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Hardwick JL, Ahern BJ, Franklin SH. Stakeholder perceptions of thoroughbred yearling sales endoscopy in Australia: can we do better? Aust Vet J 2024; 102:353-361. [PMID: 38590275 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify thoroughbred industry stakeholders' views on the yearling sales endoscopy in Australia. DESIGN Semi-structured qualitative group interviews with equine veterinarians, thoroughbred breeders and yearling purchasers. METHODS Twenty-nine experienced thoroughbred industry stakeholders participated in online focus groups: (1) equine veterinarians involved in yearling endoscopy; (2) thoroughbred breeders; and (3) yearling buyers. The focus groups were audio and video recorded and digital whiteboards were available. Data was transcribed, live-coded and analysed thematically. RESULTS The main themes identified included the uncertainty surrounding the relationship between yearling laryngeal function and future performance, especially the significance of yearlings with grade 3 out of 5 laryngeal function; interobserver variability in the laryngeal function grade assigned by veterinarians to the same endoscopic exam; and the presence of intra-horse variability in laryngeal function over different time points. DISCUSSION Stakeholders raised multiple concerns about the current yearling sales endoscopy process in Australia. Recommendations to address these concerns include further investigation into the race performance of yearlings identified with grade 3 laryngeal function; training of veterinarians to reduce inter-observer variability; and the need to determine the most appropriate grading system to use in yearlings. Future research should evaluate the significance of intra-horse variability in a yearling population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Hardwick
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - B J Ahern
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Equine Specialist Hospital, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - S H Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
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Massie SL, Léguillette R. Upper airway endoscopy in exercising horses: Findings in 164 barrel racing horses with respiratory clinical signs and/or poor performance. Vet J 2023; 300-302:106038. [PMID: 37865154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Barrel racing involves sprinting through a cloverleaf pattern in under 20 s. The prevalence of upper airway obstructions (UAO) in barrel racers is unknown, thus a retrospective analysis of 164 client-owned horses referred for overground endoscopy (OGE) between 2014 and 2022 was performed. Referring complaints included respiratory noise, cough, epistaxis, behaviour (owner reported stress/anxiety, refusal to enter arena, excessive head shaking), and/or poor performance. Horses performed a standardized exercise test with low and high-speed components. Videoendoscopic recordings were systematically scored by one experienced clinician. Exercising abnormalities included palatal instability (PI), intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (iDDSP), nasopharyngeal collapse (NPC), recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN), ventro-medial luxation of the apex of the corniculate process of the arytenoid (VLAC), medial deviation of the aryepiglottic fold (MDAF), vocal fold collapse (VFC), and cricotracheal ligament collapse. Associations between co-existing UAOs, age and sex were examined (McNemar's test; logistic regression; P < 0.05). During exercise, 24/164 (15%) horses had no UAO. In the remaining 140 horses, 56% had two or more. NPC was observed in 68/140 (49%), PI in 59/140 (42%), iDDSP in 55/140 (39%), VFC in 38/140 (27%), RLN in 27/140 (19%), VLAC in 14/140 (10%), MDAF in 8/140 (6%) and cricotracheal ligament collapse in 8/140 (6%). Nasopharyngeal collapse and RLN were primarily Grade 3 and Grade B, respectively. Associations exist between several co-existing UAOs, but not age or sex. Abnormalities were more frequent at low-speed (55%) than high-speed (22%), highlighting the importance of OGEs at different exercise intensities. Multiple UAOs appear common in barrel racers with clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Massie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N4Z6, Canada
| | - R Léguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N4Z6, Canada.
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Tilley P, Simões J, Sales Luis JP. Effects of a 15° Variation in Poll Flexion during Riding on the Respiratory Systems and Behaviour of High-Level Dressage and Show-Jumping Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101714. [PMID: 37238147 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
From previous studies, the International Society for Equitation Science has advised that further research be conducted on the physiological/psychological effects of less-exacerbated poll flexion angles. We aimed to evaluate the effects of two riding poll flexion positions with a difference of only 15° on the respiratory systems and behaviour of horses through an evaluation of dynamic airway collapse via over-ground endoscopy, the pharyngeal diameter, pleural pressure, arterial oxygenation and lactate, HR/RR, and the occurrence of conflict behaviours. Twenty high-level dressage and twenty show-jumping horses underwent a 40 min ridden test at a ground angle of 85°; 3 weeks later, they underwent a ridden test at a 100° ground angle (the angle between the ground and the line from the forehead to the muzzle) and in a cross-over design. Using a mixed model for repeated measures, Wilcoxon/Friedman tests were carried out according to the experimental design and/or error normality. For both groups, at 100°, conflict behaviours and upper airway tract abnormalities were significantly more frequent, and the pleural pressure was higher, and the pharyngeal diameter was lower. At 85°, relaxation behaviours were significantly more frequent. Lactate was significantly higher at 100° only in the dressage horses. Compared to the first test at 85°, the HR/RR were significantly lower at the beginning of the second test (at 100°) but higher at the end. The significant differences identified in these dressage and show-jumping horses support the idea that an increase of just 15° in riding poll flexion can have negative effects on the respiratory system and behaviour of a horse and therefore on its welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tilley
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Simões
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Lisbon, Portugal
- Equine Clinical Academic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Sales Luis
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Lisbon, Portugal
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Ahern BJ, de Klerk K, Hogg LR, Vallance SA, Bertin FR, Franklin SH. Evaluation of postsale endoscopy as a predictor of future racing performance in an Australian thoroughbred yearling population. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:254-260. [PMID: 35191021 PMCID: PMC9305470 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Upper airway endoscopy of thoroughbred (TB) yearlings is commonly used in an attempt to predict laryngeal function (LF) and its impact on future race performance. The aim of this study was to determine if different grading systems and laryngeal grades were correlated with future performance. Materials and Methods Postsale endoscopic recordings were obtained from an Australian TB yearling sale during a four‐year period from 2008 to 2011. Horses were included if they had a diagnostic postsale video endoscopic recording and raced within Australia. Recordings were graded using the Havemeyer system and subsequently recategorised according to the Lane scale and two condensed scales. Performance data were sourced from Racing Australia and comparisons were made between groups. Results A total of 1244 horses met the inclusion criteria. There were no significant differences in sex or sales price between groups. There were no significant differences in the number of starts or wins between groups for any grading system. For the condensed Havemeyer scale, horses with intermediate LF were separated into two groups. Significant differences in earnings were found between ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ (P = 0.02) and ‘intermediate‐low’ and ‘abnormal’ grades (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences between horses with ‘intermediate‐high’ and ‘abnormal’ grades (P = 0.40). No significant differences were found between the two intermediate grades (P = 0.60) or between horses with normal LF and either ‘intermediate‐low’ or ‘intermediate‐high’ grades (P = 0.99). Discussion Resting LF in Australian yearling TBs assessed using a condensed Havemeyer grading scale had some predictive value for future racing performance. This information should be considered when performing yearling endoscopic examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Ahern
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Equine Specialist Hospital, Gatton, Queensland, 4343
| | - K de Klerk
- Hawkesbury Equine Veterinary Centre, 226 Hawkesbury Valley Way, Clarendon, New South Wales, 2756, Australia
| | - L R Hogg
- Kangaroo Island Veterinary Clinic, 252 Playford Highway, Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, South Australia, 5223, Australia
| | - S A Vallance
- Advantage Equine, Ascot Vale, Victoria, 3032, Australia
| | - F R Bertin
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Equine Specialist Hospital, Gatton, Queensland, 4343
| | - S H Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
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Fitzharris LE, Franklin SH, McConnell AK, Hezzell MJ, Allen KJ. Inspiratory muscle training for the treatment of dynamic upper airway collapse in racehorses: A preliminary investigation. Vet J 2021; 275:105708. [PMID: 34147643 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced upper airway collapse (UAC) probably occurs when the stabilising muscles of the upper airway are unable to withstand the dramatic changes in airflow and pressure that occurs during exercise. In racehorses, the mainstay of treatment is surgical intervention. In human athletes, exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction has been treated successfully with inspiratory muscle training (IMT). The aims of this study were: (1) to assess the feasibility of IMT in racehorses; and (2) describe the exercising endoscopy findings pre- and post-IMT in racehorses diagnosed with dynamic UAC. Horses undergoing IMT wore a mask with an attached threshold-valve to apply an additional load during inspiration, creating a training stimulus with the purpose of increasing upper airway muscle strength. Each horse underwent IMT once daily, while standing in the stable, 5-6 days/week for 10 weeks. Endoscopy recordings were analysed in a blinded manner using an objective grading scheme and subjective pairwise analysis. Seventeen horses successfully completed the IMT protocol, with full information available for 10 horses. Objective grading analysis showed a lower grade of vocal fold collapse (6/9 horses), palatal instability (7/10 horses) and intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (5/7 horses) post-IMT. Pairwise subjective analysis suggested better overall airway function post-IMT in 3/10 horses. The main limitations of this preliminary investigation were the low number of horses examined and lack of a control population. Further research is required to investigate the effects of IMT on upper airway muscle strength and to evaluate its efficacy for prevention and treatment of UAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Fitzharris
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.
| | - S H Franklin
- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Rd, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | | | - M J Hezzell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - K J Allen
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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Wise JC, Wilkes EJA, Raidal SL, Xie G, Crosby DE, Hale JN, Hughes KJ. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability for 2 grading systems for gastric ulcer syndrome in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:571-579. [PMID: 33284465 PMCID: PMC7848314 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Grading of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is undertaken in clinical and research settings, but the reliability of EGUS grading systems is poorly understood. Hypothesis/Objectives Investigate interobserver and intraobserver reliability of an established ordinal grading system and a novel visual analog scale (VAS), and assess the influence of observer experience. Animals Sixty deidentified gastroscopy videos. Methods Six observers (3 specialists and 3 residents) graded videos using the EGUS Council (EGUC) system and VAS. Observers graded the videos three 3 for each system, using a cross‐over design with at least 1 week between each phase. The order of videos was randomized for each phase. Methods Interobserver and intraobserver reliability were estimated using Gwet's agreement coefficient with ordinal weights applied (AC2) for the EGUC system and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the VAS. Results Using the EGUC system, interobserver reliability was substantial for squamous (AC2 = 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57‐0.80) and glandular mucosa (AC2 = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.70‐0.75), and intraobserver reliability was substantial for squamous (AC2 = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71‐0.90) and glandular mucosa (AC2 = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.74‐0.86). Interobserver reliability using the VAS was moderate for squamous (ICC = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.31‐0.96) and poor for glandular mucosa (ICC = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.06‐0.64), and intraobserver reliability was moderate for squamous (ICC = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.62‐0.86) and glandular mucosa (ICC = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.39‐0.72). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The EGUC system had acceptable intraobserver and interobserver reliability and performed well regardless of observer experience. Familiarity and observer experience improved reliability of the VAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Wise
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edwina J A Wilkes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharanne L Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gang Xie
- Quantitative Consultant Unit, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danielle E Crosby
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Josephine N Hale
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristopher J Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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Katz LM. Clinical insights: Upper respiratory tract obstruction. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:339-341. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Katz
- University College Dublin School of Veterinary Medicine Belfield Dublin Ireland
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McLellan J, Plevin S. Evaluation of videoendoscopic examinations of arytenoid function in the 2‐year‐old Thoroughbred: Can we all agree? Equine Vet J 2018; 51:364-369. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. McLellan
- Florida Equine Veterinary Associates Ocala Florida USA
| | - S. Plevin
- Florida Equine Veterinary Associates Ocala Florida USA
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McGivney CL, Sweeney J, Gough KF, Hill EW, Katz LM. Serial evaluation of resting and exercising overground endoscopic examination results in young Thoroughbreds with no treatment intervention. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:192-197. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - J. Sweeney
- UCD School of Business University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - K. F. Gough
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - E. W. Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
| | - L. M. Katz
- UCD, School of Veterinary Medicine University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin Ireland
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McGivney CL, Sweeney J, Gough KF, Hill EW, Katz LM. Impact of pharyngeal endoscopic tip placement and water flushing interval on upper respiratory tract disorders in horses undergoing overground endoscopy. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:173-178. [PMID: 29981190 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic tip placement in the pharynx and water flushing interval (FI) may affect exercising upper respiratory tract (URT) endoscopic results. OBJECTIVES To determine associations between the endoscopic tip position in the pharynx and automated FI with overground endoscopic (OGE) results. STUDY DESIGN Randomised balanced 2X5 factorial design. METHODS A total of n = 200 horses undergoing OGE were randomly assigned into 10 groups (n = 20/group) of different automated endoscopic FIs (no flushing, 60, 120, 180, 240 s) with the endoscope tip positioned either rostrally (position A) or caudally (position B) in the pharynx. Endoscopic videos were analysed and all URT abnormalities graded using published scales. Disorders with ≤10% prevalence were excluded from the final analysis with only arytenoid asymmetry at exercise (AAex), vocal fold collapse (VFC), palatal dysfunction (PD) and medial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (MDAF) included. The association of endoscope position and FI with URT disorders was assessed using ordinal regression models with P≤0.05 significant. RESULTS Endoscope tip positioning was significantly associated with PD grading (P = 0.002), with 63/100 horses diagnosed with PD in position A and 45/100 in position B. No other significant direct associations between URT disease and endoscope tip position were identified, although interactions between exercise velocity and endoscope position affected MDAF grade. FI was not directly associated with alterations in disorder grading, although interactions between exercise velocity and FI appeared to affect MDAF grade. MAIN LIMITATIONS The same horse was not evaluated under each test condition potentially resulting in sample bias. Interactions between disorders were not evaluated. The sample size was insufficient to conclusively explore relationships between all factors and disorder grading. CONCLUSIONS Position of the endoscope tip within the pharynx appears to affect grading of PD during OGE examination. Exercise velocity may affect MDAF grade through interactions with endoscope position and FI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Sweeney
- UCD School of Business, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K F Gough
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E W Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L M Katz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Wright S. Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017; 29:178-179. [PMID: 32313393 PMCID: PMC7163610 DOI: 10.1111/eve.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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