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Uusi‐Heikkilä S, Salonen JK, Karjalainen JS, Väisänen A, Hippeläinen J, Hämärvuo T, Kuparinen A. Fish with slow life-history cope better with chronic manganese exposure than fish with fast life-history. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e70134. [PMID: 39119176 PMCID: PMC11307103 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals with different life-history types vary in their stress-coping styles, which can affect their fitness and survival in changing environments. We studied how chronic exposure to manganese sulfate (MnSO4), a common aquatic pollutant, affects life-history traits, physiology, and behavior of zebrafish (Danio rerio) with two life-history types: fast (previously selected for fast juvenile growth, early maturation, and small adult body size) and slow life histories (selected for slow juvenile growth, late maturation, and large adult body size). We found that MnSO4 had negative effects on growth and condition factors, but the magnitude of these effects depended on the life-history type. Individuals with fast life histories were more susceptible to MnSO4 than fish with slow life histories as they had lower growth rate, condition factor and feeding probability in high MnSO4 concentrations. Our results demonstrate that MnSO4 can impair fish performance, and life-history variation can modulate the stress-coping ability of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Uusi‐Heikkilä
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Jouni K. Salonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Juha S. Karjalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Ari Väisänen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of JyväskyläJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Johanna Hippeläinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Teemu Hämärvuo
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyvaskylaFinland
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2
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Imlay TL, Breau C, Dauphin GJR, Chaput G, April J, Douglas S, Hogan JD, McWilliam S, Notte D, Robertson MJ, Taylor A, Underhill K, Weir LK. Body length changes for Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) over five decades exhibit weak spatial synchrony over a broad latitudinal gradient. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11538. [PMID: 38859887 PMCID: PMC11163019 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors that drive spatial synchrony among populations or species is important for management and recovery of populations. The range-wide declines in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations may be the result of broad-scale changes in the marine environment. Salmon undergo rapid growth in the ocean; therefore changing marine conditions may affect body size and fecundity estimates used to evaluate whether stock reference points are met. Using a dataset that spanned five decades, 172,268 individuals, and 19 rivers throughout Eastern Canada, we investigated the occurrence of spatial synchrony in changes in the body size of returning wild adult Atlantic salmon. Body size was then related to conditions in the marine environment (i.e., climate indices, thermal habitat availability, food availability, density-dependence, and fisheries exploitation rates) that may act on all populations during the ocean feeding phase of their life cycle. Body size increased during the 1980s and 1990s for salmon that returned to rivers after one (1SW) or two winters at sea (2SW); however, significant changes were only observed for 1SW and/or 2SW in some mid-latitude and northern rivers (10/13 rivers with 10 of more years of data during these decades) and not in southern rivers (0/2), suggesting weak spatial synchrony across Eastern Canada. For 1SW salmon in nine rivers, body size was longer when fisheries exploitation rates were lower. For 2SW salmon, body size was longer when suitable thermal habitat was more abundant (significant for 3/8 rivers) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation was higher (i.e., warmer sea surface temperatures; significant for 4/8 rivers). Overall, the weak spatial synchrony and variable effects of covariates on body size across rivers suggest that changes in Atlantic salmon body size may not be solely driven by shared conditions in the marine environment. Regardless, body size changes may have consequences for population management and recovery through the relationship between size and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L. Imlay
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Cindy Breau
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
| | | | - Gérald Chaput
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Julien April
- Ministère de l'Environnement, de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, de la Faune et des ParcsQuébecQuébecCanada
| | - Scott Douglas
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - J. Derek Hogan
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaFrench VillageNew BrunswickCanada
| | | | - Daniela Notte
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaDartmouthNova ScotiaCanada
| | | | - Andrew Taylor
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaDartmouthNova ScotiaCanada
| | | | - Laura K. Weir
- Department of BiologySaint Mary's UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
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3
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Sadler DE, Watts PC, Uusi-Heikkilä S. Directional selection, not the direction of selection, affects telomere length and copy number at ribosomal RNA loci. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12162. [PMID: 38802448 PMCID: PMC11130246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Many fisheries exert directional selection on traits such as body size and growth rate. Whether directional selection impacts regions of the genome associated with traits related to growth is unknown. To address this issue, we characterised copy number variation in three regions of the genome associated with cell division, (1) telomeric DNA, (2) loci transcribed as ribosomal RNA (rDNA), and (3) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), in three selection lines of zebrafish reared at three temperatures (22 °C, 28 °C, and 34 °C). Selection lines differed in (1) the direction of selection (two lines experienced directional selection for large or small body size) and (2) whether they experienced any directional selection itself. Lines that had experienced directional selection were smaller, had lower growth rate, shorter telomeres, and lower rDNA copy number than the line that experiencing no directional selection. Neither telomere length nor rDNA copy number were affected by temperature. In contrast, mtDNA content increased at elevated temperature but did not differ among selection lines. Though directional selection impacts rDNA and telomere length, direction of such selection did not matter, whereas mtDNA acts as a stress marker for temperature. Future work should examine the consequences of these genomic changes in natural fish stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Sadler
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Phillip C Watts
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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4
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Miettinen A, Romakkaniemi A, Dannewitz J, Pakarinen T, Palm S, Persson L, Östergren J, Primmer CR, Pritchard VL. Temporal allele frequency changes in large-effect loci reveal potential fishing impacts on salmon life-history diversity. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13690. [PMID: 38681510 PMCID: PMC11046039 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fishing has the potential to influence the life-history traits of exploited populations. However, our understanding of how fisheries can induce evolutionary genetic changes remains incomplete. The discovery of large-effect loci linked with ecologically important life-history traits, such as age at maturity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), provides an opportunity to study the impacts of temporally varying fishing pressures on these traits. A 93-year archive of fish scales from wild Atlantic salmon catches from the northern Baltic Sea region allowed us to monitor variation in adaptive genetic diversity linked with age at maturity of wild Atlantic salmon populations. The dataset consisted of samples from both commercial and recreational fisheries that target salmon on their spawning migration. Using a genotyping-by-sequencing approach (GT-seq), we discovered strong within-season allele frequency changes at the vgll3 locus linked with Atlantic salmon age at maturity: fishing in the early season preferentially targeted the vgll3 variant linked with older maturation. We also found within-season temporal variation in catch proportions of different wild Atlantic salmon subpopulations. Therefore, selective pressures of harvesting may vary depending on the seasonal timing of fishing, which has the potential to cause evolutionary changes in key life-history traits and their diversity. This knowledge can be used to guide fisheries management to reduce the effects of fishing practices on salmon life-history diversity. Thus, this study provides a tangible example of using genomic approaches to infer, monitor and help mitigate human impacts on adaptively important genetic variation in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Miettinen
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Johan Dannewitz
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater ResearchSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesDrottningholmSweden
| | | | - Stefan Palm
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater ResearchSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesDrottningholmSweden
| | - Lo Persson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Johan Östergren
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater ResearchSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesDrottningholmSweden
| | - Craig R. Primmer
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Victoria L. Pritchard
- Institute for Biodiversity & Freshwater ConservationUniversity of the Highlands & IslandsInvernessUK
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5
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Cusson P, Pelletier F. Individual behaviour, growth, survival and vulnerability to hunting in a large mammal. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11003. [PMID: 38352198 PMCID: PMC10862178 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans have exploited wild animals for thousands of years. Recent studies indicate that harvest-induced selection on life-history and morphological traits may lead to ecological and evolutionary changes. Less attention has been given to harvest-induced selection on behavioural traits, especially in terrestrial systems. We assessed in a wild population of large terrestrial mammals whether decades of hunting led to harvest-induced selection on trappability, a proxy of risk-taking behaviour. We investigated links between trappability, horn growth and survival across individuals in early life and quantified the correlations between early-life trappability and horn growth with availability to hunters and probability of being shot. We found positive among-individual correlations between early-life trappability and horn growth, early-life trappability and survival and early-life horn growth and survival. Faster growing individuals were more likely to be available to hunters and shot at a young age. We found no correlations between early-life trappability and availability to hunters or probability of being shot. Our results show that correlations between behaviour and growth can occur in wild terrestrial population but may be context dependent. This result highlights the difficulty in formulating general predictions about harvest-induced selection on behaviour, which can be affected by species ecology, harvesting regulations and harvesting methods used. Future studies should investigate mechanisms linking physiological, behavioural and morphological traits and how this effects harvest vulnerability to evaluate the potential for harvest to drive selection on behaviour in wild animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
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6
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Sadler DE, van Dijk S, Karjalainen J, Watts PC, Uusi‐Heikkilä S. Does size-selective harvesting erode adaptive potential to thermal stress? Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11007. [PMID: 38333098 PMCID: PMC10850808 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Overharvesting is a serious threat to many fish populations. High mortality and directional selection on body size can cause evolutionary change in exploited populations via selection for a specific phenotype and a potential reduction in phenotypic diversity. Whether the loss of phenotypic diversity that accompanies directional selection impairs response to environmental stress is not known. To address this question, we exposed three zebrafish selection lines to thermal stress. Two lines had experienced directional selection for (1) large and (2) small body size, and one was (3) subject to random removal of individuals with respect to body size (i.e. line with no directional selection). Selection lines were exposed to three temperatures (elevated, 34°C; ambient, 28°C; low, 22°C) to determine the response to an environmental stressor (thermal stress). We assessed differences among selection lines in their life history (growth and reproduction), physiological traits (metabolic rate and critical thermal max) and behaviour (activity and feeding behaviour) when reared at different temperatures. Lines experiencing directional selection (i.e. size selected) showed reduced growth rate and a shift in average phenotype in response to lower or elevated thermal stress compared with fish from the random-selected line. Our data indicate that populations exposed to directional selection can have a more limited capacity to respond to thermal stress compared with fish that experience a comparable reduction in population size (but without directional selection). Future studies should aim to understand the impacts of environmental stressors on natural fish stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Sadler
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Stephan van Dijk
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Phillip C. Watts
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Silva Uusi‐Heikkilä
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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7
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Olsen EM, Karlsen Ø, Skjæraasen JE. Large females connect Atlantic cod spawning sites. Science 2023; 382:1181-1184. [PMID: 38060630 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's ecosystems are increasingly deprived of large animals. Global simulations suggest that this downsizing of nature has serious consequences for biosphere functioning. However, the historical loss of large animals means that it is now often impossible to secure empirical data revealing their true ecological importance. We tracked 465 mature Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during their winter spawning season and show that large females (up to 114 centimeters in length), which are still found in mid-Norway, were characterized by more complex movement networks compared with smaller females. Large males were sparse but displayed similar movement patterns. Our finding implies that management programs promoting large fish will have positive impacts on population resilience by facilitating the continued use of a diversity of spawning habitats and the connectivity between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Moland Olsen
- Institute of Marine Research; Flødevigen, Arendal 4817, Norway
- Centre for Coastal Research, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder; Kristiansand 4604, Norway
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8
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Boëns A, Ernande B, Petitgas P, Lebigre C. Different mechanisms underpin the decline in growth of anchovies and sardines of the Bay of Biscay. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1393-1411. [PMID: 37622098 PMCID: PMC10445103 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Declines in individuals' growth in exploited fish species are generally attributed to evolutionary consequences of size-selective fishing or to plastic responses due to constraints set by changing environmental conditions dampening individuals' growth. However, other processes such as growth compensation and non-directional selection can occur and their importance on the overall phenotypic response of exploited populations has largely been ignored. Using otolith growth data collected in European anchovy and sardine of the Bay of Biscay (18 cohorts from 2000 to 2018), we parameterized the breeder's equation to determine whether declines in size-at-age in these species were due to an adaptive response (i.e. related to directional or non-directional selection differentials within parental cohorts) or a plastic response (i.e. related to changes in environmental). We found that growth at age-0 in anchovy declined between parents and their offspring when biomass increased and the selective disappearance of large individuals was high in parents. Therefore, an adaptive response probably occurred in years with high fishing effort and the large increase in biomass after the collapse of this stock maintained this adaptive response subsequently. In sardine offspring, higher growth at age-0 was associated with increasing biomass between parents and offspring, suggesting a plastic response to a bottom-up process (i.e. a change in food quantity or quality). Parental cohorts in which selection favoured individuals with high growth compensation produced offspring high catch up growth rates, which may explain the smaller decline in growth in sardine relative to anchovy. Finally, on non-directional selection differentials were not significantly related to the changes in growth at age-0 and growth compensation at age-1 in both species. Although anchovy and sardine have similar ecologies, the mechanisms underlying the declines in their growth are clearly different. The consequences of the exploitation of natural populations could be long lasting if density-dependent processes follow adaptive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Boëns
- IfremerEMH, Centre AtlantiqueNantesFrance
| | - Bruno Ernande
- Université de Montpellier – Campus Triolet – Place E. BataillonMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Christophe Lebigre
- IfremerFisheries Science and Technology Unit, Centre BretagnePlouzanéFrance
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9
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Álvarez-Noriega M, White CR, Kozłowski J, Day T, Marshall DJ. Life history optimisation drives latitudinal gradients and responses to global change in marine fishes. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002114. [PMID: 37228036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Within many species, and particularly fish, fecundity does not scale with mass linearly; instead, it scales disproportionately. Disproportionate intraspecific size-reproduction relationships contradict most theories of biological growth and present challenges for the management of biological systems. Yet the drivers of reproductive scaling remain obscure and systematic predictors of how and why reproduction scaling varies are lacking. Here, we parameterise life history optimisation model to predict global patterns in the life histories of marine fishes. Our model predict latitudinal trends in life histories: Polar fish should reproduce at a later age and show steeper reproductive scaling than tropical fish. We tested and confirmed these predictions using a new, global dataset of marine fish life histories, demonstrating that the risks of mortality shape maturation and reproductive scaling. Our model also predicts that global warming will profoundly reshape fish life histories, favouring earlier reproduction, smaller body sizes, and lower mass-specific reproductive outputs, with worrying consequences for population persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Álvarez-Noriega
- Centre of Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig R White
- Centre of Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan Kozłowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Troy Day
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- Centre of Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Collins SM, Hendrix JG, Webber QMR, Boyle SP, Kingdon KA, Blackmore RJ, d'Entremont KJN, Hogg J, Ibáñez JP, Kennah JL, Lamarre J, Mejías M, Newediuk L, Richards C, Schwedak K, Wijekulathilake C, Turner JW. Bibliometric investigation of the integration of animal personality in conservation contexts. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2023; 37:e14021. [PMID: 36285603 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Consistent individual differences in behavior, commonly termed animal personality, are a widespread phenomenon across taxa that have important consequences for fitness, natural selection, and trophic interactions. Animal personality research may prove useful in several conservation contexts, but which contexts remains to be determined. We conducted a structured literature review of 654 studies identified by combining search terms for animal personality and various conservation subfields. We scored the relevance of personality and conservation issues for each study to identify which studies meaningfully integrated the 2 fields as opposed to surface-level connections or vague allusions. We found a taxonomic bias toward mammals (29% of all studies). Very few amphibian or reptile studies applied personality research to conservation issues (6% each). Climate change (21%), invasive species (15%), and captive breeding and reintroduction (13%) were the most abundant conservation subfields that occurred in our search, though a substantial proportion of these papers weakly integrated conservation and animal personality (climate change 54%, invasive species 51%, captive breeding and reintroduction 40%). Based on our results, we recommend that researchers strive for consistent and broadly applicable terminology when describing consistent behavioral differences to minimize confusion and improve the searchability of research. We identify several gaps in the literature that appear to be promising and fruitful avenues for future research, such as disease transmission as a function of sociability or exploration as a driver of space use in protected areas. Practitioners can begin informing future conservation efforts with knowledge gained from animal personality research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney M Collins
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Departments of Biology and Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Jack G Hendrix
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Departments of Biology and Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Quinn M R Webber
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Departments of Biology and Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Sean P Boyle
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Katrien A Kingdon
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Robert J Blackmore
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Departments of Biology and Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Kyle J N d'Entremont
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Departments of Biology and Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Jennifer Hogg
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Juan P Ibáñez
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Departments of Biology and Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Joanie L Kennah
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Departments of Biology and Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Jessika Lamarre
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Departments of Biology and Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Miguel Mejías
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Levi Newediuk
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Cerren Richards
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Katrina Schwedak
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Departments of Biology and Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Chirathi Wijekulathilake
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Departments of Biology and Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Julie W Turner
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Wildlife Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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11
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Wenne R. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers with Applications in Conservation and Exploitation of Aquatic Natural Populations. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1089. [PMID: 36978629 PMCID: PMC10044284 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of aquatic species have been studied for genetic polymorphism, which extends the knowledge on their natural populations. One type of high-resolution molecular marker suitable for studying the genetic diversity of large numbers of individuals is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). This review is an attempt to show the range of applications of SNPs in studies of natural populations of aquatic animals. In recent years, SNPs have been used in the genetic analysis of wild and enhanced fish and invertebrate populations in natural habitats, exploited migratory species in the oceans, migratory anadromous and freshwater fish and demersal species. SNPs have been used for the identification of species and their hybrids in natural environments, to study the genetic consequences of restocking for conservation purposes and the negative effects on natural populations of fish accidentally escaping from culture. SNPs are very useful for identifying genomic regions correlated with phenotypic variants relevant for wildlife protection, management and aquaculture. Experimental size-selective catches of populations created in tanks have caused evolutionary changes in life cycles of fishes. The research results have been discussed to clarify whether the fish populations in natural conditions can undergo changes due to selective harvesting targeting the fastest-growing fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Wenne
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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12
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Limited effects of size-selective harvesting and harvesting-induced life-history changes on the temporal variability of biomass dynamics in complex food webs. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Wortel MT, Agashe D, Bailey SF, Bank C, Bisschop K, Blankers T, Cairns J, Colizzi ES, Cusseddu D, Desai MM, van Dijk B, Egas M, Ellers J, Groot AT, Heckel DG, Johnson ML, Kraaijeveld K, Krug J, Laan L, Lässig M, Lind PA, Meijer J, Noble LM, Okasha S, Rainey PB, Rozen DE, Shitut S, Tans SJ, Tenaillon O, Teotónio H, de Visser JAGM, Visser ME, Vroomans RMA, Werner GDA, Wertheim B, Pennings PS. Towards evolutionary predictions: Current promises and challenges. Evol Appl 2023; 16:3-21. [PMID: 36699126 PMCID: PMC9850016 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution has traditionally been a historical and descriptive science, and predicting future evolutionary processes has long been considered impossible. However, evolutionary predictions are increasingly being developed and used in medicine, agriculture, biotechnology and conservation biology. Evolutionary predictions may be used for different purposes, such as to prepare for the future, to try and change the course of evolution or to determine how well we understand evolutionary processes. Similarly, the exact aspect of the evolved population that we want to predict may also differ. For example, we could try to predict which genotype will dominate, the fitness of the population or the extinction probability of a population. In addition, there are many uses of evolutionary predictions that may not always be recognized as such. The main goal of this review is to increase awareness of methods and data in different research fields by showing the breadth of situations in which evolutionary predictions are made. We describe how diverse evolutionary predictions share a common structure described by the predictive scope, time scale and precision. Then, by using examples ranging from SARS-CoV2 and influenza to CRISPR-based gene drives and sustainable product formation in biotechnology, we discuss the methods for predicting evolution, the factors that affect predictability and how predictions can be used to prevent evolution in undesirable directions or to promote beneficial evolution (i.e. evolutionary control). We hope that this review will stimulate collaboration between fields by establishing a common language for evolutionary predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike T. Wortel
- Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Deepa Agashe
- National Centre for Biological SciencesBangaloreIndia
| | | | - Claudia Bank
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
- Gulbenkian Science InstituteOeirasPortugal
| | - Karen Bisschop
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Origins CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven KulakKortrijkBelgium
| | - Thomas Blankers
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Origins CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Enrico Sandro Colizzi
- Origins CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
- Mathematical InstituteLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Bram van Dijk
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
| | - Martijn Egas
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Astrid T. Groot
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ken Kraaijeveld
- Leiden Centre for Applied BioscienceUniversity of Applied Sciences LeidenLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Joachim Krug
- Institute for Biological PhysicsUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Liedewij Laan
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of NanoscienceTU DelftDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Michael Lässig
- Institute for Biological PhysicsUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Peter A. Lind
- Department Molecular BiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Jeroen Meijer
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Luke M. Noble
- Institute de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, InsermParisFrance
| | | | - Paul B. Rainey
- Department of Microbial Population BiologyMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Laboratoire Biophysique et Évolution, CBI, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Daniel E. Rozen
- Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Shraddha Shitut
- Origins CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcel E. Visser
- Department of Animal EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Renske M. A. Vroomans
- Origins CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
- Informatics InstituteUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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14
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Chen RS, Soulsbury CD, Lebigre C, Ludwig G, van Oers K, Hoffman JI. Effects of hunting on genetic diversity, inbreeding and dispersal in Finnish black grouse (
Lyrurus tetrix
). Evol Appl 2022; 16:625-637. [PMID: 36969146 PMCID: PMC10033861 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive hunting activities such as commercial fishing and trophy hunting can have profound influences on natural populations. However, less intensive recreational hunting can also have subtle effects on animal behaviour, habitat use and movement, with implications for population persistence. Lekking species such as the black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix) may be especially prone to hunting as leks are temporally and spatially predictable, making them easy targets. Furthermore, inbreeding in black grouse is mainly avoided through female-biased dispersal, so any disruptions to dispersal caused by hunting could lead to changes in gene flow, increasing the risk of inbreeding. We therefore investigated the impact of hunting on genetic diversity, inbreeding and dispersal on a metapopulation of black grouse in Central Finland. We genotyped 1065 adult males and 813 adult females from twelve lekking sites (six hunted, six unhunted) and 200 unrelated chicks from seven sites (two hunted, five unhunted) at up to thirteen microsatellite loci. Our initial confirmatory analysis of sex-specific fine-scale population structure revealed little genetic structure in the metapopulation. Levels of inbreeding did not differ significantly between hunted and unhunted sites in neither adults nor chicks. However, immigration rates into hunted sites were significantly higher among adults compared to immigration into unhunted sites. We conclude that the influx of migrants into hunted sites may compensate for the loss of harvested individuals, thereby increasing gene flow and mitigating inbreeding. Given the absence of any obvious barriers to gene flow in Central Finland, a spatially heterogeneous matrix of hunted and unhunted regions may be crucial to ensure sustainable harvests into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Chen
- Department of Animal Behaviour University of Bielefeld Bielefeld Germany
| | - Carl D. Soulsbury
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories University of Lincoln Lincoln UK
| | - Christophe Lebigre
- UMR DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), IFREMER, INRAE Institut Agro Plouzané France
| | - Gilbert Ludwig
- Institute of Bioeconomy JAMK University of Applied Sciences Tarvaala Finland
| | - Kees van Oers
- Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Joseph I. Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behaviour University of Bielefeld Bielefeld Germany
- British Antarctic Survey Cambridge UK
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15
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Sbragaglia V, Roy T, Thörnqvist PO, López-Olmeda JF, Winberg S, Arlinghaus R. Evolutionary implications of size-selective mortality on the ontogenetic development of shoal cohesion: a neurochemical approach using a zebrafish, Danio rerio, harvest selection experiment. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Size-selective mortality may evolutionarily alter life-history as well as individual behavioral and physiological traits. Moreover, size-selective mortality can affect group behavioral traits, such as shoaling and collective properties (e.g., shoal cohesion), which are relevant for finding food and reducing risk of predation. Here, we present experimental evidence using selection lines of zebrafish (Danio rerio) that were exposed to positive (large-harvested), negative (small-harvested), and random (control) size-selective mortality for five generations, followed by eight generations during which harvesting was halted to remove maternal effects and to study evolutionarily fixed outcomes. We investigated changes in shoal cohesion and turnover in monoamines in zebrafish through ontogeny. To that end, we repeatedly measured inter-individual distance in groups of eight fish and the turnovers of dopamine and serotonin in brains of fish from juvenile to the adult stage at 40-day intervals. We, firstly, found that shoal cohesion was overall consistent through ontogeny at group levels suggesting the presence of collective personality. Secondly, we found a decrease in shoal cohesion through ontogeny in the small-harvested and control lines, while the large-harvested line did not show any ontogenetic change. Thirdly, the selection lines did not differ among each other in shoal cohesion at any ontogenetic stage. Fourthly, dopamine turnover increased through ontogeny in a similar way for all lines while the serotonin turnover decreased in the large-harvested and control lines, but not in the small-harvested line. The large-harvested line also had higher serotonin turnover than controls at specific time periods. In conclusion, intensive size-selective mortality left an evolutionary legacy of asymmetric selection responses in the ontogeny of shoal cohesion and the underlying physiological mechanisms in experimentally harvested zebrafish in the laboratory.
Significant statement
The evolution of animal behavior can be affected by human activities both at behavioral and physiological levels, but causal evidence is scarce and mostly focusing on single life-stages. We studied whether and to what extent size-selective harvesting, a common selection pattern in fisheries, can be an evolutionary driver of the development of shoal cohesion during ontogeny. We used a multi-generation experiment with zebrafish to study cause-and-effects of opposing size-selection patterns. We quantified shoal cohesion, and serotonin and dopamine turnover in the brain. We found that shoal cohesion emerged as a collective personality trait and that behavioral and physiological responses were asymmetrical with respect to the opposing selection patterns.
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16
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Roy T, Arlinghaus R. Size-selective mortality fosters ontogenetic changes in collective risk-taking behaviour in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Oecologia 2022; 200:89-106. [PMID: 36181546 PMCID: PMC9547785 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Size-selective mortality is common in fish populations and can operate either in a positive size-selective fashion by harvesting larger-than-average fish or be negatively size-selective by harvesting smaller-than-average fish. Through various mechanisms (like genetic correlations among behaviour and life-history traits or direct selection on behaviour co-varying with growth rate or size-at-maturation), size-selection can result in evolutionary changes in behavioural traits. Theory suggests that both positive and negative size-selection without additional selection on behaviour favours boldness, while evolution of shyness is possible if the largest fish are harvested. Here we examined the impact of size-selective mortality on collective boldness across ontogeny using three experimental lines of zebrafish (Daniorerio) generated through positive (large-harvested), negative (small-harvested) and random (control line) size-selective mortality for five generations and then relaxed selection for 10 generations to examine evolutionarily fixed outcomes. We measured collective risk-taking during feeding (boldness) under simulated aerial predation threat, and across four contexts in presence/absence of a cichlid. Boldness decreased across ontogeny under aerial predation threat, and the small-harvested line was consistently bolder than controls. The large and small-harvested lines showed higher behavioural plasticity as larvae and developed personality earlier compared to the controls. The large-harvested line showed increased variability and plasticity in boldness throughout ontogeny. In the presence of a live predator, fish did not differ in boldness in three contexts compared to the controls, but the large-harvested line showed reduced behavioural plasticity across contexts than controls. Our results confirmed theory by demonstrating that size-selective harvesting evolutionarily alters collective boldness and its variability and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamal Roy
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Integrative Fisheries Management, Department of Crop and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, Haus 7, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Bartuseviciute V, Diaz Pauli B, Salvanes AGV, Heino M. Size-selective harvesting affects the immunocompetence of guppies exposed to the parasite Gyrodactylus. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220534. [PMID: 35975444 PMCID: PMC9382225 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvesting is typically size-selective, targeting large individuals. This is expected to lead to reduced average body size and earlier maturation (i.e. faster life histories). Such changes can also affect traits seemingly unrelated to harvesting, including immunocompetence. Here we test four hypotheses on how harvesting affects immunocompetence based on the pace-of-life syndrome, habitat area limitation and energy allocation and acquisition, respectively. We empirically evaluate these hypotheses using an experimental system consisting of the ectoparasite Gyrodactylus turnbulli and lines of guppies Poecilia reticulata that had been subjected to either small, random or large size-selective harvest for over 12 years. We followed the infection progression of individually infected fish for 15 days. We found significant differences between the harvested lines: fish from the small-harvested lines had the highest parasite loads. During the early phase of the infection, parasite loads were the lowest in the large-harvested lines, whereas the terminal loads were the lowest for the random-harvested lines. These results agree with the predictions from the energetic trade-off and surface area hypotheses. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the consequences of size-selective harvesting on immunocompetence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Gro Vea Salvanes
- University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mikko Heino
- University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
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18
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Chittaro P, Grandin C, Pacunski R, Zabel R. Five decades of change in somatic growth of Pacific hake from Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13577. [PMID: 35855905 PMCID: PMC9288167 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Declines in fish body size have been reported in many populations and these changes likely have important ramifications for the sustainability of harvested species and ecosystem function. Pacific hake, Merluccius productus, have shown declines in size over the last several decades for populations located in Puget Sound (PS), Washington, USA, and Strait of Georgia (SoG), British Columbia, Canada. To examine this decrease in size, we used archived otoliths from both populations to assess when the decrease in somatic growth occurred and explored what factors and processes might explain the decline, including otolith microchemistry to infer the environment experienced by fish at different ages. Results indicated that substantial changes in juvenile somatic growth have occurred across decades. The divergence in body size occurred in the second summer, whereby SoG fish grew, on average, 18% more than PS fish. Within the PS population, somatic growth differed significantly among fish that hatched in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2010s, such that the more recently hatched fish grew 26% more in their first summer and 71% less in their second summer relative to those that hatched in the 1980s. In comparison, growth of SoG fish did not differ between those that hatched in 1970s and 1990s. For both populations growth in the first and third summer was positively and negatively related, respectively, to the abundance of harbor seals, while growth in the first and second summer was negatively related to salinity. Overall, this study highlights the complicated nature of Pacific hake population recovery under dynamic, and typically uncontrollable, variation in biotic and abiotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chittaro
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chris Grandin
- Marine Ecosystem and Aquaculture Division, Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Pacunski
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, United States of America
| | - Rich Zabel
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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19
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Sandoval-Castillo J, Beheregaray LB, Wellenreuther M. Genomic prediction of growth in a commercially, recreationally, and culturally important marine resource, the Australian snapper (Chrysophrys auratus). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac015. [PMID: 35100370 PMCID: PMC8896003 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Growth is one of the most important traits of an organism. For exploited species, this trait has ecological and evolutionary consequences as well as economical and conservation significance. Rapid changes in growth rate associated with anthropogenic stressors have been reported for several marine fishes, but little is known about the genetic basis of growth traits in teleosts. We used reduced genome representation data and genome-wide association approaches to identify growth-related genetic variation in the commercially, recreationally, and culturally important Australian snapper (Chrysophrys auratus, Sparidae). Based on 17,490 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 363 individuals representing extreme growth phenotypes from 15,000 fish of the same age and reared under identical conditions in a sea pen, we identified 100 unique candidates that were annotated to 51 proteins. We documented a complex polygenic nature of growth in the species that included several loci with small effects and a few loci with larger effects. Overall heritability was high (75.7%), reflected in the high accuracy of the genomic prediction for the phenotype (small vs large). Although the single-nucleotide polymorphisms were distributed across the genome, most candidates (60%) clustered on chromosome 16, which also explains the largest proportion of heritability (16.4%). This study demonstrates that reduced genome representation single-nucleotide polymorphisms and the right bioinformatic tools provide a cost-efficient approach to identify growth-related loci and to describe genomic architectures of complex quantitative traits. Our results help to inform captive aquaculture breeding programs and are of relevance to monitor growth-related evolutionary shifts in wild populations in response to anthropogenic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sandoval-Castillo
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Luciano B Beheregaray
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Maren Wellenreuther
- School of Biological Sciences, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
- Seafood Production Group, The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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20
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Thambithurai D, Rácz A, Lindström J, Parsons KJ, Killen SS. Simulated trapping and trawling exert similar selection on fish morphology. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8596. [PMID: 35169454 PMCID: PMC8840878 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial fishery harvest can influence the evolution of wild fish populations. Our knowledge of selection on morphology is however limited, with most previous studies focusing on body size, age, and maturation. Within species, variation in morphology can influence locomotor ability, possibly making some individuals more vulnerable to capture by fishing gears. Additionally, selection on morphology has the potential to influence other foraging, behavioral, and life-history related traits. Here we carried out simulated fishing using two types of gears: a trawl (an active gear) and a trap (a passive gear), to assess morphological trait-based selection in relation to capture vulnerability. Using geometric morphometrics, we assessed differences in shape between high and low vulnerability fish, showing that high vulnerability individuals display shallower body shapes regardless of gear type. For trawling, low vulnerability fish displayed morphological characteristics that may be associated with higher burst-swimming, including a larger caudal region and narrower head, similar to evolutionary responses seen in fish populations responding to natural predation. Taken together, these results suggest that divergent selection can lead to phenotypic differences in harvested fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Thambithurai
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Anita Rácz
- Department of GeneticsELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Jan Lindström
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Kevin J. Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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21
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Deluen M, Blanchet S, Aubret F, Trochet A, Gangloff EJ, Guillaume O, Le Chevalier H, Calvez O, Carle C, Genty L, Arrondeau G, Cazale L, Kouyoumdjian L, Ribéron A, Bertrand R. Impacts of temperature on O 2 consumption of the Pyrenean brook newt (Calotriton asper) from populations along an elevational gradient. J Therm Biol 2022; 103:103166. [PMID: 35027206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Global warming impacts biodiversity worldwide, leading to species' adaptation, migration, or extinction. The population's persistence depends on the maintenance of essential activities, which is notably driven by phenotypic adaptation to local environments. Metabolic rate - that increases with temperature in ectotherms - is a key physiological proxy for the energy available to fuel individuals' activities. Cold-adapted ectotherms can exhibit a higher resting metabolism than warm-adapted ones to maintain functionality at higher elevations or latitudes, known as the metabolic cold-adaptation hypothesis. How climate change will affect metabolism in species inhabiting contrasting climates (cold or warm) is still a debate. Therefore, it is of high interest to assess the pace of metabolic responses to global warming among populations adapted to highly different baseline climatic conditions. Here, we conducted a physiological experiment in the endemic Pyrenean brook newt (Calotriton asper). We measured a proxy of standard metabolic rate (SMR) along a temperature gradient in individuals sampled among 6 populations located from 550 to 2189 m a.s.l. We demonstrated that SMR increased with temperature, but significantly diverged depending on populations' origins. The baseline and the slope of the relationship between SMR and temperature were both higher for high-elevation populations than for low-elevation populations. We discussed the stronger metabolic response observed in high-elevation populations suggesting a drop of performance in essential life activities for these individuals under current climate change. With the increase of metabolism as the climate warms, the metabolic-cold adaptation strategy selected in the past could compromise the sustainability of cold-adapted populations if short-term evolutionary responses do not allow to offset this evolutionary legacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Deluen
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UPR2001, 09200 Moulis, France.
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UPR2001, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Fabien Aubret
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UPR2001, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Audrey Trochet
- Société Herpétologique de France, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP41, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris
| | - Eric J Gangloff
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio
| | - Olivier Guillaume
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UPR2001, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Hugo Le Chevalier
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UPR2001, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Olivier Calvez
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UPR2001, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Clémentine Carle
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UPR2001, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Léa Genty
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UPR2001, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Gaëtan Arrondeau
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UPR2001, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Lucas Cazale
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UPR2001, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Laura Kouyoumdjian
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, UPR2001, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Alexandre Ribéron
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Bertrand
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France
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22
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Sbragaglia V, Klamser PP, Romanczuk P, Arlinghaus R. Evolutionary impact of size-selective harvesting on shoaling behavior: Individual-level mechanisms and possible consequences for natural and fishing mortality. Am Nat 2021; 199:480-495. [DOI: 10.1086/718591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Crespel A, Miller T, Rácz A, Parsons K, Lindström J, Killen S. Density influences the heritability and genetic correlations of fish behaviour under trawling-associated selection. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2527-2540. [PMID: 34745341 PMCID: PMC8549612 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishing-associated selection is one of the most important human-induced evolutionary pressures for natural populations. However, it is unclear whether fishing leads to heritable phenotypic changes in the targeted populations, as the heritability and genetic correlations of traits potentially under selection have received little attention. In addition, phenotypic changes could arise from fishing-associated environmental effects, such as reductions in population density. Using fish reared at baseline and reduced group density and repeatedly harvested by simulated trawling, we show that trawling can induce direct selection on fish social behaviour. As sociability has significant heritability and is also genetically correlated with activity and exploration, trawling has the potential to induce both direct selection and indirect selection on a variety of fish behaviours, potentially leading to evolution over time. However, while trawling selection was consistent between density conditions, the heritability and genetic correlations of behaviours changed according to the population density. Fishing-associated environmental effects can thus modify the evolutionary potential of fish behaviour, revealing the need to use a more integrative approach to address the evolutionary consequences of fishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Crespel
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Toby Miller
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Anita Rácz
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
- Department of Genetics Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Kevin Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Jan Lindström
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Shaun Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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Evangelista C, Dupeu J, Sandkjenn J, Pauli BD, Herland A, Meriguet J, Vøllestad LA, Edeline E. Ecological ramifications of adaptation to size-selective mortality. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210842. [PMID: 34754498 PMCID: PMC8493199 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Size-selective mortality due to harvesting is a threat to numerous exploited species, but how it affects the ecosystem remains largely unexplored. Here, we used a pond mesocosm experiment to assess how evolutionary responses to opposite size-selective mortality interacted with the environment (fish density and light intensity used as a proxy of resource availability) to modulate fish populations, prey community composition and ecosystem functions. We used medaka (Oryzias latipes) previously selected over 10 generations for small size (harvest-like selection; small-breeder line) or large size (large-breeder line), which displayed slow somatic growth and early maturity or fast somatic growth and late maturity, respectively. Large-breeder medaka produced more juveniles, which seemed to grow faster than small-breeder ones but only under high fish density. Additionally, large-breeder medaka had an increased impact on some benthic prey, suggesting expanded diet breadth and/or enhanced foraging abilities. As a consequence, increased light stimulated benthic algae biomass only in presence of large-breeder medaka, which were presumably better at controlling benthic grazers. Aggregated effect sizes at the community and ecosystem levels revealed that the ecological effects of medaka evolution were of similar magnitude to those induced by the environment and fish introduction. These findings indicate the important environmental dependency of evolutionary response to opposite size-selective mortality on higher levels of biological organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Evangelista
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Dupeu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université Paris Est Créteil, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Joakim Sandkjenn
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beatriz Diaz Pauli
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biological Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Herland
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacques Meriguet
- CEREEP Ecotron Île-de-France, UMS CNRS/ENS, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Edeline
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université Paris Est Créteil, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Paris, France
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRAE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Rennes, France
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25
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Ahti PA, Uusi‐Heikkilä S, Marjomäki TJ, Kuparinen A. Age is not just a number-Mathematical model suggests senescence affects how fish populations respond to different fishing regimes. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13363-13378. [PMID: 34646475 PMCID: PMC8495815 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is often described as an age-dependent increase in natural mortality (known as actuarial senescence) and an age-dependent decrease in fecundity (known as reproductive senescence), and its role in nature is still poorly understood. Based on empirical estimates of reproductive and actuarial senescence, we used mathematical simulations to explore how senescence affects the population dynamics of Coregonus albula, a small, schooling salmonid fish. Using an empirically based eco-evolutionary model, we investigated how the presence or absence of senescence affects the eco-evolutionary dynamics of a fish population during pristine, intensive harvest, and recovery phases. Our simulation results showed that the presence or absence of senescence affected how the population responded to the selection regime. At an individual level, gillnetting caused a larger decline in asymptotic length when senescence was present, compared to the nonsenescent population, and the opposite occurred when fishing was done by trawling. This change was accompanied by evolution toward younger age at maturity. At the population level, the change in biomass and number of fish in response to different fishery size-selection patterns depended on the presence or absence of senescence. Since most life-history and fisheries models ignore senescence, they may be over-estimating reproductive capacity and under-estimating natural mortality. Our results highlight the need to understand the combined effects of life-history characters such as senescence and fisheries selection regime to ensure the successful management of our natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina A. Ahti
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical, Veterinary, and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Silva Uusi‐Heikkilä
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Timo J. Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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26
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Hočevar S, Kuparinen A. Marine food web perspective to fisheries-induced evolution. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2378-2391. [PMID: 34745332 PMCID: PMC8549614 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fisheries exploitation can cause genetic changes in heritable traits of targeted stocks. The direction of selective pressure forced by harvest acts typically in reverse to natural selection and selects for explicit life histories, usually for younger and smaller spawners with deprived spawning potential. While the consequences that such selection might have on the population dynamics of a single species are well emphasized, we are just beginning to perceive the variety and severity of its propagating effects within the entire marine food webs and ecosystems. Here, we highlight the potential pathways in which fisheries-induced evolution, driven by size-selective fishing, might resonate through globally connected systems. We look at: (i) how a size truncation may induce shifts in ecological niches of harvested species, (ii) how a changed maturation schedule might affect the spawning potential and biomass flow, (iii) how changes in life histories can initiate trophic cascades, (iv) how the role of apex predators may be shifting and (v) whether fisheries-induced evolution could codrive species to depletion and biodiversity loss. Globally increasing effective fishing effort and the uncertain reversibility of eco-evolutionary change induced by fisheries necessitate further research, discussion and precautionary action considering the impacts of fisheries-induced evolution within marine food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hočevar
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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27
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Thorbjørnsen SH, Moland E, Villegas‐Ríos D, Bleeker K, Knutsen H, Olsen EM. Selection on fish personality differs between a no-take marine reserve and fished areas. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1807-1815. [PMID: 34295365 PMCID: PMC8288012 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine reserves can protect fish populations by increasing abundance and body size, but less is known about the effect of protection on fish behaviour. We looked for individual consistency in movement behaviours of sea trout in the marine habitat using acoustic telemetry to investigate whether they represent personality traits and if so, do they affect survival in relation to protection offered by a marine reserve. Home range size had a repeatability of 0.21, suggesting that it represents a personality trait, while mean swimming depth, activity and diurnal vertical migration were not repeatable movement behaviours. The effect of home range size on survival differed depending on the proportion of time fish spent in the reserve, where individuals spending more time in the reserve experienced a decrease in survival with larger home ranges while individuals spending little time in the reserve experienced an increase in survival with larger home ranges. We suggest that the diversity of fish home range sizes could be preserved by establishing networks of marine reserves encompassing different habitat types, ensuring both a heterogeneity in environmental conditions and fishing pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Huneide Thorbjørnsen
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - Even Moland
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - David Villegas‐Ríos
- IMEDEAInstituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC‐UIB)Department of Ecology and Marine ResourcesIchthyology GroupEsporlesBalearic IslandsSpain
- IIMInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC)Department of Ecology and Marine ResourcesFisheries Ecology GroupVigoPontevedraSpain
| | - Katinka Bleeker
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - Halvor Knutsen
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - Esben Moland Olsen
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
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28
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Carroll EL, Ott PH, McMillan LF, Galletti Vernazzani B, Neveceralova P, Vermeulen E, Gaggiotti OE, Andriolo A, Baker CS, Bamford C, Best P, Cabrera E, Calderan S, Chirife A, Fewster RM, Flores PAC, Frasier T, Freitas TRO, Groch K, Hulva P, Kennedy A, Leaper R, Leslie MS, Moore M, Oliveira L, Seger J, Stepien EN, Valenzuela LO, Zerbini A, Jackson JA. Genetic Diversity and Connectivity of Southern Right Whales (Eubalaena australis) Found in the Brazil and Chile-Peru Wintering Grounds and the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur) Feeding Ground. J Hered 2021; 111:263-276. [PMID: 32347944 PMCID: PMC7238439 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As species recover from exploitation, continued assessments of connectivity and population structure are warranted to provide information for conservation and management. This is particularly true in species with high dispersal capacity, such as migratory whales, where patterns of connectivity could change rapidly. Here we build on a previous long-term, large-scale collaboration on southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) to combine new (nnew) and published (npub) mitochondrial (mtDNA) and microsatellite genetic data from all major wintering grounds and, uniquely, the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur: SG) feeding grounds. Specifically, we include data from Argentina (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 208/46), Brazil (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 50/50), South Africa (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 66/77, npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 350/47), Chile-Peru (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 1/1), the Indo-Pacific (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 769/126), and SG (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 8/0, nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 3/11) to investigate the position of previously unstudied habitats in the migratory network: Brazil, SG, and Chile-Peru. These new genetic data show connectivity between Brazil and Argentina, exemplified by weak genetic differentiation and the movement of 1 genetically identified individual between the South American grounds. The single sample from Chile-Peru had an mtDNA haplotype previously only observed in the Indo-Pacific and had a nuclear genotype that appeared admixed between the Indo-Pacific and South Atlantic, based on genetic clustering and assignment algorithms. The SG samples were clearly South Atlantic and were more similar to the South American than the South African wintering grounds. This study highlights how international collaborations are critical to provide context for emerging or recovering regions, like the SG feeding ground, as well as those that remain critically endangered, such as Chile-Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Carroll
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Paulo H Ott
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grande do Sul, Torres, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Osório, RS, Brazil
| | - Louise F McMillan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Petra Neveceralova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Ivanhoe Sea Safaris, Gansbaai, South Africa.,Dyer Island Conservation Trust, Great White House, Kleinbaai, Gansbaai, South Africa
| | - Els Vermeulen
- Mammal Research Institute Whale Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | | | - Artur Andriolo
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.,Instituto Aqualie, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - C Scott Baker
- Marine Mammal Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Newport, OR
| | - Connor Bamford
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK.,University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Elsa Cabrera
- Centro de Conservación Cetacea-Casilla 19178 Correo 19, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Andrea Chirife
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICB), Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile
| | - Rachel M Fewster
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paulo A C Flores
- Área de Proteção Ambiental (Environmental Protection Area) Anhatomirim, ICMBio, MMA, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Timothy Frasier
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Thales R O Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karina Groch
- Instituto Australis, Imbituba, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Pavel Hulva
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Amy Kennedy
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Michael Moore
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
| | - Larissa Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Osório, RS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Jon Seger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Emilie N Stepien
- Section of Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Luciano O Valenzuela
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva Humana, UNCPBA, Quequén, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.,Instituto de Conservación de Ballenas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexandre Zerbini
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA.,Marine Ecology and Telemetry Research, Seabeck, WA.,Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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29
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Multigenerational exposure to warming and fishing causes recruitment collapse, but size diversity and periodic cooling can aid recovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100300118. [PMID: 33903250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100300118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming and fisheries harvest are significantly impacting wild fish stocks, yet their interactive influence on population resilience to stress remains unclear. We explored these interactive effects on early-life development and survival by experimentally manipulating the thermal and harvest regimes in 18 zebrafish (Danio rerio) populations over six consecutive generations. Warming advanced development rates across generations, but after three generations, it caused a sudden and large (30-50%) decline in recruitment. This warming impact was most severe in populations where size-selective harvesting reduced the average size of spawners. We then explored whether our observed recruitment decline could be explained by changes in egg size, early egg and larval survival, population sex ratio, and developmental costs. We found that it was most likely driven by temperature-induced shifts in embryonic development rate and fishing-induced male-biased sex ratios. Importantly, once harvest and warming were relaxed, recruitment rates rapidly recovered. Our study suggests that the effects of warming and fishing could have strong impacts on wild stock recruitment, but this may take several generations to manifest. However, resilience of wild populations may be higher if fishing preserves sufficient body size diversity, and windows of suitable temperature periodically occur.
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30
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Frank SC, Pelletier F, Kopatz A, Bourret A, Garant D, Swenson JE, Eiken HG, Hagen SB, Zedrosser A. Harvest is associated with the disruption of social and fine-scale genetic structure among matrilines of a solitary large carnivore. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1023-1035. [PMID: 33897818 PMCID: PMC8061280 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvest can disrupt wildlife populations by removing adults with naturally high survival. This can reshape sociospatial structure, genetic composition, fitness, and potentially affect evolution. Genetic tools can detect changes in local, fine-scale genetic structure (FGS) and assess the interplay between harvest-caused social and FGS in populations. We used data on 1614 brown bears, Ursus arctos, genotyped with 16 microsatellites, to investigate whether harvest intensity (mean low: 0.13 from 1990 to 2005, mean high: 0.28 from 2006 to 2011) caused changes in FGS among matrilines (8 matrilines; 109 females ≥4 years of age), sex-specific survival and putative dispersal distances, female spatial genetic autocorrelation, matriline persistence, and male mating patterns. Increased harvest decreased FGS of matrilines. Female dispersal distances decreased, and male reproductive success was redistributed more evenly. Adult males had lower survival during high harvest, suggesting that higher male turnover caused this redistribution and helped explain decreased structure among matrilines, despite shorter female dispersal distances. Adult female survival and survival probability of both mother and daughter were lower during high harvest, indicating that matriline persistence was also lower. Our findings indicate a crucial role of regulated harvest in shaping populations, decreasing differences among "groups," even for solitary-living species, and potentially altering the evolutionary trajectory of wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane C. Frank
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental HealthUniversity of South‐Eastern NorwayTelemarkNorway
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | | | - Audrey Bourret
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | | | | | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental HealthUniversity of South‐Eastern NorwayTelemarkNorway
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game ManagementUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesViennaAustria
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31
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Morrongiello JR, Horn PL, Ó Maolagáin C, Sutton PJH. Synergistic effects of harvest and climate drive synchronous somatic growth within key New Zealand fisheries. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1470-1484. [PMID: 33502819 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fisheries harvest has pervasive impacts on wild fish populations, including the truncation of size and age structures, altered population dynamics and density, and modified habitat and assemblage composition. Understanding the degree to which harvest-induced impacts increase the sensitivity of individuals, populations and ultimately species to environmental change is essential to ensuring sustainable fisheries management in a rapidly changing world. Here we generated multiple long-term (44-62 years), annually resolved, somatic growth chronologies of four commercially important fishes from New Zealand's coastal and shelf waters. We used these novel data to investigate how regional- and basin-scale environmental variability, in concert with fishing activity, affected individual somatic growth rates and the magnitude of spatial synchrony among stocks. Changes in somatic growth can affect individual fitness and a range of population and fishery metrics such as recruitment success, maturation schedules and stock biomass. Across all species, individual growth benefited from a fishing-induced release of density controls. For nearshore snapper and tarakihi, regional-scale wind and temperature also additively affected growth, indicating that future climate change-induced warming and potentially strengthened winds will initially promote the productivity of more poleward populations. Fishing increased the sensitivity of deep-water hoki and ling growth to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). A forecast shift to a positive IPO phase, in concert with current harvest strategies, will likely promote individual hoki and ling growth. At the species level, historical fishing practices and IPO synergized to strengthen spatial synchrony in average growth between stocks separated by 400-600 nm of ocean. Increased spatial synchrony can, however, increase the vulnerability of stocks to deleterious stochastic events. Together, our individual- and species-level results show how fishing and environmental factors can conflate to initially promote individual growth but then possibly heighten the sensitivity of stocks to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter L Horn
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Philip J H Sutton
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA, Christchurch, New Zealand
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32
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The battle between harvest and natural selection creates small and shy fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2009451118. [PMID: 33619086 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009451118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvest of fish and wildlife, both commercial and recreational, is a selective force that can induce evolutionary changes to life history and behavior. Naturally selective forces may create countering selection pressures. Assessing natural fitness represents a considerable challenge in broadcast spawners. Thus, our understanding about the relative strength of natural and fisheries selection is slim. In the field, we compared the strength and shape of harvest selection to natural selection on body size over four years and behavior over one year in a natural population of a freshwater top predator, the northern pike (Esox lucius). Natural selection was approximated by relative reproductive success via parent-offspring genetic assignments over four years. Harvest selection was measured by comparing individuals susceptible to recreational angling with individuals never captured by this gear type. Individual behavior was measured by high-resolution acoustic telemetry. Harvest and natural size selection operated with equal strength but opposing directions, and harvest size selection was consistently negative in all study years. Harvest selection also had a substantial behavioral component independent of body length, while natural behavioral selection was not documented, suggesting the potential for directional harvest selection favoring inactive, timid fish. Simulations of the outcomes of different fishing regulations showed that traditional minimum size-based harvest limits are unlikely to counteract harvest selection without being completely restrictive. Our study suggests harvest selection may be inevitable and recreational fisheries may thus favor small, inactive, shy, and difficult-to-capture fish. Increasing fractions of shy fish in angling-exploited stocks would have consequences for stock assessment and all fisheries operating with hook and line.
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33
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Prokkola JM, Alioravainen N, Mehtätalo L, Hyvärinen P, Lemopoulos A, Metso S, Vainikka A. Does parental angling selection affect the behavior or metabolism of brown trout parr? Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2630-2644. [PMID: 33767825 PMCID: PMC7981205 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of organisms can be subject to human-induced selection such as that arising from fishing. Angling is expected to induce mortality on fish with bold and explorative behavior, which are behaviors commonly linked to a high standard metabolic rate. We studied the transgenerational response of brown trout (Salmo trutta) to angling-induced selection by examining the behavior and metabolism of 1-year-old parr between parents that were or were not captured by experimental fly fishing. We performed the angling selection experiment on both a wild and a captive population, and compared the offspring for standard metabolic rate and behavior under predation risk in common garden conditions. Angling had population-specific effects on risk taking and exploration tendency, but no effects on standard metabolic rate. Our study adds to the evidence that angling can induce transgenerational responses on fish personality. However, understanding the mechanisms of divergent responses between the populations requires further study on the selectivity of angling in various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni M. Prokkola
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
- Present address:
Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nico Alioravainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Lauri Mehtätalo
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Pekka Hyvärinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)Kainuu Fisheries Research StationPaltamoFinland
| | - Alexandre Lemopoulos
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Sara Metso
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Anssi Vainikka
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
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34
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Size Selective Harvesting Does Not Result in Reproductive Isolation among Experimental Lines of Zebrafish, Danio rerio: Implications for Managing Harvest-Induced Evolution. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020113. [PMID: 33557025 PMCID: PMC7913724 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mortality in fish populations is commonly size-selective. In fisheries, larger fish are preferentially caught while natural predators preferentially consume smaller fish. Removal of certain sized fish from populations and elevated fishing mortality constitute a selection pressure which may change life-history, behaviour and reduce adult body-size. Because behaviour and body-size are related and influence mating preferences and reproductive output, size-selective mortality may favour subpopulations that less readily mate with each other. Our aim is to test this possibility using three experimental lines of zebrafish (Danio rerio) generated in laboratory by removing large-sized, small-sized and random-sized fish for five generations. We tested mating preferences among males and females and tested if they spawned together. We found males and females of all subpopulations to reproduce among themselves. Females generally preferred large-sized males. Females of all lines spawned with males, and males of all lines fertilised eggs of females independent of the subpopulation origin. Our study shows that size-selective mortality typical of fisheries or in populations facing heavy predation does not result in evolution of reproductive barriers. Thus, when populations adapted to fishing pressure come in contact with populations unexposed to such pressures, interbreeding may happen thereby helping exploited populations recover from harvest-induced evolution. Abstract Size-selective mortality is common in fish stocks. Positive size-selection happens in fisheries where larger size classes are preferentially targeted while gape-limited natural predation may cause negative size-selection for smaller size classes. As body size and correlated behavioural traits are sexually selected, harvest-induced trait changes may promote prezygotic reproductive barriers among selection lines experiencing differential size-selective mortality. To investigate this, we used three experimental lines of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to positive (large-harvested), negative (small-harvested) and random (control line) size-selective mortality for five generations. We tested prezygotic preferences through choice tests and spawning trials. In the preference tests without controlling for body size, we found that females of all lines preferred males of the generally larger small-harvested line. When the body size of stimulus fish was statistically controlled, this preference disappeared and a weak evidence of line-assortative preference emerged, but only among large-harvested line fish. In subsequent spawning trials, we did not find evidence for line-assortative reproductive allocation in any of the lines. Our study suggests that size-selection due to fisheries or natural predation does not result in reproductive isolation. Gene flow between wild-populations and populations adapted to size-selected mortality may happen during secondary contact which can speed up trait recovery.
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Ayllón D, Nicola GG, Elvira B, Almodóvar A. Climate change will render size‐selective harvest of cold‐water fish species unsustainable in Mediterranean freshwaters. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ayllón
- Faculty of Biology Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Madrid Spain
| | - Graciela G. Nicola
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Castilla‐La Mancha (UCLM) Toledo Spain
| | - Benigno Elvira
- Faculty of Biology Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Madrid Spain
| | - Ana Almodóvar
- Faculty of Biology Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Madrid Spain
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Forestier R, Blanchard JL, Nash KL, Fulton EA, Johnson C, Audzijonyte A. Interacting forces of predation and fishing affect species' maturation size. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:14033-14051. [PMID: 33391700 PMCID: PMC7771143 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishing is a strong selective force and is supposed to select for earlier maturation at smaller body size. However, the extent to which fishing-induced evolution is shaping ecosystems remains debated. This is in part because it is challenging to disentangle fishing from other selective forces (e.g., size-structured predation and cannibalism) in complex ecosystems undergoing rapid change.Changes in maturation size from fishing and predation have previously been explored with multi-species physiologically structured models but assumed separation of ecological and evolutionary timescales. To assess the eco-evolutionary impact of fishing and predation at the same timescale, we developed a stochastic physiologically size-structured food-web model, where new phenotypes are introduced randomly through time enabling dynamic simulation of species' relative maturation sizes under different types of selection pressures.Using the model, we carried out a fully factorial in silico experiment to assess how maturation size would change in the absence and presence of both fishing and predation (including cannibalism). We carried out ten replicate stochastic simulations exposed to all combinations of fishing and predation in a model community of nine interacting fish species ranging in their maximum sizes from 10 g to 100 kg. We visualized and statistically analyzed the results using linear models.The effects of fishing on maturation size depended on whether or not predation was enabled and differed substantially across species. Fishing consistently reduced the maturation sizes of two largest species whether or not predation was enabled and this decrease was seen even at low fishing intensities (F = 0.2 per year). In contrast, the maturation sizes of the three smallest species evolved to become smaller through time but this happened regardless of the levels of predation or fishing. For the four medium-size species, the effect of fishing was highly variable with more species showing significant and larger fishing effects in the presence of predation.Ultimately our results suggest that the interactive effects of predation and fishing can have marked effects on species' maturation sizes, but that, at least for the largest species, predation does not counterbalance the evolutionary effect of fishing. Our model also produced relative maturation sizes that are broadly consistent with empirical estimates for many fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Forestier
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - Julia L. Blanchard
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
- Centre for Marine SocioecologyHobartTASAustralia
| | - Kirsty L. Nash
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
- Centre for Marine SocioecologyHobartTASAustralia
| | - Elizabeth A. Fulton
- Centre for Marine SocioecologyHobartTASAustralia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationHobartTASAustralia
| | - Craig Johnson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - Asta Audzijonyte
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
- Centre for Marine SocioecologyHobartTASAustralia
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Sbragaglia V, López-Olmeda JF, Frigato E, Bertolucci C, Arlinghaus R. Size-selective mortality induces evolutionary changes in group risk-taking behaviour and the circadian system in a fish. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:387-403. [PMID: 33064849 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Intensive and trait-selective mortality of fish and wildlife can cause evolutionary changes in a range of life-history and behavioural traits. These changes might in turn alter the circadian system due to co-evolutionary mechanisms or correlated selection responses both at behavioural and molecular levels, with knock-on effects on daily physiological processes and behavioural outputs. We examined the evolutionary impact of size-selective mortality on group risk-taking behaviour and the circadian system in a model fish species. We exposed zebrafish Danio rerio to either large or small size-selective harvesting relative to a control over five generations, followed by eight generations during which harvesting was halted to remove maternal effects. Size-selective mortality affected fine-scale timing of behaviours. In particular, small size-selective mortality, typical of specialized fisheries and gape-limited predators targeting smaller size classes, increased group risk-taking behaviuor during feeding and after simulated predator attacks. Moreover, small size-selective mortality increased early peaks of daily activity as well as extended self-feeding daily activity to the photophase compared to controls. By contrast large size-selective mortality, typical of most wild capture fisheries, only showed an almost significant effect of decreasing group risk-taking behaviour during the habituation phase and no clear changes in fine-scale timing of daily behavioural rhythms compared to controls. We also found changes in the molecular circadian core clockwork in response to both size-selective mortality treatments. These changes disappeared in the clock output pathway because both size-selected lines showed similar transcription profiles. This switch downstream to the molecular circadian core clockwork also resulted in similar overall behavioural rhythms (diurnal swimming and self-feeding in the last hours of darkness) independent of the underlying molecular clock. To conclude, our experimental harvest left an asymmetrical evolutionary legacy in group risk-taking behaviour and in fine-scale daily behavioural rhythms. Yet, the overall timing of activity showed evolutionary resistance probably maintained by a molecular switch. Our experimental findings suggest that size-selective mortality can have consequences for behaviour and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Sbragaglia
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Marine Renewable Resources, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Fernando López-Olmeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Frigato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Integrative Fisheries Management, Faculty of Life Sciences & Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Le Rouzic A, Renneville C, Millot A, Agostini S, Carmignac D, Édeline É. Unidirectional response to bidirectional selection on body size II. Quantitative genetics. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11453-11466. [PMID: 33144977 PMCID: PMC7593195 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticipating the genetic and phenotypic changes induced by natural or artificial selection requires reliable estimates of trait evolvabilities (genetic variances and covariances). However, whether or not multivariate quantitative genetics models are able to predict precisely the evolution of traits of interest, especially fitness-related, life history traits, remains an open empirical question. Here, we assessed to what extent the response to bivariate artificial selection on both body size and maturity in the medaka Oryzias latipes, a model fish species, fits the theoretical predictions. Three lines (Large, Small, and Control lines) were differentially selected for body length at 75 days of age, conditional on maturity. As maturity and body size were phenotypically correlated, this selection procedure generated a bi-dimensional selection pattern on two life history traits. After removal of nonheritable trends and noise with a random effect ("animal") model, the observed selection response did not match the expected bidirectional response. For body size, Large and Control lines responded along selection gradients (larger body size and stasis, respectively), but, surprisingly, the Small did not evolve a smaller body length and remained identical to the Control line throughout the experiment. The magnitude of the empirical response was smaller than the theoretical prediction in both selected directions. For maturity, the response was opposite to the expectation (the Large line evolved late maturity compared to the Control line, while the Small line evolved early maturity, while the opposite pattern was predicted due to the strong positive genetic correlation between both traits). The mismatch between predicted and observed response was substantial and could not be explained by usual sources of uncertainties (including sampling effects, genetic drift, and error in G matrix estimates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Le Rouzic
- Laboratoire Évolution, Génomes, Comportement, ÉcologieCNRS, IRD, Université Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Clémentine Renneville
- Institut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES‐Paris)Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, UPEC, CNRS, INRAE, IRDParisFrance
| | - Alexis Millot
- Centre de Recherche en Écologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP‐Ecotron Ile‐de‐France), UMS 3194École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRSSaint‐Pierre‐lès‐NemoursFrance
| | - Simon Agostini
- Centre de Recherche en Écologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP‐Ecotron Ile‐de‐France), UMS 3194École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRSSaint‐Pierre‐lès‐NemoursFrance
| | - David Carmignac
- Institut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES‐Paris)Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, UPEC, CNRS, INRAE, IRDParisFrance
| | - Éric Édeline
- Institut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES‐Paris)Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, UPEC, CNRS, INRAE, IRDParisFrance
- ESE Ecology and Ecosystem HealthINRAEAgrocampus OuestRennesFrance
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Local adaptation of antipredator behaviors in populations of a temperate reef fish. Oecologia 2020; 194:571-584. [PMID: 32964291 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The temperament of animals can vary among individuals and among populations, but it is often unclear whether spatial variation in temperament is the result of acclimation to local environmental conditions or genetic adaptation to spatial differences in natural selection. This study tested whether populations of a marine fish that experience different levels of mortality and fishing exhibited local adaptation in behaviors related to predator avoidance and evasion. First, we measured variation in reactivity to perceived risk in wild populations of black surfperch (Embiotoca jacksoni). We compared flight initiation distances (FID) between populations with significantly different mortality rates. After finding that FID values were substantially lower in the low-risk locations, we tested for local adaptation by rearing lab-born offspring from both high- and low-risk populations in a common environment before measuring their behavior. Lab-reared offspring from high- and low-risk populations exhibited significant differences in several behaviors related to reactivity. Between 23 and 43% of the total variation in behaviors we measured could be attributed to source population. These results thus suggest that a substantial amount of spatial variation in behaviors related to predator evasion may represent local adaptation. In addition, behaviors we measured had an average, broad-sense heritability of 0.24, suggesting that the behavioral tendencies of these populations have some capacity to evolve further in response to any changes in selection.
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Renneville C, Millot A, Agostini S, Carmignac D, Maugars G, Dufour S, Le Rouzic A, Edeline E. Unidirectional response to bidirectional selection on body size. I. Phenotypic, life-history, and endocrine responses. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10571-10592. [PMID: 33072281 PMCID: PMC7548191 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic perturbations such as harvesting often select against a large body size and are predicted to induce rapid evolution toward smaller body sizes and earlier maturation. However, body‐size evolvability and, hence, adaptability to anthropogenic perturbations remain seldom evaluated in wild populations. Here, we use a laboratory experiment over 6 generations to measure the ability of wild‐caught medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) to evolve in response to bidirectional size‐dependent selection mimicking opposite harvest regimes. Specifically, we imposed selection against a small body size (Large line), against a large body size (Small line) or random selection (Control line), and measured correlated responses across multiple phenotypic, life‐history, and endocrine traits. As expected, the Large line evolved faster somatic growth and delayed maturation, but also evolved smaller body sizes at hatch, with no change in average levels of pituitary gene expressions of luteinizing, follicle‐stimulating, or growth hormones (GH). In contrast, the Small medaka line was unable to evolve smaller body sizes or earlier maturation, but evolved smaller body sizes at hatch and showed marginally significant signs of increased reproductive investment, including larger egg sizes and elevated pituitary GH production. Natural selection on medaka body size was too weak to significantly hinder the effect of artificial selection, indicating that the asymmetric body‐size response to size‐dependent selection reflected an asymmetry in body‐size evolvability. Our results show that trait evolvability may be contingent upon the direction of selection and that a detailed knowledge of trait evolutionary potential is needed to forecast population response to anthropogenic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Renneville
- Sorbonne Université Université Paris Diderot UPEC CNRS INRAE IRD Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris) Paris France
| | - Alexis Millot
- Ecole Normale Supérieure PSL Research University Département de biologie CNRS, UMS 3194 Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance) Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours France
| | - Simon Agostini
- Ecole Normale Supérieure PSL Research University Département de biologie CNRS, UMS 3194 Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance) Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours France
| | - David Carmignac
- Sorbonne Université Université Paris Diderot UPEC CNRS INRAE IRD Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris) Paris France
| | - Gersende Maugars
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR BOREA Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques CNRS 7208 IRD 207 SU UCN UA Paris France.,Norwegian University of Life Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Physiology Unit Oslo Norway
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR BOREA Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques CNRS 7208 IRD 207 SU UCN UA Paris France
| | - Arnaud Le Rouzic
- Laboratoire Évolution, Génomes, Comportement,Écologie CNRS IRD Univ. Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Eric Edeline
- Sorbonne Université Université Paris Diderot UPEC CNRS INRAE IRD Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris) Paris France.,ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health INRAE Agrocampus Ouest Rennes France
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Ausband DE, Waits L. Does harvest affect genetic diversity in grey wolves? Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3187-3195. [PMID: 32657476 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Harvest can affect vital rates such as reproduction and survival, but also genetic measures of individual and population health. Grey wolves (Canis lupus) live and breed in groups, and effective population size is a small fraction of total abundance. As a result, genetic diversity of wolves may be particularly sensitive to harvest. We evaluated how harvest affected genetic diversity and relatedness in wolves. We hypothesized that harvest would (a) reduce relatedness of individuals within groups in a subpopulation but increase relatedness of individuals between groups due to increased local immigration, (b) increase individual heterozygosity and average allelic richness across groups in subpopulations and (c) add new alleles to a subpopulation and decrease the number of private alleles in subpopulations due to an increase in breeding opportunities for unrelated individuals. We found harvest had no effect on observed heterozygosity of individuals or allelic richness at loci within subpopulations but was associated with a small, biologically insignificant effect on within-group relatedness values in grey wolves. Harvest was, however, positively associated with increased relatedness of individuals between groups and a net gain (+16) of alleles into groups in subpopulations monitored since harvest began, although the number of private alleles in subpopulations overall declined. Harvest likely created opportunities for wolves to immigrate into nearby groups and breed, thereby making groups in subpopulations more related over time. Harvest appears to affect genetic diversity in wolves at the group and population levels, but its effects are less apparent at the individual level given the population sizes we studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Ausband
- Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Lisette Waits
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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Uusi-Heikkilä S. Implications of size-selective fisheries on sexual selection. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1487-1500. [PMID: 32684971 PMCID: PMC7359828 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fisheries often combine high mortality with intensive size selectivity and can, thus, be expected to reduce body size and size variability in exploited populations. In many fish species, body size is a sexually selected trait and plays an important role in mate choice and mate competition. Large individuals are often preferred as mates due to the high fecundity and resources they can provide to developing offspring. Large fish are also successful in competition for mates. Fisheries‐induced reductions in size and size variability can potentially disrupt mating systems and lower average reproductive success by decreasing opportunities for sexual selection. By reducing population sizes, fisheries can also lead to an increased level of inbreeding. Some fish species avoid reproducing with kin, and a high level of relatedness in a population can further disrupt mating systems. Reduced body size and size variability can force fish to change their mate preferences or reduce their choosiness. If mate preference is genetically determined, the adaptive response to fisheries‐induced changes in size and size variability might not occur rapidly. However, much evidence exists for plastic adjustments of mate choice, suggesting that fish might respond flexibly to changes in their social environment. Here, I first discuss how reduced average body size and size variability in exploited populations might affect mate choice and mate competition. I then consider the effects of sex‐biased fisheries on mating systems. Finally, I contemplate the possible effects of inbreeding on mate choice and reproductive success and discuss how mate choice might evolve in exploited populations. Currently, little is known about the mating systems of nonmodel species and about the interplay between size‐selective fisheries and sexual selection. Future studies should focus on how reduced size and size variability and increased inbreeding affect fish mating systems, how persistent these effects are, and how this might in turn affect population demography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
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43
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Keiling T, Louison M, Suski C. Behavioral phenotype does not predict habitat occupancy or angling capture of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fish behavior types can predict angling vulnerability, providing insights about how recreational fishing may lead to artificial trait selection. Most vulnerability studies have focused on species with active foraging strategies, and the impact of environmental conditions on vulnerability has not been quantified. The objective of this study was to determine the influences of behavior types and habitat on angling vulnerability of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802)) — a sit-and-wait predator. Behavior assays quantified individual activity and boldness, then experimental angling took place in ponds with two habitat treatments: (1) structured habitat with artificial structures present and (2) open habitat with no structures added. Two anglers determined which individual largemouth bass were vulnerable to capture across the two contexts. In contrast with previous studies involving active foragers, behavior types of largemouth bass did not influence capture, regardless of habitat type. The number of captures also did not differ between structured and open habitat. However, anglers captured fish with different behavioral phenotypes, revealing additional complexity for factors that may affect behavioral selection. Findings suggest that angling may not be selecting for specific activity or boldness phenotypes of largemouth bass, even across habitat types, but that anglers may influence selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.D. Keiling
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - M.J. Louison
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - C.D. Suski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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44
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The role of social network behavior, swimming performance, and fish size in the determination of angling vulnerability in bluegill. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Leclerc M, Zedrosser A, Swenson JE, Pelletier F. Hunters select for behavioral traits in a large carnivore. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12371. [PMID: 31451727 PMCID: PMC6710287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human harvest can induce selection on life history and morphological traits, leading to ecological and evolutionary responses. Our understanding of harvest-induced selection on behavioral traits is, however, very limited. Here, we assessed whether hunters harvest, consciously or not, individuals with specific behavioral traits. We used long-term, detailed behavioral and survival data of a heavily harvested brown bear (Ursus arctos) population in Sweden. We found that hunters harvested male bears that were less active during legal hunting hours and had lower movement rates. Also, hunters harvested male and female bears that used habitats closer to roads. We provide an empirical example that individual behavior can modulate vulnerability to hunting and that hunters could exert a selective pressure on wildlife behaviors. This study increases our understanding of the complex interactions between harvest method, human behavior, and animal behavior that are at play in harvest-induced selection and provides better insight into the full effects of human harvest on wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leclerc
- Canada Research Chair in Evolutionary Demography and Conservation & Centre for Northern Studies, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K2R1, Canada.
| | - A Zedrosser
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, N-3800 Bø i, Telemark, Norway. .,Department of Integrative Biology, Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor Mendel Str. 33, A - 1180, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J E Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO - 1432 Ås, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - F Pelletier
- Canada Research Chair in Evolutionary Demography and Conservation & Centre for Northern Studies, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K2R1, Canada
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Therkildsen NO, Wilder AP, Conover DO, Munch SB, Baumann H, Palumbi SR. Contrasting genomic shifts underlie parallel phenotypic evolution in response to fishing. Science 2019; 365:487-490. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans cause widespread evolutionary change in nature, but we still know little about the genomic basis of rapid adaptation in the Anthropocene. We tracked genomic changes across all protein-coding genes in experimental fish populations that evolved pronounced shifts in growth rates due to size-selective harvest over only four generations. Comparisons of replicate lines show parallel allele frequency shifts that recapitulate responses to size-selection gradients in the wild across hundreds of unlinked variants concentrated in growth-related genes. However, a supercluster of genes also rose rapidly in frequency and dominated the evolutionary dynamic in one replicate line but not in others. Parallel phenotypic changes thus masked highly divergent genomic responses to selection, illustrating how contingent rapid adaptation can be in the face of strong human-induced selection.
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Nunes JAC, Blumstein DT, Giglio VJ, Barros F, Quimbayo JP. Reef fish antipredator behavior in remote islands does not reflect patterns seen in coastal areas. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2019.1636141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Anchieta C.C. Nunes
- Laboratório de Ecologia Bentônica, CIENAM, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 41940-090, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação Marinha, Centro de Formação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Porto Seguro, Brazil
| | - Daniel T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Vinicius J. Giglio
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Ambientes Recifais, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação Marinha, Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Francisco Barros
- Laboratório de Ecologia Bentônica, CIENAM, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 41940-090, Brazil
| | - Juan P. Quimbayo
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Ambientes Recifais, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, CEBIMar Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil
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Diaz Pauli B, Garric S, Evangelista C, Vøllestad LA, Edeline E. Selection for small body size favours contrasting sex-specific life histories, boldness and feeding in medaka, Oryzias latipes. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:127. [PMID: 31216987 PMCID: PMC6585084 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying variation in life-history traits and correlated behaviours, such as boldness and foraging (i.e., pace-of-life syndrome), allows us to better understand how these traits evolve in a changing environment. In fish, it is particularly relevant studying the interplay of resource abundance and size-selection. These are two environmental stressors affecting fish in natural conditions, but also associated with human-induced environmental change. For instance, fishing, one of the most important threats for freshwater and marine populations, results in both higher mortality on large-sized fish and reduced population density. RESULTS Medaka, Oryzias latipes, from lines selected for large or small size over ten generations, were exposed individually to high or low food availability from birth to adulthood. Maturation schedules, reproductive investment, growth, boldness and feeding were assessed to evaluate the effect of size-selection on the pace of life, and whether it differed between food contexts (high and low). Different food abundance and size-selection resulted in diverse life histories associated with different feeding and boldness behaviour, thus showing different pace-of-life-syndromes. High availability of food favoured faster growth, earlier maturation and increased shyness. Selection for small size led to slower growth in both males and females. But, the life-history trajectory to reach such growth was sex- and food-specific. Under low food conditions, females selected for small size showed earlier maturation, which led to slower adult growth and subsequent low willingness to feed, compared to females selected for large size. No line differences were found in females at high food conditions. In contrast, males exposed to selection for small size grew slower both as juvenile and adult, and were bolder under both feeding regimes. Therefore, the response to size-selection was more sensitive to food availability in females than in males. CONCLUSIONS We showed that size-selection (over ten generations) and resource abundance (over developmental time) led to changes in life history and behaviour. However, the effect of size-selection was sex- and context-specific, calling for precaution when drawing general conclusions on the population-level effects (or lack of them) of size-selective fishing. Conservation and management plans should consider this sex- and context-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Diaz Pauli
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sarah Garric
- Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, UPEC, CNRS, INRA, IRD, F-75252, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Evangelista
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - L Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Edeline
- Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, UPEC, CNRS, INRA, IRD, F-75252, Paris, France
- ESE Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 35042, Rennes, France
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Sbragaglia V, Gliese C, Bierbach D, Honsey AE, Uusi-Heikkilä S, Arlinghaus R. Size-selective harvesting fosters adaptations in mating behaviour and reproductive allocation, affecting sexual selection in fish. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1343-1354. [PMID: 31131886 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of sexual selection in the context of harvest-induced evolution is poorly understood. However, elevated and trait-selective harvesting of wild populations may change sexually selected traits, which in turn can affect mate choice and reproduction. We experimentally evaluated the potential for fisheries-induced evolution of mating behaviour and reproductive allocation in fish. We used an experimental system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) lines exposed to large, small or random (i.e. control) size-selective mortality. The large-harvested line represented a treatment simulating the typical case in fisheries where the largest individuals are preferentially harvested. We used a full factorial design of spawning trials with size-matched individuals to control for the systematic impact of body size during reproduction, thereby singling out possible changes in mating behaviour and reproductive allocation. Both small size-selective mortality and large size-selective mortality left a legacy on male mating behaviour by elevating intersexual aggression. However, there was no evidence for line-assortative reproductive allocation. Females of all lines preferentially allocated eggs to the generally less aggressive males of the random-harvested control line. Females of the large-harvested line showed enhanced reproductive performance, and males of the large-harvested line had the highest egg fertilization rate among all males. These findings can be explained as an evolutionary adaptation by which individuals of the large-harvested line display an enhanced reproductive performance early in life to offset the increased probability of adult mortality due to harvest. Our results suggest that the large-harvested line evolved behaviourally mediated reproductive adaptations that could increase the rate of recovery when populations adapted to high fishing pressure come into secondary contact with other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Sbragaglia
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Livorno, Italy
| | - Catalina Gliese
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Bierbach
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew E Honsey
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Integrative Fisheries Management, Department of Crop and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Rhoades OK, Lonhart SI, Stachowicz JJ. Human-induced reductions in fish predator boldness decrease their predation rates in kelp forests. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182745. [PMID: 30940058 PMCID: PMC6501691 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have restructured food webs and ecosystems by depleting biomass, reducing size structure and altering traits of consumers. However, few studies have examined the ecological impacts of human-induced trait changes across large spatial and temporal scales and species assemblages. We compared behavioural traits and predation rates by predatory fishes on standard squid prey in protected areas of different protection levels and ages, and found that predation rates were 6.5 times greater at old, no-take (greater than 40 years) relative to new, predominantly partial-take areas (approx. 8 years), even accounting for differences in predatory fish abundance, body size and composition across sites. Individual fishes in old protected areas consumed prey at nearly twice the rate of fishes of the same species and size at new protected areas. Predatory fish exhibited on average 50% longer flight initiation distance and lower willingness to forage at new protected areas, which partially explains lower foraging rates at new relative to old protected areas. Our experiments demonstrate that humans can effect changes in functionally important behavioural traits of predator guilds at large (30 km) spatial scales within managed areas, which require protection for multiple generations of predators to recover bold phenotypes and predation rates, even as abundance rebounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Kennedy Rhoades
- University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westside Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
- Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, USA
| | - Steve I. Lonhart
- Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 110 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - John J. Stachowicz
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, 2320 Storer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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