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Malalana F. Chemotherapeutics in Equine Practice. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024:S0749-0739(24)00053-1. [PMID: 39155164 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancerous cells through the use of cytotoxic drugs. Whilst the use of systemic (intravenous) chemotherapy in equine practice is generally limited to the management of lymphoma, cytotoxic drugs are commonly used in the treatment of accessible skin tumors, either by topical application in the form of ointments or injected intralesionally. These drugs should be employed with caution due to the risk of serious adverse effects. In addition, extreme caution should be followed when preparing, handling, administering, and disposing them, due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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Nasry WHS, Jones K, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Tesch M, Martin CK. Expression of mPGES1 and p16 in feline and human oral squamous cell carcinoma: A comparative oncology approach. Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:204-216. [PMID: 38378135 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Comparative cancer studies help us determine if discoveries in one species apply to another. Feline and human oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC and HOSCC) are invasive tumours in which inflammation and abnormal p16 expression are reported. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of p16 and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase 1 (mPGES1) in 42 HOSCC and 45 FOSCC samples with known expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147). High p16 expression was more common in HOSCC tumour cells compared to adjacent stroma and oral epithelium (p < .05), with a similar but statistically nonsignificant pattern in FOSCC. Interestingly, high mPGES1 expression in FOSCC was more common in the adjacent epithelium compared to the other compartments (p < .05). In HOSCC, mPGES1 was more similar between compartments but was numerically more common in the tumour compartment (p > .05). There were nominal (p > 0.05) differences in marker expression between high and low mPGES1 expressing tumours in both species, including high p16 observed more commonly in high mPGES1 tumours, and COX-2 positive tumours being more common in low mPGES1 tumours. High CD147 HOSCC tumours were more common in the high mPGES1 HOSCC group (p < .05). In the FOSCC cohort, where there was no statistical difference in CD147 expression between high and low mPGES1 tumours, there were numerically higher CD147 cases in the high mPGES1group. Different expression patterns in FOSCC and HOSCC could be related to different risk factors. For example, p16 is a marker of papillomavirus-driven HOSCC, but a causal relationship between papillomaviruses and FOSCC has yet to be definitively demonstrated. The significance of high P16 expression in the absence of papillomavirus infection deserves further study, and the relative contributions of COX2 and mPGES1 to tumour inflammation and progression should be explored. The findings reveal potential similarities in FOSCC and HOSCC biology, while also demonstrating differences that may relate to risk factors and pathogenesis that are unique to each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Hamed Shaker Nasry
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Kathleen Jones
- Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Rodriguez-Lecompte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Marvin Tesch
- Provincial Health Services, Health PEI, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Chelsea K Martin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Pimenta J, Prada J, Pires I, Cotovio M. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression in Equine Melanocytic Tumors. Vet Sci 2024; 11:77. [PMID: 38393095 PMCID: PMC10891553 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine melanocytic tumors are common and have an unusual benign behavior with low invasiveness and metastatic rates. However, tumoral mass growth is usually a concern that can have life-threatening consequences. COX-2 is related to oncogenesis, promoting neoplastic cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in equine melanocytic tumors. Through extension and intensity of labeling, 39 melanocytomas and 38 melanomas were evaluated. Of the malignant tumors, 13.2% were negative and 63.2% presented a low COX-2 expression. Only 6 malignant tumors presented >50% of labeled cells, 18 malignant and 8 benign had an expression between 21 and 50%, 8 malignant and 3 benign tumors had an expression between 6 and 20%, 1 malignant tumor had an expression between 1 and 5%, and 5 malignant and 28 benign tumors had no expression. Malignant tumors showed higher COX-2 expression than did benign tumors, with statistically significant differences. The low levels of COX-2 may be one of the molecular reasons for the presence of expansive mass growth instead of the invasive pattern of other species, which is related to high COX-2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pimenta
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CIVG—Vasco da Gama Research Center, EUVG—Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Justina Prada
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pires
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Cotovio
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
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Straticò P, Razzuoli E, Hattab J, Guerri G, Celani G, Palozzo A, Bonanni D, Fruscione F, Varasano V, Petrizzi L, Marruchella G. Equine Gastric Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Friesian Stallion. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 117:104087. [PMID: 35908598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 7-year-old Friesian stallion with a history of oesophageal stenosis, weight loss, inappetence, and recurrent hyperthermia was referred for gastroscopy. The stomach mucosa surrounding the oesophageal opening showed a large, necrotic, and ulcerated mass. On post-mortem examination, a very large, cauliflower-like neoplasm was seen, affecting non-glandular gastric mucosa. Nodular lesions were observed, scattered on the omentum, the spleen and the liver. Microscopic findings allowed the diagnosis of gastric squamous cell carcinoma with abdominal metastasis. Biomolecular investigations demonstrated the presence of EcPV-2 genes in neoplastic lesions, thus supporting the role of EcPV-2 in the ethiology of equine gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Straticò
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo (TE) Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Piazza Borgo Pila, 16129 Genova, Italy.
| | - Jasmine Hattab
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo (TE) Italy.
| | - Giulia Guerri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo (TE) Italy.
| | - Gianluca Celani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo (TE) Italy.
| | - Adriana Palozzo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo (TE) Italy.
| | | | - Floriana Fruscione
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Piazza Borgo Pila, 16129 Genova, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Varasano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo (TE) Italy.
| | - Lucio Petrizzi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo (TE) Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Marruchella
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo (TE) Italy.
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Nasry WHS, Martin CK. Intersecting Mechanisms of Hypoxia and Prostaglandin E2-Mediated Inflammation in the Comparative Biology of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:539361. [PMID: 34094895 PMCID: PMC8175905 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.539361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis of cancer was first proposed by Rudolph Virchow over 150 years ago, and our understanding of its significance has grown over decades of biomedical research. The arachidonic acid pathway of inflammation, including cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, PGE2 synthase enzymes, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGE2 receptors has been extensively studied and has been associated with different diseases and different types of cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In addition to inflammation in the tumour microenvironment, low oxygen levels (hypoxia) within tumours have also been shown to contribute to tumour progression. Understandably, most of our OSCC knowledge comes from study of this aggressive cancer in human patients and in experimental rodent models. However, domestic animals develop OSCC spontaneously and this is an important, and difficult to treat, form of cancer in veterinary medicine. The primary goal of this review article is to explore the available evidence regarding interaction between hypoxia and the arachidonic acid pathway of inflammation during malignant behaviour of OSCC. Overlapping mechanisms in hypoxia and inflammation can contribute to tumour growth, angiogenesis, and, importantly, resistance to therapy. The benefits and controversies of anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic therapies for human and animal OSCC patients will be discussed, including conventional pharmaceutical agents as well as natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Hamed Shaker Nasry
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Chelsea K Martin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
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Suárez-Bonnet A, Willis C, Pittaway R, Smith K, Mair T, Priestnall SL. Molecular carcinogenesis in equine penile cancer: A potential animal model for human penile cancer. Urol Oncol 2018; 36:532.e9-532.e18. [PMID: 30270026 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the expression of COX-2, E-cadherin, vimentin, 14-3-3σ, and Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor-related proteins in equine penile papillomas (ePP) and squamous cell carcinomas (ePSCC), the occurrence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) at the invasion front (IF) and compare our findings with current knowledge on human penile squamous cell carcinoma (hPSCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed, by immunohistochemistry in 45 equine penile proliferative epithelial lesions, the expression of COX-2, E-cadherin, vimentin, 14-3-3σ, and PTEN using monoclonal antibodies. Tumors were histopathologically classified as well-differentiated or poorly differentiated using the IF grading scheme. Semiquantitative analysis was performed to determine down or up-regulation of the proteins and association with histopathological characteristics were statistically investigated using Mann-Whitney U test and/or Spearman's tests. RESULTS COX-2 was neo-expressed in 86.6% of the cases and expression progressively increased from ePP to ePSCC (P = 0.0003) and from well to poorly differentiated (P = 0.033). High COX-2 expression was associated with a high mitotic index (MI) (P = 0.026). In contrast to normal epidermis, ePSCC had very low E-cadherin expression in 64% of the cases (P = 0.0005). Vimentin was neo-expressed in 65% of poorly differentiated ePSCC at the IF indicating EMT. Cytoplasmic 14-3-3σ protein expression was reduced in 42% of the ePSCC and additionally, nuclear expression of 14-3-3σ in neoplastic keratinocytes and in the cytoplasm of stromal fibroblasts at the IF was features only found in ePSCC. PTEN protein showed a tendency to be decreased or lost in ePSCC. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence of molecular abnormalities in ePSCC similar to those reported for human PSCC. The occurrence of EMT at the IF is a common event in ePSCC. Naturally occurring ePSCC could serve as a valuable preclinical animal model to explore upcoming therapeutic options for hPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Claire Willis
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Rachel Pittaway
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Ken Smith
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Tim Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Mereworth, Maidstone, Kent ME18 5GS, UK
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
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