (ICU) or day ward. ANIMALS Nine-hundred twenty-two dogs referred for seizure investigation; 214 patients were included. METHODS Retrospective study. Medical records between 2000 and 2017 were reviewed to determine risk factors for ESR. Findings were compared among dogs diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy (IE), structural epilepsy (StE) and reactive seizures (RS), as well as in all selected cases together. RESULTS Fifty percent of dogs had a seizure while hospitalized. In the group 53.1 and 52.2% in the StE group, whereas in the RS 40.44% had ESR. The average time to ESR was 7 hours. In IE group, abnormal postictal neurological examination with prosencephalon signs predicted ESR. In StE group, a single generalized or focal seizure 72 hours before hospital admission and abnormal neurologic examination predicted ESR. In the RS group, ERS was predicted by long-term antiepileptic monotheraphy. When all dogs were analyzed together, abnormal neurological examination, the occurrence of cluster seizures, status epilepticus, or combination of them 72 hours before presentation predicted ESR. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Epileptic seizures recurred in 50% of patients within a mean time of 7 hours. In general, when cluster seizures, status epilepticus or both occurred 72 hours before presentation and neurological examination was abnormal upon presentation, the dog should be placed in ICU for observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kwiatkowska
- Internal Medicine DepartmentVeterinary Medicine Faculty of Warmia and Mazury UniversityOlsztynPoland
| | - A. Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | - E. Huenerfauth
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHannoverGermany
| | - A. Pomianowski
- Internal Medicine DepartmentVeterinary Medicine Faculty of Warmia and Mazury UniversityOlsztynPoland
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Frank L, Lüpke M, Kostic D, Löscher W, Tipold A. Grey matter volume in healthy and epileptic beagles using voxel-based morphometry - a pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:50. [PMID: 29463250 PMCID: PMC5819682 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most common chronic neurological disorders in dogs is idiopathic epilepsy (IE) diagnosed as epilepsy without structural changes in the brain. In the current study the hypothesis should be proven that subtle grey matter changes occur in epileptic dogs. Therefore, magnetic resonance (MR) images of one dog breed (Beagles) were used to obtain an approximately uniform brain shape. Local differences in grey matter volume (GMV) were compared between 5 healthy Beagles and 10 Beagles with spontaneously recurrent seizures (5 dogs with IE and 5 dogs with structural epilepsy (SE)), using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). T1W images of all dogs were prepared using Amira 6.3.0 for brain extraction, FSL 4.1.8 for registration and SPM12 for realignment. After creation of tissue probability maps of cerebrospinal fluid, grey and white matter from control images to segment all extracted brains, GM templates for each group were constructed to normalize brain images for parametric statistical analysis, which was achieved using SPM12. RESULTS Epileptic Beagles (IE and SE Beagles) displayed statistically significant reduced GMV in olfactory bulb, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and cortex, especially in temporal and occipital lobes. Beagles with IE showed statistically significant decreased GMV in olfactory bulb, cortex of parietal and temporal lobe, hippocampus and cingulate gyrus, Beagles with SE mild statistically significant GMV reduction in temporal lobe (p < 0.05; family- wise error correction). CONCLUSION These results suggest that, as reported in epileptic humans, focal reduction in GMV also occurs in epileptic dogs. Furthermore, the current study shows that VBM analysis represents an excellent method to detect GMV differences of the brain between a healthy dog group and dogs with epileptic syndrome, when MR images of one breed are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Frank
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Matthias Lüpke
- Department of General Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Draginja Kostic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Gagliano L, Bou Assi E, Nguyen DK, Rihana S, Sawan M. Bilateral preictal signature of phase-amplitude coupling in canine epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2018; 139:123-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Canine dorsal root ganglia satellite glial cells represent an exceptional cell population with astrocytic and oligodendrocytic properties. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13915. [PMID: 29066783 PMCID: PMC5654978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs can be used as a translational animal model to close the gap between basic discoveries in rodents and clinical trials in humans. The present study compared the species-specific properties of satellite glial cells (SGCs) of canine and murine dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in situ and in vitro using light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunostainings. The in situ expression of CNPase, GFAP, and glutamine synthetase (GS) has also been investigated in simian SGCs. In situ, most canine SGCs (>80%) expressed the neural progenitor cell markers nestin and Sox2. CNPase and GFAP were found in most canine and simian but not murine SGCs. GS was detected in 94% of simian and 71% of murine SGCs, whereas only 44% of canine SGCs expressed GS. In vitro, most canine (>84%) and murine (>96%) SGCs expressed CNPase, whereas GFAP expression was differentially affected by culture conditions and varied between 10% and 40%. However, GFAP expression was induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 in SGCs of both species. Interestingly, canine SGCs also stimulated neurite formation of DRG neurons. These findings indicate that SGCs represent an exceptional, intermediate glial cell population with phenotypical characteristics of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes and might possess intrinsic regenerative capabilities in vivo.
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Shell L, Scariano R, Rishniw M. Features of stimulus-specific seizures in dogs with reflex epilepsy: 43 cases (2000-2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250:75-78. [PMID: 28001116 DOI: 10.2460/javma.250.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the occurrence and management of reflex epilepsy (ie, seizure activity triggered by exposure to specific locations or situations) in dogs. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 43 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES Discussions by veterinarians participating in the Veterinary Information Network online community for the years 2000 through 2014 were reviewed to identify dogs with a diagnosis of reflex epilepsy and seizure activity in response to stimuli. History, signalment (including age at onset), the specific stimulus or stimuli that provoked seizures, treatments, and any concurrent neurologic diagnoses were recorded. RESULTS A variety of breeds were affected. Median age at onset was 5 years (range, 3 months to 11 years). Reflex seizures were reported as being repeatedly triggered by visits to a veterinary clinic (35/43 dogs), grooming facility (24/43 dogs), or boarding facility (13/43 dogs) and, less commonly, by other situations (eg, pet store or car ride). Over half of the dogs (24/43) had multiple triggers. Eight (19%) dogs had seizures at other times that were not induced by location or a specific situation. A variety of sedatives and maintenance antiepileptic drugs administered to affected dogs failed to prevent the stimulus-specific seizure activity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of the present study suggested that seizures provoked by specific situations or locations occur in dogs with reflex epilepsy and that common triggers were visits to veterinary and grooming facilities. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the characteristics of reflex epilepsy in dogs and to determine the most effective means to manage these patients.
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Muñoz-Almaraz FJ, Zamora-Martínez F, Botella-Rocamora P, Pardo J. Supervised filters for EEG signal in naturally occurring epilepsy forecasting. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28632737 PMCID: PMC5478122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 1% of the global population has Epilepsy. Forecasting epileptic seizures with an acceptable confidence level, could improve the disease treatment and thus the lifestyle of the people who suffer it. To do that the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is usually studied through spectral power band filtering, but this paper proposes an alternative novel method of preprocessing the EEG signal based on supervised filters. Such filters have been employed in a machine learning algorithm, such as the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), to improve the prediction of seizures. The proposed solution extends with this novel approach an algorithm that was submitted to win the third prize of an international Data Science challenge promoted by Kaggle contest platform and the American Epilepsy Society, the Epilepsy Foundation, National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Mayo Clinic. A formal description of these preprocessing methods is presented and a detailed analysis in terms of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve and Area Under ROC curve is performed. The obtained results show statistical significant improvements when compared with the spectral power band filtering (PBF) typical baseline. A trend between performance and the dataset size is observed, suggesting that the supervised filters bring better information, compared to the conventional PBF filters, as the dataset grows in terms of monitored variables (sensors) and time length. The paper demonstrates a better accuracy in forecasting when new filters are employed and its main contribution is in the field of machine learning algorithms to develop more accurate predictive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Muñoz-Almaraz
- ESAI - Embedded Systems and Artificial Intelligence Group Dept. of Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Computing Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Francisco Zamora-Martínez
- ESAI - Embedded Systems and Artificial Intelligence Group Dept. of Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Computing Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Botella-Rocamora
- ESAI - Embedded Systems and Artificial Intelligence Group Dept. of Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Computing Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Pardo
- ESAI - Embedded Systems and Artificial Intelligence Group Dept. of Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Computing Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
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